Search

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cybercrime is now the most common form of crime in Canada and causes significant financial and psychological harm. The criminal justice system struggles to address cybercrime due to its complexity, scale, and global nature. Criminologists are also challenged to think about cybercrime beyond established theoretical frameworks. An interdisciplinary approach is required to understand this phenomenon and enable us to craft effective policies. The discipline of ecology can provide valuable insights and a practical integrative framework through the concepts of community, interaction, and emergent effects. First, a high-level outline is provided of how the cybercrime ecosystem can be analyzed using basic ecological concepts and principles. This framework is then applied to the security community, showing how it is populated with a diversity of organizational and institutional entities that can be enabled or compelled to act in ways that enhance online security through a broad set of regulatory strategies. Finally, three innovative configurations that take advantage of this regulatory pluralism and novel forms of collaboration are described to illustrate how alternatives can be implemented to mitigate the negative impacts of cybercrime with promising outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzed JMCQ articles in the specific topic area of mass communication technology and media channels, overall and across four 20-year periods. Primary topics changed from emphasizing media industry and policy issues, international issues of information freedom, audience research, and WWII media issues in early periods to more specific regulatory issues, ratings and audience analyses, macro and social issues, and media technology development issues in more recent periods. JMCQ serves as a treasure trove of the history of broadcast media technology and competition, policy debates, and audience interests, with a recent emphasis on more rigorous empirical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Élevages et Santé is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agroalimentaria is the property of Alejandro Antonio Gutierrez Socorro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Online resources offer a uniquely efficient way of sharing health research with scientists and the public. Using web portals to make results and study information available to diverse audiences could work to accelerate research translation and empower patients to play a more active role in their care. But using online tools to broadly share health information raises several challenging ethical and regulatory questions. Issues such as equity, privacy, and patient empowerment may create challenges for regulators, portal developers, as well as researchers. It is additionally unclear whether web portals designed to facilitate access to research results and general health information will be regulated as medical devices under emerging regimes that control software with medical purposes. This paper aims to comparatively address whether online therapeutic portals for sharing health research are likely to be regulated in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. We find that though these jurisdictions have each taken recent steps to regulate software as medical devices, the applicable regimes will generally not capture online portals for sharing health research. Though online portals for sharing health research are probably unregulated in many (if not most) jurisdictions, agencies have nevertheless signalled their concerns regarding several important ethical considerations (such as equity, transparency, and safety), to which portal developers and researchers should be attentive and respond. We describe here one set of issues highlighted by regulators - that is, efficiency, equity, transparency, confidentiality, communication, empowerment, training, and safety & efficacy - and consider how to best guide the design of online portals in a context of regulatory uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate drug dispensing practices in private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena and, specifically, (I) to describe the characteristics of dispensaries, (ii) describe dispensing practices and (iii) assess regulatory compliance when dispensing on the basis of a prescription and an advice. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey from June to December 2020. Data were collected in two stages, through interviews with pharmacists and participant observation in drug delivery practices in pharmacies. Results: in total, 26 pharmacies, or 50% of pharmacies in N'Djamena, were surveyed. The main survey findings were: private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena employed two categories of staff, namely pharmacists and auxiliary staff (pharmacy technicians, nurses and salespeople or staff with "no health qualifications". These had not been trained in a health school recognised by the Ministry of Health) to dispense medicines. Very few pharmacies (8%) had a customer confidentiality area and a order book. The three modes of delivery were observed in more or less equal proportions (30 to 40% of dispensations). Dispensing at the patient's request was slightly predominant (40%) and the majority of medicines dispensed at the patient's request and based on dispenser's advice belonged to the different tables of toxic substances (over 70%). The noted absence of the pharmacist from the pharmacy justified why 84% of patients' requests were addressed to the pharmacy assistants. Conclusion: this study shows low compliance of pharmacies with pharmaceutical regulations for proper dispensing of medicines in the city of N'Djamena. Factors related to pharmaceutical sector governance and human resources management as well as therapeutic patient education could explain this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objective was to take stockof the regulation of clinical trials in Mali. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out of the September 1 to December 15, 2019. It consisted of a literature search and a survey in research centers, ethics committees and regulatory structures in Mali. Results: In 2019, there were 15 clinical trials authorized and conducted by three research centers, including 12 vaccines and 3 drugs trials all approved by an ethics committee. The legal framework for clinical trials is governed in Mali by two texts, one legislative and the other regulatory. They provide for the authorization, suspension or prohibition of biomedical research by the minister in charge of Health. The shortcomings identified relate to the low recovery and lack of evaluation of pharmacovigilance data, the scarcity of site inspections and especially the absence of a technical committee for regulatory evaluation of files at the Pharmacy and Medicines Department (DPM). Conclusion: The strengthening of the legal framework is, more than ever, necessary to ensure the protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research subjects in a context of increasing relocation of clinical trials to our countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether they are used by private or public entities, facial recognition technologies are subject to debate and controversy, notably around the lack of specific legislation on their use. Although artificial intelligence (AI) and automated decision-making systems have raised questions and sparked debate in Canada and the U.S., police departments have used such technologies in various contexts. Literature demonstrates the challenges brought by facial recognition algorithms range from biases related to errors of identification and matching to challenges of values and ethics, including environmental issues. Despite an increasing trend in the use of leading-edge automated biometric identification technologies, existing legal and policy instruments have not kept pace with the highly evolving field of high-tech. This note provides an overview of the policies and legal frameworks in Canada and in the U.S. with respect to the acquisition, use and integration of facial recognition technologies. In particular, we show that despite an increasing integration of such technologies across various entities, the policy, legal and regulatory frameworks are yet to be adapted to the new reality of AI biometric identification. Issues related to human rights, privacy and equity call for further examination of the instruments in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While scholars acknowledge the important role played by regulators in managing ride hailing and its impacts on cities, few studies have explored the implications for developing ride hailing regulations at different levels of governance. This paper examines regulatory approaches to ride hailing in Canada's three largest metropolitan regions: Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Though united by a national border, these three regions are subject to unique governance approaches, histories, and trajectories. Although ground transportation in Canada usually falls within local or municipal authority, only Toronto, amongst these three city‐regions, treats the regulation of ground transportation as a local responsibility. In both Montreal and Vancouver, which are subject to different regulatory and governance structures, ride hailing is primarily regulated at the provincial level. As a more detailed examination reveals, we can further distinguish the three metropolitan areas based on the extent of intraregional coordination and regional mobility. By introducing these two concepts, the paper explores both the intended and unintended regional impacts of ride hailing regulations. These findings are relevant not only to ride hailing, but also to broader questions about governing both regional mobility and the platform economy. Key Messages: This research examines how government authority for ground transportation in Canada's three largest metropolitan regions impacts the regulation of ride hailing.Distinctions regarding the level of government responsible for regulating ride hailing persist when comparing the Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver city‐regions.While provincial government regulatory authority can positively influence regional transportation planning and policy, municipal‐led approaches to ride hailing enable place‐based responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les dispositifs médicaux forment un groupe très hétérogène, allant du scalpel à l'appareil d'imagerie par résonance magnétique, en passant par le pansement, du plus simple au plus technologique. Avec les médicaments et les cosmétiques, ce sont les principaux produits de santé utilisés dans le monde. Les services qu'ils rendent ont conduit les pouvoirs publics à les rembourser. Medical devices form a very heterogeneous group of objects. In this group we can find items ranging from the scalpel, through the bandage – from the simplest to the most technological – to the scanner or MRI. Together with medicinal products and cosmetic products, they are one of the most important health products used worldwide. In addition, the services they provide have led government to reimburse them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les certificats médicaux ont une place régulière en consultation de médecine générale. Depuis 2011, l'absence de fondement réglementaire de certains certificats a été mis en lumière, émanant notamment de services publics. L'objectif de cette étude était de rechercher sur quels textes réglementaires reposaient les certificats médicaux requis par une administration municipale, 8 ans après la circulaire de rationalisation de 2011 ? Étude qualitative par observation et analyse critique de certificats par mini-revues de littérature suivant les principaux critères de qualité PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). La première étape a consisté en le recensement exhaustif des certificats médicaux prévus par la municipalité, pour les administrés ou les employés de la ville. La provenance de l'un des services municipaux était le seul critère d'inclusion. La deuxième étape a consisté en l'analyse des certificats demandés d'après la réglementation en vigueur au moyen de moteurs de recherche classés par niveau en tenant compte en priorité de leur valeur réglementaire. Les équations de recherche ont été construites par un procédé inductif au fur et à mesure du recueil des certificats. Quarante-deux certificats ont été recueillis et analysés. Vingt-sept répondaient à la réglementation en vigueur dont deux (hors du champ des soins primaires) respectaient le contenu. Aucun support réglementaire n'a été retrouvé pour les 15 autres certificats. Le flou réglementaire autour des accidents sportifs, ou encore l'abus d'autorité, sont des éléments d'explication de ces certificats sans support réglementaire existant ou respecté. Le médecin généraliste est mis dans une position difficile et ambivalente. Un engagement institutionnel important est à envisager pour la rationalisation des certificats médicaux, en particulier par la formation médicale, l'éducation en santé des usagers et la mise en application de la loi. Medical certificates have a regular place in general medicine consultation. Since 2011, the french law has highlighted the absence of regulatory support of certain certificates, in particular of public services. The objective of this study was to find out which regulatory texts were based on the medical certificates required by a municipal administration, 8 years after the 2011 rationalization circular? Qualitative study by observation and critical analysis of certificates by literature reviews according to the main PRISMA quality criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes). The first step consisted of the exhaustive collection of the medical certificates provided by the municipality, for the citizens or the employees of the city. The origin of one of the municipal services was the only criterion for inclusion. The second stage consisted in analyzing the certificates according to the law by using databases classified depending on their level, taking their regulatory value into account as a priority. The research equations were constructed with an inductive process as the certificates were collected. Forty-two certificates were collected and analyzed. Twenty-seven had regulatory support, two of which (not concerned in general medicine) complied with its content. No regulatory support was found for the 15 other certificates. The regulatory vagueness around sports accidents, or even the abuse of authority, are explanations for these certificates without existing or respected regulatory support. The general practitioner is put in a difficult and ambivalent position. A major institutional commitment should be considered for the rationalization of medical certificates, in particular through medical education, health education for users and law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible insects constitute a sustainable and alternative source of nutrients: they have potential to become a valuable protein source for addressing animal and human markets addressing part of the global food demand. After protein, the second largest fraction of the insect is constituted of lipids. Lipids can represent 10 to 15% of the insect in dry matter, making this fraction one of the major co-products of insect industry. The composition of the insect fat may change in terms of quantity and composition of fatty acids profile. Insect species, stage of growth, extraction technologies are some parameters that can impact the fat quality. Many applications of insect fat are naturally focusing on animal nutrition to replace vegetal or fish oil in poultry or aqua feed. Health or human food applications are also envisaged to replace vegetal oil or butter in processed foods, and some technical and sensory tests are reported in this review. However, these last applications, concerning food are submitted to the regulation and especially to the Novel Food EU regulation. For these reasons, it is important to have more data about safety and innocuity of insect fats: a first study is dealing with this aspect, showing an absence of toxicity. Finally, some energy or surfactant applications can also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions raised by inputs in their diverse forms have recently beneficiated from an interest by both general public and authorities. This societal demand is reflected in a substantial increase and diversification of alternative solutions to chemical inputs, whether with biocontrol products for plant protection, fertilization or biostimulation. Authorities now seek to set rules around the use of new inputs and are publishing new regulations. That is the reason why a special category of inputs called Préparations Naturelles Peu Préoccupantes (Low Concern Natural Products) was defined in 2006 in France. This category includes basic substances, but also natural substances for biostimulant use that have recently undergone a major change in their regulations, the consequences of which are analyzed here in terms of number of authorized substances. The most exhaustive list of authorized natural substances for biostimulant use is obtained from various official documents concerning plants considered as food for humans and animals. The considerable increase in the number of natural substances for biostimulant use is an opportunity for farmers and represents an unprecedented evolution in regulation, moving from a positive approach with explicitly allowed substances to a negative approach where some substances are banned and all others are allowed. This paper aims to clarify the situation by providing farmers with a database of usable plants without fear that the substance or plant could be considered as non-edible by authorities, and therefore subject to other constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting Auditing Control / Comptabilité Contrôle Audit (English Edition) is the property of Association Francophone de Comptabilite c/o Solle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Que ce soit par des organismes privés ou publics, l’adoption des technologies de reconnaissance faciale est sujet de controverses, en particulier en raison du manque de lois spécifiques réglementant leur usage. Malgré les questionnements et débats qu’engendrent l’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) et la prise de décision automatique dans les pays comme le Canada et les États-Unis, des services de police, entre autres, reconnaissent avoir eu recours à de telles technologies dans divers contextes. La littérature existante montre que les défis qu’apporte l’adoption des technologies ayant recours aux algorithmes de reconnaissance faciale vont des biais liés, notamment, aux erreurs d’identification et d’appariement aux questions d’éthique et de valeurs, en passant par des enjeux environnementaux. Alors qu’une prolifération de ces systèmes de haute technologie permettant l’identification biométrique automatique est de plus en plus remarquable, les outils juridiques et politiques en la matière tardent à s’adapter à un domaine en constante évolution. Cette note fait un tour d’horizon des politiques, des instruments juridiques et des cadres légaux en place au Canada et aux États-Unis vis-à-vis de l’adoption et de l’utilisation des technologies de reconnaissance faciale. En particulier, nous montrons que bien que cette adoption soit chose courante à travers différentes entités, les contextes politiques et les cadres légaux et réglementaires ne permettent pas de faire face à un système d’identification biométrique par l’IA. Les préoccupations en matière de droits de la personne, de vie privée et d’équité invitent à un examen plus approfondi de l’état des instruments en place.

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Platform work confronts traditional social security law in two dimensions. First, it makes the distinction between dependent and independent work uncertain and unclear, as the borderline between these blur. This is a profound challenge for social security law, because the criteria of dependent and independent work have to be precise. In the determination of work as dependent or independent, German law illustrates that a shift has taken place in determining employment status, moving from external and objective criteria to the contracting parties' decision, which is to be executed under private law, but also respected under social security law. Second, platform work is heavily intertwined with digital communication, which has established a global environment for communication. Thereby, platform work can also facilitate international trade by making transnational work more accessible and efficient. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the implications of platform work in international law. International law makes possible the choice of law, executed by the contracting parties. As a consequence, the protection of employees by social security law is related to the private law arrangements between the service provider and the service recipient. Gaps in social security protection of service providers are widespread. In many countries, awareness of the social protection deficits of platform workers has grown and responses to improve the social status of platform workers have come under scrutiny. Analysis reveals that there is a joint responsibility of the service provider and the service recipient to be bound to social security coverage under the same national legislation. Nevertheless, from an international law perspective, it is shown that reforms are confronted with restrictions under international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economic Sciences, Management & Commercial Sciences (JESMCS) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The decriminalization of cannabis in Canada has required a host of regulatory changes at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. Provinces have operationalized the development of legal markets in very different ways, offering an opportunity to perform comparative analysis of business responses. This article outlines and delineates the various regulatory frameworks that have been employed at the provincial level, discusses how they have impacted the development of the legal cannabis market, and considers how they have resulted in some further regulatory changes. After reviewing coevolution as a conceptual framework, the implementation of legalization of recreational cannabis is discussed, followed by an exploration of different provincial approaches at a general level. The effects of that framework on the first phase of legal market operations are explored, with a focus on issues emanating from regulatory choices through discussions of five regions: British Columbia, the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; each section exemplifying different priorities in the regulatory choices. Several themes emerge in the discussion. First, provincial approaches to retail licence approval have created severe bottlenecks, affecting consumer access to legal recreational cannabis. Additionally, the regulatory framework for those licences has resulted in a chilling effect on many potential entrepreneurs. Second, a reduction in black market sales has not yet occurred, largely due to the failure of some provinces to adequately provide retail licences and support legal distribution channels, or to operationalize the retail sales network. Third, many provinces struggled with operationalizing wholesale distribution to the retail stores, initially leading to administrative restrictions on store licences. Finally, issues of fairness and equity, effective displacement of the illegal market, government's role as a market regulator and participant, and other issues that emerge from the critical comparison of the provincial markets are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales is the property of Revue Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les patients se tournent couramment vers des produits à base de plantes ou de substances naturelles pour rester en bonne santé. Le nouveau cadre réglementaire européen sur les dispositifs médicaux, toujours plus exigeant en termes de qualité et de sécurité, apporte des précisions sur l'utilisation de ceux qui sont composés de substances complexes, notamment d'origine naturelle, dans un contexte thérapeutique allopathique. Patients commonly turn to herbal products or natural substances to stay healthy. The new European regulatory framework for medical devices, which is increasingly demanding in terms of quality and safety, provides clarification on the use of products based on complex substances, particularly those of natural origin, in an allopathic therapeutic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Criterio Libre is the property of Revista Criterio Libre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Études Caribéennes is the property of Etudes Caribeennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Cet article retrace la prise en charge scientifique, politique et réglementaire des perturbateurs endocriniens entre 1990 et 2019 afin d'expliquer comment ces substances sont passées d'un objet scientifique à une catégorie réglementaire. L'histoire scientifique des perturbateurs endocriniens, l'estimation des coûts qu'ils engendrent et leur responsabilité dans les pathologies humaines modernes font déjà l'objet de nombreux travaux. Nous proposons une approche originale issue d'une étude en sciences sociales s'appuyant sur des entretiens, l'étude d'archives et de documents scientifiques, administratifs et associatifs, en vue de comprendre pourquoi, encore aujourd'hui, la question de la définition et de l'identification des perturbateurs endocriniens fait débat. Ce travail montre que dans les années 1990 l'invention et la diffusion de l'expression « perturbateurs endocriniens » suscitèrent le rassemblement de scientifiques de disciplines différentes (biologistes, écotoxicologues, chimistes, épidémiologistes, endocrinologistes, etc.) en vue de créer une communauté de recherche. C'est au gré des transferts dans les espaces administratifs, politiques et médiatiques que les perturbateurs endocriniens sont devenus une catégorie réglementaire. À partir de leur inscription dans le droit européen en 2009 dans le Règlement (CE) N̊ 1107/2009 concernant la mise sur le marché des produits phytopharmaceutiques, les experts scientifiques, fonctionnaires européens et parties prenantes ont dû élaborer de nouvelles manières de caractériser cette catégorie de substances chimiques. Ne pouvant pas reproduire les modes de gestion classiques reposant sur l'identification d'un effet néfaste comme dans le cadre du règlement relatif à la classification, à l'étiquetage et à l'emballage des substances et des mélanges (par exemple, pour les substances cancérigènes), une identification en trois étapes a été proposée, fondée sur l'identification d'un effet néfaste d'un mode d'action endocrinien et l'établissement d'un lien causal entre le mécanisme et l'effet. This paper retraces the scientific, political, and regulatory history of endocrine disruptors from 1990 through 2019 and explains how they became a regulatory category. Much work has already examined their scientific history, estimates of the costs they generate, and their responsibility for modern human disorders. We propose an original approach derived from the sociology of science, based on interviews and the study of archival and more recent scientific, administrative, and organizational documents to understand why the definition and identification of endocrine disruptors remain a topic of debate even today. This work demonstrates that in the 1990s the invention and diffusion of the term "endocrine disruptors" inspired interaction between scientists from different disciplines (biologists, ecotoxicologists, epidemiologists, and endocrinologists) to create a transdisciplinary research community. Its transfer to the administrative, political, and media areas made these endocrine disruptors into a regulatory category. They entered European law in 2009 with Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. At that point, scientific experts, European officials, and stakeholders had to develop new ways to characterize this category of chemical substances. The conventional management methods based on the identification of an adverse effect, as in the Regulation on the classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (for carcinogenic substances, for example), cannot be applied to these chemicals. Accordingly, a three-step identification process has been proposed that requires the identification first of an adverse effect and then of its endocrine mode of action, and finally the establishment of a causal link between the mechanism and the effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This article is based on a panel discussion at McMaster University in 2019. Analysis Five questions are posed: 1) What is pressing about research on platforms and power right now? 2) What is the most powerful example of a research design that could disrupt or transform platform power? 3) Can platforms and algorithms be liberating? 4) How can researchers and policymakers work together for change? 5) What regulatory futures should researchers attend to, and how can research contribute to platform regulation? Conclusions and implications Panel participants provide insights into the questions posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]