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Objective: This paper assesses the potential ecological risk of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and silicon dioxide/silica (SiO 2 ) in well water. Both of pollutants have been classified as carcinogenic compound. The ecological risk assessment of drinking water is an effective tool to evaluate drinking water quality to reduce further risk., Method: Fourteen well water samples were collected around the residential area near cement industrial activity and karst mining area. Estimating the ecological risk of well water which consumed daily evaluated based on Hazard Quotient (HQ) ratio., Results: The mean values of Cr(VI) and SiO 2 in well water samples were 0.0017mg/L and 12.94mg/L, respectively. Drinking water in this area are unacceptable. HQ values for SiO 2 at all stations are more than 1 (moderate level)., Conclusions: Cr(VI) and SiO 2 are discoverable within well water surrounding the research location. This finding is used as scientific data and references for ecological protection of drinking water in Maros., (Copyright © 2020 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The Banggai Karst Area of the Islands of Central Sulawesi Province is dominated by the appearance of the Karst Ecosystem, which covers 97% of the total area, so it is very vulnerable to pathogenic bacterial contamination. This type of research is an observational study with a Cross-Sectional design with an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach method to assess or forecast the amount of human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) determines or predicts the human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards from pathogenic bacterial contamination. In this study, we collected 230 human samples and four samples of springs as a source of community drinking water, namely Paisu Lalomo Spring in South Buko District, Paisu Taabak in Liang District, Paisu Olulan in North Bulagi District and Paisu Sinangkal North Tinangkung District. The examination results on four springs as a source of community drinking water contained one sample with the highest probability of infection (Pinf) of 3.92 x10-4, namely Coliform bacteria in Paisu Lalomo springs. Furthermore, the annual chance of infection (Pinf / year), the highest pathogenic bacteria, was also found in Paisu Lalomo spring samples, namely in coliform bacteria with the same value (Pinf / year) = 1.32×10-1. However, examination of other bacteria also showed that all positive springs contained coliform bacteria and Enterococcus exceeding the specified limit (1x10-4). Risk management is needed to control risk factors that can cause health problems due to consuming and utilizing springs as a source of drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste is starting to threaten marine waters, especially microplastics. This micro-sized plastic can be consumed by marine biota. The accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of marine biota can threaten humans who consume them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk level of microplastic (polystyrene) exposure through the consumption of blood clams in the coastal area of Pao Village, Tarowang District, Jeneponto Regency. This type of research is a descriptive analysis with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The samples in this study were 30 respondents and 125 blood clams (anadara granosa). Data were obtained by interview using a questionnaire, identifying MPs in shells in the laboratory, and identifying polymer types using FTIR-spectroscopy. The results showed that 68 MPs of microplastics were found in blood clams (anadara granosa) samples. The dominant shapes were lines and blue. The types of polymers from the FTIR results are Polystyrene (PS), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene (PE). The average non-carcinogenic daily intake (Intake) is 0.00012 mg/kg/day, the average risk level (RQ) is 0.0006, and the daily intake value is ≤0.2 (RfD Styrene), so it is said to be safe and the risk level value (RQ) ≤ 1, then categorized as the risk of exposure to MPs in humans through consumption of blood clams is still categorized as safe. The route of exposure to MPs in humans is not only through blood clams, so efforts to control the risk of exposure to MPs in humans are still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is a poisonous metal that large used worldwide and can cause widespread pollution and health problems. Today, Lead is significantly considered a serious threat because it can poison the air, get into the lungs, circulate in the blood, and cause long-side effects. Pb has been identified as metal poisonous with height concentration and its widespread use reported can damage the environment and lead to a serious epidemiological problem to global health. Materials for this literature review is collected from the official websites (i.e., Sciencedirect, Google Scholar, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, and WHO) using the keywords: "lead (Pb) exposure ", "analysis of risk", and "health effect of lead (Pb) exposure". Based on the environmental health risk analysis results of each study, two studies are reported to have serious risks of Pb contaminant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is ranked 5th in the world and 3rd in Southeast Asia with the highest number of stunted children under five. West Papua Province in 2018 is included in 18 provinces with a high prevalence of around 30% - <40%. Stunting is one of the nutritional problems that occur from the pre-conception period, and will continue until pregnancy which can affect the baby being born. One of the efforts that can be done by giving rebon shrimp, its content which is rich in micronutrients can be an alternative food choice for improving blood biochemistry of pregnant women. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in blood biochemical levels of pregnant women (serum protein, serum albumin and hemoglobin levels) before and after consuming the supplementary feeding of Koya Powder made from Rebon Shrimp. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a group design post-test control approach. The total sample size is 15 respondents per group, using the incidental technique. The intervention group was given koya powder as much as 100 grams/day for 7 days, while the control was given education on nutritious foods and eating according to the daily pattern. The research was conducted in the work area of the West Sorong Health Center and Malawili Public Health Center, data collection was carried out from 31 August 2020 to 06 October 2020, using an observation sheet. Data analysis used the Mann-Whitney test, if the data were not normally distributed. If the data were not normally distributed, use the free sample t2 test. The results of the study were significant differences between the control group and the intervention group with a P value of 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion "There is an Effect of Consumption of Supplementary Feeding Koya Powder Made from Rebon Shrimp (Mysis Relicta) on Changes in Serum Protein, Serum Albumin and Hemoglobin Levels for Pregnant Women as Risk Factors for Stunting." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of STIs in Indonesia is believed to be like an iceberg phenomenon because the official report on the number of cases does not reflect the real problem. There is a high number of asymptomatic cases that the sufferer does not feel sick but can transmit the infection to other people. This study aims to analyze risky behavior towards STI incidents in the work area of the Community Health Center (Puskesmas) of Bintuni. This is analytic observation research, with a case-control design. A case-control study is carried out by identifying the case group and the control group, then retrospectively, the risk factors for STIs in the work area of the Community Health Center of Bintuniwere examined with a total of 102 respondents, each group of cases and a control group of 51 respondents. Data were analyzed using SPSS to test the Odd Ratio. Results: The analysis of knowledge resulted in the OR value of 2.771, the analysis of attitude resulted in the OR value of 1.4644. Knowledge and attitude are risk factors for the incidence of STIs. This study suggests improving health education, especially about STIs, and the health office and health agencies should be more proactive in early detection of STI cases in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of stunting events in Central Maluku Regency is still high, with 26 toddlers experiencing stunting in 2018 and 27 in 2019 at Porto Haria Public Health Center. This study aims to analyze the risk factors of stunting events in toddlers in the working area of Porto Haria Public Health Center. This research is a type of analytical observational research with the design of case control study. The case population in this study was a toddler who was diagnosed stunting in the working area of Porto Haria Public Health Center as many as 37 toddlers and the control population in this study was an not diagnosed toddler stunting in the working area of Porto Hariapublic Health Center as many as 814 toddlers. The sampling used purposive sampling and found 72 toddlers were divided into 36 cases and 36 controls. Data analysis using univariate and bivariate statistical analysis using Odds Ratio. The results showed that the immunization of toddlers scored OR=0.680, health care rating OR=0.727, parental education (family head, OR=1,400, Mother's value OR=0.769). Parental education is a risk factor, while toddler immunization and utilization of health services are protective factors. Parents (Mothers) are advised to pay attention to nutritional intake both during pregnancy and afterwards, in order to monitor the growth and development of children in terms of food and drink. For health care institutions, especially in nutrition health workers are expected to provide more intensive information and education about the dangers and causes of stunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is still prevalent in Indonesia. In 2016, TB's incidence rate is estimated 129 per 100,000 population. In order to reduce the incidence, reducing the risk of transmission through the patient sputum drug compliance is essential. This is quasi-experimental study design. There are 3 groups, which are the intervention group that receives bag waterproof plastic container, bottle waterproof plastic container that both contains a 4-chloroalpha- phenyl-o-cresol (klorofenol) desinfectant with concentration of 5% as a killer of TB bacilli accompanied by promotional messages and control group (without intervention). The population is all patients with pulmonary TB Acid Fast Bacilli positive (AFB+) aged > 12 years old who come for treatment to all community health centers that have Microscopic Reference Center (MRC) facility and use Directly Observed Treatment Short- course (DOTS) strategy in Medan. The sample is selected by consecutive sampling. There is a significant difference (p<0.05) of the risk of pulmonary TB transmission according to the role of the DSS between the treatment groups using plastic bags containers and plastic bottles with control group. There is a significant difference (p<0.05) the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission based on drug compliance between the treatment groups using plastic bagcontainers and plastic bottles with control group. The use of containers containing the killer disinfectant of TB bacilli in sputum accompanied by promotional messages on the walls of the container is effective in reducing the risk of TB transmission from patients with Acid Fast Bacilli positive (AFB+) pulmonary TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Pregnant women have a risk for tobacco smoke both actively and passively. Pregnant women are usually exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in various places with different duration of time. Cigarette smoke has a severe effect not only on pregnant women but also on the fetus. Methods Various references were collected from online database including reports, journals, mostly in the last 10 years. The journals were mostly from the scholarly journals. Results. Tobacco smoke can effect the immunity, hormonal and metabolic system of the pregnant woman, therefore disturbing the growth of the fetus. Tobacco smoke also known to increase the risk of premature birth and reduce gestational age. Tobacco smoke cause several problems in newborn such as respiration distress, low birth weight (LBW), neural disorder, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and congenital anomaly. Conclusion. The effect of tobacco smoke, actively of passively, have worse outcome for the pregnant women and their babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito bites. Plasmodium carried by mosquito bites will live and multiply in human red blood cells. This study aims to determine the relationship between environmental risk factors and treatment efforts in patients with Imported Malaria in the work area of the District Health Center of Segeri, Pangkep Regency. This type of research is observational analytic using a case-control design. The sampling technique for case groups is exhaustive sampling. Control group sampling is adjusted based on the number of sample cases as many as 40 cases with a ratio of 1:1 with a total of 80 respondents. Data analysis was performed univariate, bivariate (Chi-square yielded Odds Ratio (OR), and multivariate (logistic regression). The results of the bivariate analysis showed an association between malaria sufferers in the migration area (p=0.017; OR=3.273), nighttime habits (p=0.025; OR= 2,786), wearing closed clothes (p=0.044; OR=2.500), using mosquito nets at night (p=0.043; OR=2.538), history of suffering from malaria (p=0.029; OR=9.750), knowledge about the causes of malaria (p=0.012; OR=6.333), knowledge about malaria transmission (p=0.027; OR=2.143), knowledge about the clinical symptoms of malara (p=0.029; OR=9.750), knowledge about the type of malaria treatment (p=0.025; OR=3.857), knowledge about malaria prevention (p=0.025; OR=3.857), and have attended/heard of malaria counseling (p=0.027; OR=2.143) with imported malaria. Multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant factor associated with imported malaria was the use of mosquito nets in the migration area (Wald = 6.604; Exp. (B) = 5.239; 95% CI 1.481-18.526). The solution provided is the need to increase awareness of protecting the environment specifically with the use of mosquito nets in the migration area, increasing knowledge of malaria and prevention by counseling and awareness to take chemoprophylaxis for people who want to migrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Makassar City is one of the coastal areas that are vulnerable to the transmission of pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB). The condition of population density in the area can increase the risk of transmission. The aims of the study to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of pulmonary TB in the coastal area of Makassar city. The Design study is case control. Cases are pulmonary TB patients recorded in the medical record of Kaluku Bodoa Health Center. Control is TB suspects who have experienced symptoms of a cough more than 2 weeks and do not have positive TB. The number of samples is 120 with details of 60 cases and 60 controls. Data analysis was used by bivariate and multivariate with odds ratio & logistic regression tests. The results showed that occupancy density (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.103-4.935) and TB contact (OR: 9.077; 95% CI: 1.098-75.02) were risk factors for pulmonary TB, while poor families (OR: 1.909; 95% CI: 0.811-4.493) and smoking behavior (OR: 1.336; 95% CI: 0.463-3.856) is not a risk factor for the incidence of Pulmonary TB. The conclusion in this study is the probability of the occurrence of pulmonary TB in subjects whose home density is <10 m²/person and has a contact history with pulmonary TB patients, which is 92%. For Suggestions need health promotion for coastal communities regarding healthy life behavior (PHBS) and ways to reduce the risk of pulmonary TB transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Pregnant women have a risk for tobacco smoke both actively and passively. Pregnant women are usually exposed to enviromental tobacco smoke (ETS) in various places with different duration of time. Cigarette smoke has a severe effect not only on pregnant women but also on the fetus. Methods This is a literature review. Various references were collected from online database including reports, journals, mostly in the last 10 years. The journals were mostly from the scholarly journals. Results. Tobacco smoke can effect the immunity, hormonal and metabolic system of the pregnant woman, therefore disturbing the growth of the fetus. Tobacco smoke also known to increase the risk of premature birth and reduce gestational age. Tobacco smoke cause several problems in newborn such as respiration distress, low birth weight (LBW), neural disorder, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and congenital anomaly. Conclusion. The effect of tobacco smoke, actively of passively, have worse outcome for the pregnant women and their babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the assessment of the potential risks of silica on the ecology and the estimated weekly intake due to the consumption of traditional cake, water and mixed fruits. Soils and traditional cakes were collected from the concerned area where water was collected from the river and drainage basin. Silica potentially toxic elements were analyzed in terms of concentration, potential ecological risk, and human health risk. The highest concentration of Silica pollutant around the Tonasa Cement Industry Pangkep were on well water with (16.18 mg/l), river water (18.12 mg/), sediment (41.11mg/l), surface soil (7,92%) and air particulate (2.74%), respectively. In addition, the highest concentration of Silica (SiO2) around the Tonasa Cement Industry Pangkep on mixed fruits with (14.17mg/l), followed by traditional cake (7.26 mg/), and drinking water with (0.52mg/l), respectively. The potential ecological risks posed by silica on all those environment were considerable and moderate, respectively. Estimated weekly intake indicated that noncarcinogenic risks all fell below threshold values. The total carcinogenic risks due to silica was within the acceptable range for communities. This conclusion provides a scientific basis for the control of potentially toxic element pollution and environmental protection of the ecology and food for communities who are living surround the Cement Industry, Pangkep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10−5 and 1.32 × 10−4, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTEs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]