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Inorganic nanomaterials with intrinsic singlet oxygen (1O2) generation capacity, are emerged yet dynamically developing materials as nano‐photosensitizers (NPSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared to previously reported nanomaterials that have been used as either carriers to load organic PSs or energy donors to excite the attached organic PSs through a Foster resonance energy transfer process, these NPSs possess intrinsic 1O2 generation capacity with extremely high 1O2 quantum yield (e.g., 1.56, 1.3, 1.26, and 1.09) than any classical organic PS reported to date, and thus are facilitating to make a revolution in PDT. In this review, the recent advances in the development of various inorganic nanomaterials as NPSs, including metal‐based (gold, silver, and tungsten), metal oxide‐based (titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth oxyhalide), metal sulfide‐based (copper and molybdenum sulfide), carbon‐based (graphene, fullerene, and graphitic carbon nitride), phosphorus‐based, and others (hybrids and MXenes‐based NPSs) are summarized, with an emphasis on the design principle and 1O2 generation mechanism, and the photodynamic therapeutic performance against different types of cancers. Finally, the current challenges and an outlook of future research are also discussed. This review may provide a comprehensive account capable of explaining recent progress as well as future research of this emerging paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a kind of kidney disease with a high mortality rate, and is predominantly associated with abundant endogenous reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS). However, there are no universal clinical treatment options currently. Development of antioxidants with high kidney enrichment is highly desired to prevent AKI. As a promising new artificial enzyme, nanozymes have attracted extensive attention over the past decade because of their commendable advantages over natural and traditional artificial enzymes. In this study, we reported ultrasmall polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated iridium nanoparticles (denoted as Ir NPs-PVP, 1.5 nm) as multi-enzyme mimetic to scavenge a variety of RONS, offering an efficient RONS-induced cellular protection. Meanwhile, computed tomography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrated preferential renal uptake of Ir NPs-PVP following intravenous administration, leading to alleviate clinical symptoms in mice subjected to rhabdomyolysis- or cis-platinum-induced AKI. Impressively, ultrasmall Ir NPs-PVP exhibit relatively low systemic side effects in vivo due to rapid renal clearance via urine. Our work presents the clinically translatable potential of ultrasmall nanozymes for AKI management. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a noninvasive therapeutic modality that involves sonosensitizers and low-intensity ultrasound. However, owing to the rapid recombination of charge carriers, most of the sonosensitizers triggered poor reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, resulting in unsatisfactory sonodynamic therapeutic effects. Results: Herein, a photo/sono-responsive nanoplatform was developed through the in-situ systhesis of TiO2-x on the surface of two-dimensional MXene (titanium carbide, Ti3C2) for photoacoustic/photothermal bimodal imaging-guided near-infrared II (NIR-II) photothermal enhanced SDT of tumor. Because of several oxygen vacancies and smaller size (~ 10 nm), the in-situ formed TiO2-x nanoparticles possessed narrow band gap (2.65 eV) and high surface area, and thus served as a charge trap to restrict charge recombination under ultrasound (US) activation, resulting in enhanced sonodynamic ROS generation. Moreover, Ti3C2 nanosheets induced extensive localized hyperthermia relieves tumor hypoxia by accelerating intratumoral blood flow and tumor oxygenation, and thus further strengthened the efficacy of SDT. Upon US/NIR-II laser dual-stimuli, Ti3C2@TiO2-x nanoplatform triggered substantial cellular killing in vitro and complete tumor eradication in vivo, without any tumor recurrence and systemic toxicity. Conclusion: Our work presents the promising design of photo/sono-responsive nanoplatform for cancer nanotheranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) with high mortality rates is associated with an excess of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) within kidney tissues. Recently, nanomedicine antioxidant therapy has been used to alleviate AKI. Herein, we synthesized ultrasmall Prussian blue nanozymes (PB NZs, 4.5 nm) as theranostic agents for magnetic resonance (MR)/photoacoustic (PA) dual-modal imaging guided AKI treatment. Results: PB NZs exhibited multi-enzyme mimetic abilities, promoting the effective elimination of RONS both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, benefiting from their imaging contrast properties, the rapid renal accumulation of PB NZs was verified by in vivo PA/MR dual-modal imaging. Due to their excellent enrichment in the kidney and unique multi-enzyme mimetic abilities, ultrasmall PB NZs displayed superior AKI treatment efficacy compared with that of amifostine in two clinically relevant types of AKI induced murine models (either by rhabdomyolysis or cisplatin). Conclusion: Our findings suggested ultrasmall PB NZs, as nanozyme theranostics, have great potential for AKI management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]