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Fundus imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosing retinal and choroidal diseases. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), by capturing signals to reconstruct vascular structures, offers a clear depiction of retinal vasculature with notable advantages such as rapid scanning and non-invasiveness. Although OCTA, due to its underlying principles, cannot dynamically assess vascular function, exploring its future applications and potential to eventually replace traditional fundus angiography remains a key focus in the medical community. OCTA provides multiple parameters that conventional fundus angiography cannot obtain. With the expanding coverage area of OCTA scans and improvements in artifact elimination, the detection rate of various retinal and choroidal diseases has significantly increased, making the widespread clinical application of OCTA an inevitable trend. Although ultra-widefield OCTA cannot yet fully replace angiography in clinical practice, with continued clinical practice, expanded clinical research, and ongoing technological innovation, OCTA is expected to gradually replace fundus angiography in the future.

Objective: To build bridges between anti-α enolase antibody (anti-enolase 1 antibody, anti-ENO1 antibody) and common clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to analyze the role of anti-ENO1 antibody in the evaluation of SLE disease activity., Methods: The SLE patients with retinopathy and without retinopathy were enrolled in the study, as well as healthy individuals whose gender and age matched with those of the SLE patients. Serum anti-ENO1 antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), presenting as intra-group positive rate and arbitrary units (AU) value. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records., Results: The SLE retinopathy patients represented various fundus abnormalities. Ranked by percentage, the top three retinopathies were retinal hemorrhage (14/32, 43.75%), cotton-wool spots (8/32, 25.00%) and retinal vein occlusion (3/32, 9.38%). Among the 32 SLE retinopathy patients, 13 (40.63%) suffered from two or more fundus abnormalities. The positive rate and AU value of the SLE patients were higher than of the SLE patients without retinopathy (68.75% vs . 46.00%, P =0.043; 16.11%±10.35% vs . 12.06%±6.47%, P =0.045). Besides, the positive rate and AU value of the two SLE groups were both significantly higher than those of the healthy control group ( P < 0.001). Compared with the SLE-without-retinopathy group, the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI)-2000 of the SLE retinopathy patients were significantly higher than those of the SLE patients without retinopathy (17.41±4.25 vs . 9.48±5.35, P < 0.001). Dividing all the SLE patients into an anti-ENO1-positive group and an anti-ENO1-negative group, we found that anti-ENO1-positive was more likely to be correlated to developing fever and positive result of urine occult blood ( P =0.011, P =0.042). Comparing with the patients with negative anti-ENO1 antibodies, the patients with positive anti-ENO1 antibodies had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [the median (range) was 29.50 (1.52-110.00) mg/L vs . 12.00 (4.00-101.00) mg/L, P =0.001], higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) [the median (range) was 14.30 (4.02-37.80) g/L vs . 10.46 (2.50-25.73) g/L, P =0.000 3], and higher blood platelet count (PLT) [(205.87×10 9 ±67.98×10 9 ) /L vs . (164.57×10 9 ±69.57×10 9 ) /L, P =0.008], as well as higher immunoglobulin A (IgA) [the median (range) was 2.85 (0.07-27.00) g/L vs . 2.05 (0.42-4.36) g/L, P =0.014]., Conclusion: The positive rate and AU value of anti-ENO1 antibody suggested higher SLE disease activity and they were elevated in SLE and SLE retinopathy.

Objective To evaluate the application of a mobile platform-based system in the management of fundus disease in outpatient settings. Methods In the outpatient departments of fundus disease,premature babies requiring eye examination under general anesthesia and adults requiring intraocular surgery were enrolled as the subjects. According to the existing clinical practices,we developed a system that met the requirements of clinical practices and optimized the clinical management. Based on the FileMaker database,the tablet computers were used as the mobile platform and the system could also be run in iPad and PC terminals.Results Since 2013,the system recorded 7500 cases of special examinations. Since July 2015,4100 cases of intravitreal drug injection were also recored in the system. Multiple-point and real-time reservation pattern increased the efficiency and opimize the clinical management. All the clinical data were digitalized. Conclusion The mobile platform-based system can increase the efficacy of examination and other clinical processes and standardize data collection;thus,it is feasible for the clinical practices in outpatient departments of ophthalmology.

In the past 5 years, the diagnosis and management of ocular fundus diseases in China has been improved remarkably. Up-to-date international concepts of diagnosis and management, methods, and equipment have been introduced into China, which have promoted the therapeutic technology of ocular fundus diseases. In the field of diagnosis, the application of frequency-domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence detection technology not only provided more detailed image information for clinical diagnosis, but also helped clinical ophthalmologists to understand the features and pathogenesis of ocular fundus diseases comprehensively, leading the doctors into a new era of examination of ocular fundus diseases. In the field of treatment, Chinese researchers actively performed innovative clinical studies, such as organizing domestic multi-center studies of various therapies of macular hole retinal detachment, developing full-length humanized antibody fusion protein KH902 with intellectual property rights, using implants of autologous retinal pigment epithelium patch with Bruch membrane to treat age-related macular degeneration, using photodynamic therapy to treat central serous chorioretinopathy, 20 gauge small incision vitrectomy and surgical therapy of central retinal artery occlusion, etc. Moreover, certain amounts of high quality clinical papers have been published in SCI journals, which showed that clinical research of ocular fundus diseases in China has entered the field of international ophthalmology and has geared to international standards.

In the last 5 years, a great progress in the clinical treatment and basic research of ocular fundus diseases in China has been obtained. An abundance of clinical experience and a great deal of research data have been accumulated. In the field of clinical work, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) and transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) of choroidal neovascular membrane have been established gradually in China. A rapid progress has been achieved in the vitreous surgery, intraocular injection of triamcinolone acetonide for treating macular edema, radial optic neurotomy (RON) for treating central retinal vein occlusion, the multi-access prevention and management of retinopathy of prematurity and intraocular tumor, and the update of the techniques and equipments for vitreous and retinal surgeries, etc. In the field of laboratory work, Chinese scientists achieved lasting and great progress in many fields: diabetic retinopathy, retinoblastoma, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal pigment epithelial cells, retinal transplantation, gene therapy of ocular fundus diseases, etc. All of these achievements implied that both the clinical work and basic research of ocular fundus diseases in China have approached international advanced technology, while some fields have achieved the international advanced level.