Search

This article presents an analysis of the feasibility of R454C and R455A, two new low global warming potential (GWP of 148) refrigerants, in vapor compression refrigeration systems as alternatives to R404A for warm countries. R454C and R455A can be the most viable low GWP options to perform a direct replacement of R404A because of the similar characteristics. They only present meaningful differences in flammability, critical temperature, temperature glide and vapor density. The analysis is based on an experimental comparison of R404A with R454C and R455A, using a fully instrumented experimental setup equipped with Internal Heat Exchanger (IHX) at condensation temperatures that represent operating conditions of warm countries. The experimental results show that cooling capacity of the replacements is slightly lower than R404A, being the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the new mixtures 10–15% higher than that of R404A, especially at higher condensation temperatures. The results also show that the adoption of an IHX is not recommended with the alternatives due to the discharge temperature increase and the low energy performance benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IHX (internal heat exchanger) is introduced in some refrigeration systems in order to achieve higher energy performances. Results obtained vary greatly depending on the refrigerant used and working conditions. This paper describes a drop-in analysis of IHX effects on the performance of a vapour compression system using R1234ze(E) and R450A (R134a/R1234ze(E) commercial mixture) as R134a low-GWP replacements. The tests were carried out in a completely monitored vapour compression system varying the condensing and evaporating temperature, with and without a counter-current flow tube-in-tube IHX. Because the cooling capacity rises and the power consumption remains similar, the conclusion is that the IHX has a positive influence on the energy efficiency for all refrigerants tested. The COP (coefficient of performance) gain using R1234ze(E) is the highest observed (overcomes the R134a COP for the same conditions). The R1234ze(E) and R450A discharge temperature increments are lower than those of R134a so does not reach dangerous values and the IHX pressure drops are also below than that of R134a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial refrigeration comprises food freezing and conservation in retail stores and supermarkets, so, it is one of the most relevant energy consumption sectors, and its relevance is increasing. This paper reviews the most recent developments in commercial refrigeration available in literature and presents a good amount of results provided these systems, covering some advantages and disadvantages in systems and working fluids. Latest researches are focused on energy savings to reduce CO 2 indirect emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. They are focused on system modifications (as dedicated subcooling or the implementation of ejectors), trigeneration technologies (electrical, heating and cooling demand) and better evaporation conditions control. Motivated by latest GWP regulations that are intended to reduce high GWP HFC emissions; R404A and R507 are going to phase out. Besides hydrocarbons and HFO, CO 2 appears as one of the most promising HFC replacements because its low contribution to global warming and high efficiencies when used in transcritical and low-stage of cascade systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU Regulation No 517/2014 is going to phase-out most of the refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems (R134a, R404A and R410A) because of their extended use and their high GWP values. There are very different options to replace them; however, no refrigerant has yet imposed. In this paper we review and analyze the different mixtures proposed by the AHRI as alternative refrigerants to those employed currently. These mixtures are composed by HFC refrigerants: R32, R125, R152a and R134a; and HFO refrigerants: R1234yf and R1234ze(E). It is concluded, from the theoretical analysis, that most of the new HFO/HFC mixtures perform under the HFC analyzed (although some experimental studies show the contrary) and, in most cases, do not meet the GWP restrictions approved by the European normative. Furthermore, some of the mixtures proposed would have problems due to their flammability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]