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In clinical practice, professionals observed that patients with cardiovascular diseases often suffer from psychological disorders. This association creates a higher risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. One of the most frequent associations is between cardiovascular diseases and depression. Another frequent association is represented by patients with cardiovascular disease who suffer from depression and anxiety disorder as well. Depression is an important pathological entity that frequently and negatively influences the cardiovascular disease. Patients diagnosed with severe cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation) who suffer from depression as well have a higher risk of death (morbidity) in the next five years, even with a good solid multidisciplinary treatment approach. Despite the objective findings, there is not yet a clear way for the prevention and management for those patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in women from developed countries. It is necessary to assess cardiovascular risk in women, taking into account both traditional and non-traditional, specific risk factors. Prophylactic measures should be instituted from an early age, by discouraging smoking and promoting a healthy lifestyle, which includes a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Health professionals and women themselves should be aware of women-specific factors that may affect the cardiovascular risk, and ensure that risk factors are assessed on each occasion. Pregnancy, menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome and inflammatory diseases require further cardiovascular risk assessments. The management of cardiovascular risk factors is similar in women and men, and is equally important. The targets to be achieved and the means used should be similar [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child dyslipidemia is often considered a secondary pediatric problem, although its consequences over time are extremely important. Dyslipidemia often begins in childhood and adolescence and contributes to early atherosclerosis and to premature cardiovascular disease. In children with high cardiovascular risk with severe dyslipidemia, the treatment reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. The screening for lipid disorders in children at high risk begins from the age of 2 years old, and in the case of children without risk factors, two determinations of the lipid profile are necessary: in the pre-adolescence period, respectively between 16-19 years old. The management of dyslipidemia in children includes heart-healthy lifestyle changes, dietary modification, physical activity, weight loss for obese children and only in certain situations drug therapy is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menopause is characterized by many huge changes in the quality of women's life. Hormonal changes, accompanied by numerous symptoms cause changes in body composition and increasing the body mass index (BMI). Decreased estrogen levels cause increased visceral adipose tissue, lean mass loss, bone mineral density loss, decreased protein. In the early postmenopausal years, women who do not take estrogen therapy typically gain fat mass and lose lean mass. All these effects on body composition are major risk factors for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dyslipidemia, psychiatric disorders (depression, dementia), osteoarthritis, osteoporosis. Abdominal obesity influences blood pressure by increasing insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, increasing insulinemia, which causes increased adrenergic activity, producing vasoconstriction. Increased BMI in postmenopausal women is associated with increased risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal disease (CKD) is commonly found in primary care. It is important to recognize chronic kidney disease, defined as abnormalities of kidney function or structure (markers of renal impairment) or eGFR of less than 60 ml / min / 1.73 m2, presented for more than 3 months. Chronic kidney disease has an estimated prevalence of 8-11% worldwide. After the age of 40 years, there may be a physiological progressive reduction in eRFG (glomerular filtration rate) of 1 ml / min / year. Chronic kidney disease is an independent cardiovascular risk factor; low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is associated with increased mortality, multiple cardiovascular events and multiple hospitalizations. Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients should take into account the degree of renal function. Evaluation of renal function is based on eRFG and albuminuria or creatinine / albumin ratio. On the other hand, chronic kidney disease increases the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Trying to identify and to control modifiable risk factors has beneficial effects on maintaining renal function and slowing down progression. The choice of medication and therapy should be made in accordance with the degree of impairment of renal function. General measures (smoking cessation, limitation of salt intake, aerobic exercise), good control of high blood pressure, optimal glycemic control, lipid lowering therapies, antiplatelet agents help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and at the same time, delay progression of function kidney˝ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]