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Importance: The rapid uptake of mobile phones in low and middle-income countries over the past decade has provided public health programs unprecedented access to patients. While programs have used text messages to improve medication adherence, there have been no high-powered trials evaluating their impact on tuberculosis treatment outcomes., Objective: To measure the impact of Zindagi SMS, a two-way SMS reminder system, on treatment success of people with drug-sensitive tuberculosis., Design: We conducted a two-arm, parallel design, effectiveness randomized controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. Individual participants were randomized to either Zindagi SMS or the control group. Zindagi SMS sent daily SMS reminders to participants and asked them to respond through SMS or missed (unbilled) calls after taking their medication. Non-respondents were sent up to three reminders a day., Setting: Public and private sector tuberculosis clinics in Karachi, Pakistan., Participants: Newly-diagnosed patients with smear or bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were on treatment for less than two weeks; 15 years of age or older; reported having access to a mobile phone; and intended to live in Karachi throughout treatment were eligible to participate. We enrolled 2,207 participants, with 1,110 randomized to Zindagi SMS and 1,097 to the control group., Main Outcome: The primary outcome was clinically recorded treatment success based upon intention-to-treat., Results: We found no significant difference between the Zindagi SMS or control groups for treatment success (719 or 83% vs. 903 or 83%, respectively, p = 0·782). There was no significant program effect on self-reported medication adherence reported during unannounced visits during treatment., Conclusion: In this large-scale randomized controlled effectiveness trial of SMS medication reminders for tuberculosis treatment, we found no significant impact., Trial Registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01690754., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Our objective was to investigate antiretroviral adherence device use by HIV-infected youth and assess associations of device use with viral suppression and self-reported adherence. This cross-sectional, multisite, clinic-based study included data from 1,317 HIV-infected individuals 12-24 years of age that were prescribed antiretroviral therapy. Mean adherence in the past 7 days was 86.1 % and 50.5 % had an undetectable HIV RNA. Pillbox was the most commonly endorsed device. No specific device was independently associated with higher odds of 100 % adherence. Paradoxically, having an undetectable HIV RNA was inversely associated with use of adherence devices (OR 0.80; p = 0.04); however, among those with <100 % adherence, higher adherence was associated with use of one or more adherence devices (coefficient = 7.32; p = 0.003). Our data suggest that adolescents who experienced virologic failure often used adherence devices which may not have been sufficiently effective in optimizing adherence. Therefore, other tailored adherence-enhancing methods need to be considered to maximize virologic suppression and decrease drug resistance and HIV transmission.

Purpose: Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) may potentially improve prescribing quality, but are subject to poor user acceptance. Reasons for alert overriding have been identified and counterstrategies have been suggested; however, poor alert specificity, a prominent reason of alert overriding, has not been well addressed. This paper aims at structuring modulators that determine alert specificity and estimating their quantitative impact on alert burden., Methods: We developed and summarized optimizing strategies to guarantee the specificity of alerts and applied them to a set of 100 critical and frequent drug interaction (DDI) alerts. Hence, DDI alerts were classified as dynamic, i.e. potentially sensitive to prescription-, co-medication-, or patient-related factors that would change alert severity or render the alert inappropriate compared to static, i.e. always applicable alerts not modulated by cofactors., Results: Within the subset of 100 critical DDI alerts, only 10 alerts were considered as static and for 7 alerts, relevant factors are not generally available in today's patient charts or their consideration would not impact alert severity. The vast majority, i.e. 83 alerts, might require a decrease in alert severity due to factors related to the prescription (N=13), the co-medication (N=11), individual patient data (N=36), or combinations of them (N=23). Patient-related factors consisted mainly of three lab values, i.e. renal function, potassium, and therapeutic drug monitoring results., Conclusion: This paper outlines how promising the refinement of knowledge bases is in order to increase specificity and decrease alert burden and suggests how to structure knowledge bases to refine DDI alerting., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This article presents a critical review of the literature relating to medication compliance devices and the findings of a survey that examined the use of such devices by district nursing services. The UKCC (1992) does not regard the loading of compliance devices by nurses as safe practice; however, compliance devices continue to be used by district nurses. The evidence base concerning the value and use of medication compliance devices is examined and significant gaps in the literature relating to the use of such devices are identified. There is an absence of studies that focus on the effect of compliance devices on adherence among older patients and the nature and frequency of drug administration errors involving these devices. The survey findings show that nurse-loaded compliance devices are used in over one-third of the sample. Further research is necessary to assess the clinical effectiveness of, and clinical risk attached to, compliance devices for older patients in the community. It is suggested that this is an issue of serious concern for primary care groups considering the principles of clinical governance.