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Increasing studies have reported temperature modification effects on air pollutants–induced respiratory diseases. In the current study, daily data of respiratory emergency room visits (ERVs), meteorological factors, and concentrations of air pollutants were collected from 2013 to 2016 in Lanzhou, a northwest city in China. Daily average temperature was stratified into low (≤ 25 percentile, P25), medium (25–75 percentile, P25–P75) and high (≥ 75 percentile, P75) to explore how temperature modifies the effects of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2) on respiratory ERVs by using generalized additive Poisson regression model (GAM). Seasonal modification was also investigated. Results showed that (a) PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 had the strongest effects on respiratory ERVs in low temperature; (b) males and 15-and-younger were more vulnerable in low temperature while females and those older than 46 years were highly affected in high temperature; (c) PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were mostly associated with the total and both males and females in winter, while SO2 resulted in the highest risk for the total and males in autumn and females in spring. In conclusion, this study found significant temperature modification effects and seasonal differences on the risks of respiratory ERVs due to air pollutants in Lanzhou, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient air pollution has been regarded as an important cause of the morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases. In the current work, a total of 469,490 respiratory emergency room (ER) visits in Lanzhou, China from Jan 1, 2013 to Dec 31, 2016 were collected. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to investigate the association between O3 and respiratory ER visits for the different gender and age subgroups. The results showed that: (a) with per inter-quartile range (IQR) (31 µg/m3) increase in O3, the greatest relative risk (RR) of respiratory ER visits for the total was 1.014 (95% CI 1.008–1.020) at lag 4 days. Females and 16-to-45-year-olds were relatively more sensitive to O3; (b) the significant lag effects were found in single-day lag models, with the highest RR values for different groups were observed at lag 3-lag 5 days. The multi-day cumulative lag effects were stronger for the total; (c) in the multiple-pollutant models, the effects of O3 were generally increased when introducing other pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2) for adjustment. This study demonstrated that short-term exposure to O3 increased the RR of respiratory ER visits in Lanzhou, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, O3 pollution had been worsening in China and became a major challenge for human health. To evaluate the O3 effects on circulatory and respiratory mortality in Harbin, a high latitude city of northeast China, we applied a time-series study from 2014 to 2016. After collecting data and adjusting for the effects of confounders, we built the generalized additive model to assess the associations between O3 and mortality at different lag days. The results showed that an interquartile-range (IQR) increase in O3 concentration corresponded to excess risk (ER) of 2.00% (95%CI: − 0.25–4.30%) for circulatory mortality at lag 0 and 8.02% (95%CI: 4.18–12.01%) for respiratory mortality at lag 2 days in the single-pollutant model. Stratified analysis showed that O3 had a greater effect on females than on males. The effect of O3 exposure on circulatory mortality was stronger during the warm period, while the opposite trend was founded for respiratory mortality. The sensitivity analysis showed that the effects of O3 were relatively independent and the major results were robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies have suggested that particulate matter (PM) pollution seriously affects human health, particularly it is closely associated with respiratory diseases. The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the effect of PMs (PM10 and PM2.5) on emergency room (ER) visits for respiratory diseases in Lanzhou, a valley basin city in northwest China. Based on the data of the ER visits, daily concentration of particulate matters and daily meteorological elements from January 1, 2013, to July 31, 2017, we used a generalized additive model (GAM) of time series to evaluate the exposure–response relationship between PMs and respiratory ER visits. Seasonal modified effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on different age and gender groups were also performed. Results showed that the highest incidence of respiratory diseases occurred in winter. Respiratory ER visits for the total were significantly associated with PM2.5 (at lag 0 day) and PM10 (at lag 3 days), with relative risks (RRs) of 1.042 (95%CI: 1.036 –1.047) and 1.013 (95%CI: 1.011–1.016), respectively. Effects of PM pollutants on respiratory diseases are different among different age and gender groups. Children under 15 years and the elders over 60 years were the most sensitive to PM pollution, and males were more sensitive than females. The results obtained in the current study would provide a scientific evidence for local government to make policy decision for prevention of respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to obtain updated evidence regarding the short-term effect of ozone on respiratory mortality in China. We systematically searched the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, and Wanfang databases for relevant studies. After screening based on the inclusion criteria, 12 studies with 19 estimates were selected for further meta-analysis. The results revealed that respiratory mortality significantly increased by 0.55% (95% confidence interval: 0.24%–0.85%; Q = 39.47, I 2 = 54.4%, P = 0.002, tau 2 < 10−5) for every 10-μg/m3 increase in the maximum 8-h average concentration of ozone. Furthermore, differences in combined estimates were observed between various regions and lag structures. The combined effect of single-day lags was generally larger than that of multiday lags; the estimate of mortality for the population in the north was larger than that for the population in the south. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the main findings were stable; funnel plots with Egger's and Begg's tests indicated no significant publication bias in our analysis. [Display omitted] • Significant association was found between ozone and respiratory mortality. • The estimated risk in Northern China was larger than that in Southern China. • Higher estimated risk was found in the single-day lag structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]