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• A thermodynamic network is formulated to model the electrolytic thermo-electrochemical effects. • Geothermal-solar-wind 100% renewable complementarities are proposed for multi-energy supplies. • A mean-variance portfolio scheme is developed to determine appropriate energy generation, conversion, and storage candidates. • The energy risks of high-renewable portfolio are considered. This paper proposes a high-renewable portfolio model of energy hub. In this model, geothermal-solar-wind multi-energy complementarities are fully explored based on electrolytic thermo-electrochemical effects of geothermal-to-hydrogen (GTH), which are converted, conditioned, and coupled through energy hub. The proposed high-renewable energy hub portfolio is an intractable optimization problem due to their inherent strong energy couplings and conflicted energy cost/risk. The original problem is thus characterized through the mean-variance approach to explicitly express the risk associated with the forecast uncertainties. The formulated mean-variance portfolio problem is subsequently modeled as a two-stage mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) stochastic programming to optimally determine appropriate energy generation, conversion, and storage candidates. Numerical studies on a community microgrid are implemented to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology over conventional wind-solar-battery scheme. Simulations results show that the portfolio cost can be reduced by at most 14.9% with a significantly higher operational flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple geographically dispersed data center buildings have been increasingly positioned in renewable-rich areas due to their high energy consumption. This paper proposes an optimal multi-energy portfolio for zero carbon data center buildings in the presence of proactive demand response programs. In the data center buildings, the complementarities of hydro-solar-wind hybrid renewable energy sources (RESs) are fully exploited via multi-energy conversion and storage devices, which are modeled as 100% renewable energy hubs for zero carbon multi-energy supplies. In order to exploit the hub-internal operational dispatchability and flexibility, a comprehensive energy consumption model of data center buildings is proposed to facilitate the demand response in terms of available serves, while the variable speed pumped storage (VSPS) is modeled to capture its dynamic operational characteristics. The energy‑carbon production, conversion, storage, and consumption are formulated as an energy‑carbon matrix, which are solved via a two-stage method to obtain the optimal portfolio. Case studies on southwest China data center buildings are implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology on cost-effective accommodation of RESs. Simulations results show that the system portfolio cost can be reduced by at most 17.8% with a higher operational flexibility. • A cost-effective data center building is proposed to accommodate zero carbon targets. • Hydro-solar-wind 100% renewables are formulated for multi-energy supplies. • VSPS and data center energy consumption are modeled to exploit inherent flexibility. • The energy-carbon production, conversion, storage, and consumption are optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of 5G base station (5G BS) clusters and edge data services introduces novel digital loads (NDLs) into the distribution system (DS), significantly impacting the interactive coordination of 5G-DS. This paper proposes an expansion planning model of 5G and DS considering source-network-load-storage coordination. Here, renewable energy resources (RESs), 5G BS clusters, edge data centers (EDCs), and DS source-network-load-storage are coordinately planned. The dynamic service access of 5G BS cluster are formulated to capture the coupled nature and inherent flexibility of 5G services. Considering the flexible processing of EDCs, a detailed categorization is conducted based on data service type, leveraging the synergies between cloud and edge computing to achieve flexible data load distribution. The original expansion planning model is reformulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to facilitate its computational solution. Simulation results from case studies on Portugal 54 node network over individual expansion planning and 5G static-access are performed to validate the effective and superior performances of the proposed method. Simulations results show that the system cost can be reduced by at most 15% with a higher operational flexibility. [Display omitted] • An expansion planning model of 5G and DS considering source-network-load-storage coordination is proposed. • NDLs from 5G BS clusters and EDCs are introduced to accommodate the RESs. • Dynamic access services of 5G BS clusters are formulated to leverage their flexibility. • Synergies of cloud and edge computing in EDCs are captured to facilitate source-network-load- storage coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a geothermal-solar-wind renewable energy hub framework for community multi-energy supplies. In this framework, multi-energy complementarities of geothermal-solar-wind hybrid renewable energy are fully explored based on electrolytic thermo-electrochemical effects of geothermal-to-hydrogen (GTH), which is integrated with the multi-energy conversion and storage devices for multi-energy supplies. In order to exploit the inherent multi-energy operational dispatchability and flexibility of geothermal-solar-wind renewables, a multi-energy coupling matrix is formulated for the modeling of production, conversion, storage, and consumption of hub-internal electricity, hydrogen and heating energy. A multi-energy operation scheme is further developed to dispatch the energy flows of the coupling matrix for cost-effective accommodation of community renewables. Case studies on a community microgrid under grid-connected and grid-disconnected modes are performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology. Simulations results show that the solar-wind accommodation can be improved by at most 1.59% with a significantly lower system operating cost. • An electrolytic thermodynamic network is formulated to model the thermo-electrochemical effects. • Geothermal-solar-wind 100% renewables is proposed for multi-energy supplies. • A multi-energy operation scheme is developed to dispatch the electricity, thermal, and hydrogen flows. • The costs during production, conversion, storage, and consumption process are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]