1. Role of Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Bone and Cardiovascular Health.
- Author
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Bellone F, Cinquegrani M, Nicotera R, Carullo N, Casarella A, Presta P, Andreucci M, Squadrito G, Mandraffino G, Prunestì M, Vocca C, De Sarro G, Bolignano D, and Coppolino G
- Subjects
- Bone and Bones metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Vitamin K metabolism, Vitamin K 1 therapeutic use, Vitamin K 2 therapeutic use, Cardiovascular Diseases complications, Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder complications, Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder etiology, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic complications, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic therapy, Vascular Calcification metabolism, Vitamin K Deficiency complications
- Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with vitamin K deficiency. Some of the serious complications of CKD are represented by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and skeletal fragility with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A complex pathogenetic link between hormonal and ionic disturbances, bone tissue and metabolism alterations, and vascular calcification (VC) exists and has been defined as chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Poor vitamin K status seems to have a key role in the progression of CKD, but also in the onset and advance of both bone and cardiovascular complications. Three forms of vitamin K are currently known: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone), and vitamin K3 (menadione). Vitamin K plays different roles, including in activating vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) and in modulating bone metabolism and contributing to the inhibition of VC. This review focuses on the biochemical and functional characteristics of vitamin K vitamers, suggesting this nutrient as a possible marker of kidney, CV, and bone damage in the CKD population and exploring its potential use for promoting health in this clinical setting. Treatment strategies for CKD-associated osteoporosis and CV disease should include vitamin K supplementation. However, further randomized clinical studies are needed to assess the safety and the adequate dosage to prevent these CKD complications.
- Published
- 2022
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