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Abstract Background This study aims to synthesize and characterize hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HA) and evaluate their effects on the remineralization of demineralized enamel in the presence to Er,CR: YSGG laser irradiation. Materials and methods Enamel specimens from 44 human molars were divided into four groups: control, demineralized enamel, demineralized enamel treated with nano-HA, and demineralized enamel treated with nano-HA followed by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (0.5, 20 Hz, 60 µs, 20 s). Vickers microhardness test was used to evaluate the enamel surface hardness. The morphology and chemistry of enamel surfaces were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Result The result of this study showed that the application of Er,CR: YSGG laser irradiation to demineralized enamel treated with nano-HA had the highest impact on its microhardness. Conclusion ER,CR: YSGG laser irradiation promotes enamel remineralization after treatment with nano HA.

Background: This study aims to synthesize and characterize hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HA) and evaluate their effects on the remineralization of demineralized enamel in the presence to Er,CR: YSGG laser irradiation. Materials and methods: Enamel specimens from 44 human molars were divided into four groups: control, demineralized enamel, demineralized enamel treated with nano-HA, and demineralized enamel treated with nano-HA followed by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (0.5, 20 Hz, 60 µs, 20 s). Vickers microhardness test was used to evaluate the enamel surface hardness. The morphology and chemistry of enamel surfaces were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Result: The result of this study showed that the application of Er,CR: YSGG laser irradiation to demineralized enamel treated with nano-HA had the highest impact on its microhardness. Conclusion: ER,CR: YSGG laser irradiation promotes enamel remineralization after treatment with nano HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enamel mineral density is dependent on a balanced dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization. Objective: We evaluated the remineralization potential of experimental calcium- containing primer (CaP) application on enamel subsurface lesions. Methods: Demineralized enamel samples obtained from bovine incisor teeth were prepared and cut buccolingually. All samples were divided into 4 main groups according to the type of primer: CLEARFIL SE BOND 2 Primer (SEP), experimental calcium-containing primer (CaP) and bond: CLEARFIL SE BOND 2 Bond (SEB), CLEARFIL Protect Bond (PBB) treatment: (1) SEP-SEB (2) SEP-PBB (3) CaP-SEB (4) CaP-PBB. Each group was subdivided according to storage time in artificial saliva: immediately, 1 month and 6 months. Then, the samples were analyzed using transverse micro radiography (TMR). Additionally, the samples treated with each primer were prepared for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) observation. Two-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis of mineral loss (ΔZ: vol%·µm). Results: CaP-PBB had the significantly lowest ΔZ at all storage times, while SEP-SEB had the highest ΔZ (p < 0.05). SEM observations revealed that new crystals were formed on the surface after 6 months, and the ratio of calcium on the enamel increased in the EDS analysis. Conclusion: Experimental calcium-containing primer can provide additional mineral deposition, with even further deposition when combined with a fluoride-containing bond.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish on the shear bond strength (SBS) on polished and non-polished intact and demineralized enamel. Bovine incisors (half demineralized) were used. Bifluorid 12™ was applied. Bonding was made with Futurabond®M + and GrandioSO, 24 h and 7 days after varnishing. In some groups, varnish was removed by polishing before bonding. SBS was measured. Fracture type was determined by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the enamel surface were made. Between-group differences were determined by one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test. Associations between study factors and fracture modes were analysed using contingency tables and Pearson’s chi-squared test. For intact enamel, SBS on varnished enamel at 24 h was significantly less than in the other groups. SBS recovered 7 days after varnishing. Varnish elimination after 24 h significantly increased the SBS. However, removal at 7 days did not modify SBS. SBS on demineralized enamel groups was significantly less than in intact enamel, except for demineralized enamel varnished and removed at 7 days. Demineralized enamel was associated with cohesive enamel fractures and intact enamel with cohesive fractures of the composite and adhesive fractures. SEM of varnish surfaces showed a homogenous layer scattered with amorphous precipitate. In conclusion, on intact enamel fluoride varnish had a negative effect on SBS at 24 h, which disappeared after 7 days. On demineralized enamel, varnish did not reduce SBS at either time. Polishing the varnished enamel surface showed a similar SBS to intact enamel after 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the combining effect of cold plasma and bioglass-phosphoric acid paste on demineralized enamel. Fifty bovine incisors' enamel specimens were challenged by a demineralization solution of pH 4.47 for 72 h. Specimens were divided into five groups: (I) Control, demineralized enamel (C); (II) Demineralized enamel treated with fluoride varnish (F); (III) Cold plasma application to demineralized enamel (P); (IV) Demineralized enamel treated with bioglass paste (B); (V) Application of bioglass paste to cold plasma-treated demineralized enamel (PB). Specimens were then immersed in remineralizing solution for 24 h, before being examined with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and cross-sectional micro-hardness measurement. The results showed that; treating demineralized enamel with cold plasmas before bioglass application ensued a significant high mineral volume recovery and micro-hardness of demineralized region. It can be concluded that cold plasmas may improve the remineralization of bioglass on demineralized enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enamel mineral density is dependent on a balanced dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization. Objective: We evaluated the remineralization potential of experimental calcium- containing primer (CaP) application on enamel subsurface lesions. Methods: Demineralized enamel samples obtained from bovine incisor teeth were prepared and cut buccolingually. All samples were divided into 4 main groups according to the type of primer: CLEARFIL SE BOND 2 Primer (SEP), experimental calcium-containing primer (CaP) and bond: CLEARFIL SE BOND 2 Bond (SEB), CLEARFIL Protect Bond (PBB) treatment: (1) SEP-SEB (2) SEP-PBB (3) CaP-SEB (4) CaP-PBB. Each group was subdivided according to storage time in artificial saliva: immediately, 1 month and 6 months. Then, the samples were analyzed using transverse micro radiography (TMR). Additionally, the samples treated with each primer were prepared for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) observation. Two-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis of mineral loss (ΔZ: vol%·µm). Results: CaP-PBB had the significantly lowest ΔZ at all storage times, while SEP-SEB had the highest ΔZ (p < 0.05). SEM observations revealed that new crystals were formed on the surface after 6 months, and the ratio of calcium on the enamel increased in the EDS analysis. Conclusion: Experimental calcium-containing primer can provide additional mineral deposition, with even further deposition when combined with a fluoride-containing bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]