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Over the years, Colombia has faced disaster situations that have generated changes in risk management models. These situations have brought suffering, destruction, and loss of human life, but have also served as lessons to develop procedures aimed at minimizing the risks caused by the presence of hazards. The objective of this article is to provide general evidence-based guidelines for formulating disaster risk management plans for each of the 3 action processes: risk awareness, risk reduction, and disaster management in Colombia. These plans can be achieved by preparing responses to different emergencies, which arise from threats in each of the possible scenarios, and are adverse events that alter the normal functioning of entities and communities. The implementation of these prevention strategies will allow communities to respond effectively to emergencies and recover rapidly in the face of adversity.

Motivated both by reports on devastating financial and reputation-related consequences of spreadsheet errors and the results of previous studies suggesting a significant lack of users awareness of spreadsheet risks, this paper provides insight into factors that influence users perception of risks associated with creating and using spreadsheets. The survey was conducted on a sample of 161 spreadsheet users, whose attitudes were analyzed in accordance with 17 attributes. Statistically significant differences were detected among groups with different levels of self-estimated proficiency in spreadsheets, groups of users that spend different amount of time working with spreadsheets during a typical workday, groups of users who attribute greater subjective significance to spreadsheets in the tasks they perform, as well as groups of users from different management levels. Results of the statistical analysis also suggest that the perception of risks associated with spreadsheets is influenced by existence of standards and rules for spreadsheet development and uses within an organization. Results of the research presented in this paper, which point to an alarmingly low rate of use of spreadsheet features useful for risk mitigation, as well as to a prevalent lack of standards and rules for development and use of spreadsheets among the surveyed organizations, may stimulate managers to introduce such initiatives.

The construction business is extremely risky, and risks are faced in every project. Risk awareness has a significant influence on organizational strategy, and it can be argued that adequate risk awareness is critical for minimizing business risk. Despite the need for adequately understanding and managing business risk, it has been found that the level of risk awareness within the construction industry remains insufficient. In Kuwait, there is a lack of research studies that examine construction risk and risk management practices. This study represents an attempt to understand risk awareness within large- and medium-sized construction organizations in Kuwait. The study used an online survey that was sent to construction organizations registered under Category 1 in the Central Agency for Public Tenders (CAPT) in Kuwait. The findings of the survey revealed that owner-related factors, financial and economic risk, design risk and project complexity, subcontractor unavailability, labor unavailability, and political and government instability are the main concerns/risks faced. It is believed that the findings of this research could support efforts by construction organizations to eliminate such concerns and suggest other risks that may be overlooked by the studied organizations. The research findings indicated that 42% of the organizations rely on previous experience to manage risk and that only 25% of the organizations implement risk management processes, while 17% manage risk intuitively, and 16% by other approaches. Accordingly, it is critical to promote the systematic implementation of a risk management process in Kuwaiti construction organizations by revealing the advantages promised by such a process and providing a comprehensive understanding of risk attitude. Achieving this goal would aid the realization of the 2035 development vision of Kuwait, since most of the development projects within this vision involve international construction organizations, which may be advanced in the risk management field and thus be interested in understanding the level of risk awareness of their target market in Kuwait.

International audience; Islands are often considered excellent socio-ecological laboratories for testing the rapidity of global change since they experience the climate effects of sea-level rise faster than other areas. The Azores are a Portuguese volcanic archipelago located on the junction of the three tectonic plates: the Eurasian, the African and the North American plates. São Miguel, the main island of the Azores archipelago, hosts three active volcanoes, but the last significant volcanic eruption was the Capelinhos volcano on the island of Faial in 1957. Hence, the Azores offers the opportunity to assess insular risk awareness, facing both telluric and climate-related hazards. The key research question emerges from their natural situation: how does the local population perceive the threat of the natural hazards that occur in Azores? Because risks are socially constructed and depend on the uniqueness of territories, risk mitigation strategies must focus on the individual experiences of local dwellers, as a relationship between risk awareness and such strategies may be expected. To analyze this relationship, a web-based survey with a questionnaire including these variables was administered to a sample of Azoreans. The study aimed to assess risk awareness of the Azorean population and find a relationship between this and reported mitigation strategies. The results gave a preliminary insight into Azorean risk awareness of natural hazards and showed a significant positive relationship between risk awareness-raising activities and reported mitigation strategies. This is relevant information for municipalities and regional governments of areas with similar risk exposures, showing that, although risk awareness alone is not enough for measures to be implemented, it may be an important motivational first step for this to occur.

The objectives to be achieved in this study are to evaluating risk management practices in the form of a risk awareness culture and identifying factors inhibiting the implementation of a risk awareness culture at the Pondok Aren Primary Tax Service Office. The research method used to obtain and analyze data that can support this writing is a qualitative method through interviews and document collection through library research. The implementation of the Risk Awareness Culture as a whole has been following the implementation guidelines namely Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 12 / PMK.09 / 2016 namely leadership who is committed to considering risks in every decision making, ongoing communication to all levels of the organization regarding the importance of risk management, respect for those who can manage risk well, and integrate risk management in organizational processes. However, in practice, the implementation of the 2016 risk awareness culture at KPP Pratama Pondok Aren encountered several obstacles. The obstacles are in the form of a lack of reward (reward) at the Pondok Aren Primary KPP and the Human Resources aspect at Pondok Aren Pratama KPP

A szerzők cikkukben azt vizsgaljak, hogy a hazai bankok milyen tapasztalatokkal rendelkeznek, es milyen kihivasokkal szembesulnek a kockazati etvagy keretrendszerenek kialakitasakor. A jelenleg elerhető, kockazati etvagyra vonatkozo iranymutatasok meglehetősen szűkszavuak, ugyanakkor a kockazatietvagy-keretrendszer szerepe mind felugyeleti, mind belső, strategiai szempontbol felertekelődott. Egy altaluk 2016-ban vegzett interjus kutatas es az azt kovető kerdőives felmeres alapjan kepet alkottak a hazai gyakorlatrol es megfogalmaztak a hianyossagokat, kritikus pontokat. A valaszok osszegzesekent elmondhato, hogy mikozben a kockazatietvagy-keretrendszer kialakitasanak potencialis hozadekai vitathatatlanok, a hazai bankok jellemzően nem rendelkeznek atfogo, minden kockazatra kiterjedő keretrendszerrel. A szabalyozoi megfelelesen tul e keretrendszer implementalasa hozzajarul a kockazattudatossag novekedesehez es lehetőve teszi a kockazatvallalas nagyobb mertekű diverzifikaciojat. Ugyanakkor a keretrendszer kialakitasanak es igy a hasznok kiaknazasanak gatjat jelenti az egyseges taxonomia hianya, az adatok kinyeresenek megoldatlansaga es az operativ gyakorlatba valo integralas nehezsegei. ----- The authors examine in their study the experience gained and challenges faced by Hungarian banks related to the implementation of Risk Appetite Framework. Despite of the risk appetite’s priority undeniable increased following the global financial crises, the available guidance remained too general. They evaluate the institutions’ – especially Hungarian banks’ – practices and determine the critical factors based on a survey conducted in 2016. To sum up the answers they can emphasize that while the benefits of articulation of risk appetite are indisputable, the implementation of an overall framework is in initial stage, yet. In addition to compliance with regulatory expectations, an overall Risk Appetite Framework enhances risk awareness and facilitates more effective risk management. At the same time, the lack of common taxonomy, the data-related problems and the difficulties of operative implementation are serious obstacles to realise these benefits.

Building a culture of risk is an essential objective within the integrated risk management paradigm. Challenges arise both due to increasing damage from natural hazards and the complexity in interaction of different actors in risk management. In Switzerland, the Strategy for Natural Hazards Switzerland, aims to establish efficient protection of the population, natural resources and material goods. This requires that all responsible actors are recognized and aware of their role in risk management. However, previous studies indicate that risk awareness and preparedness levels are rather low within the general population. For the first time, our nationwide survey provides empirical data on factors that influence individual risk preparedness in the general population. Multivariate analysis shows that taking responsibility for natural hazard risk prevention is not only related to personal experience and perceived probability of hazard events, but also crucially influenced by social forms of communication and integration. Therefore, we conclude that social capacity building needs to include such factors in order to render integrated risk management strategies successful., Natural Hazards, 105 (2), ISSN:0921-030X, ISSN:1573-0840

BackgroundAccording to a national representative survey, 19.9% of the German population describe various adverse effects on personal health upon exposure to fragranced consumer products. This study investigates whether these fragrance-sensitive persons have a higher risk awareness compared to the general public, whether they show a different safety behavior concerning fragrances and whether they reduce exposure and hence risk.ResultsThe presence of fragrances can have a major impact on the participation in public activities. Half of the fragrance-sensitive persons have ever been prevented from going to some place to avoid exposure to fragrances. More than half of them prefer fragrance-free alternatives (products, laundry, hotels, airplanes, health care facilities, or workplaces), while there are also fragrance-sensitive individuals, who indicate to prefer fragranced products and spaces. Half of fragrance-sensitive persons use perfumes to feel themselves more attractive. Furthermore, there is a large number of persons who prefer fragrance-free alternatives without being fragrance-sensitive. Around half of the general population indicate not to use a fragranced product if they know that it emits hazardous air pollutants. This shows that health effects associated with the presence of fragrances proved to be one out of several factors, but not the only one, which influences attitudes towards fragrances and their usage. The answers given reveal the multitude of aspects influencing risk awareness and safety behavior. According to the survey results, 7.4 workdays were lost due to illness from fragranced product exposure in the workplace per person on average, with estimated personal economic costs of 14.5 * 109Euro/year in Germany.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of persons who correlate their health effects with exposure to fragrances shows that existing risk communication instruments are too weak, even for people who are aware of a risk, like fragrance-sensitive persons. The data substantiate how important it is to respect cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias and the inadequacy of the deficit model in risk management. The issue of adverse health effects associated with fragrances has reached a dimension, which requires immediate action: The results of this study are strong supporting arguments in favor of fragrance-free policies.

This study analyzes the relationships between the awareness levels of supply chain risk management (SCRM) importance, the level of development, and their influence on business performance in the shipbuilding and marine equipment industry. In addition, this study highlights the differences in awareness levels according to country-specific characteristics by comparing South Korea, China, and Singapore, leading suppliers of shipbuilding and marine equipment. Based on a questionnaire survey of 165 respondents, this study conducted a factor analysis and ANOVA. The results indicate that the surveyed companies highly value the importance of risk management overall, with the information and forecast risk factor being highest rated. However, the high levels of awareness of importance does not lead to satisfactory levels of SCRM development. In addition, the comparative analysis between countries indicates statistically significant differences in the awareness of importance and the development level. Finally, the results show that awareness of environmental risk and destructive risk factors, which are vital for long-term survival and sustained competitive advantages, are low. The findings in this study offers a useful baseline for future studies on developing SCRM in the shipbuilding and marine equipment market and establishing relevant policies and systems.

Access control is a main security measure for the prevention of loss, disclosure or degradation of sensitive information in business. As such, it has become a source of inspiration for many researchers who have undertaken to conduct studies related to that subject. More specifically, risk management in access control is a topic that captivates information and communication technology scientists. Several approaches are defined in literature that can be classified into two main trends: some researchers discuss risk management based on user access, while some other consider policies expression when assessing the risk. In this paper, we study the thematic of enforcing risk awareness/management in access control systems. We review, classify and present a comprehensive synthesis of scientific articles that deal specifically with risk management in access control. We mainly discuss risk management approaches that deal with access control policy expressions and conformity.

Doing fieldwork is probably the most rewarding task for researchers despite the risks that are involved. However, it can remain a daunting task for researchers to carry out fieldwork, even though they have some risk awareness. It is now accepted that the risks posed to researchers are multi-dimensional as such warrants proactive risk management and forms part of the research process itself. As researchers continue to carry out fieldwork in dangerous environments, and the dangers they face become an inherent part of fieldwork which result in a need to review these arrangements in the light of researcher experience. The article will explore risked informed decision-making and individual-institutional boundary responsibilities of assessing and managing risks at the pre-fieldwork stage and during fieldwork.

This study examines the relationship between five enterprise risk management (ERM) components and their influence on the effectiveness of ERM. The study particularly focuses on the role of risk awareness as an ERM component within the interplay of other formal ERM components. The five ERM components result from a factor analysis applied on a list of risk management (RM) practices in nonfinancial firms. Based on survey data from 118 companies, I find evidence supporting an indirect effect of risk awareness on RM effectiveness. My analyses support that the use of RM tools strengthens the relationship between risk awareness and RM effectiveness, but I only find inconclusive evidence supporting a direct association between risk awareness and RM effectiveness. As antecedents of risk awareness, I find support for both organizational environment and reporting processes. Moreover, risk awareness carries the effects of organizational environment and reporting processes to RM effectiveness. This study shows empirically that risk awareness is a vital cultural component in a firm's ERM system. It thus contributes to existing research in management accounting and control by providing insights into the role of risk awareness as a concept related to other ERM components.

Scientific literature calls for a shift from exclusively technical towards enhanced social processes in risk management to cope with the challenges of increased complex governance regimes wherein different interests of contrasting institutions need to be considered, balanced and negotiated. However, practical implementation of this integrative perspective is still a major challenge – underlined amongst others by the recently published Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. By proposing an Integrated Risk Management Approach (IRMA) we contribute to simplified conditions in the transfer from scientific debates into practical implementation. Looking in particular on coastal regions, IRMA focus the user’s view on the essential challenges in terms of enhanced multi-sectoral structures and improved social and flexible processes, as much as it gives advice on its methodical realization. Using our practical experiences in the trilateral Wadden Sea Region, we disclose IRMA’s contribution on enhanced consideration of historical framing, risk perceptions, risk awareness and enhanced multi-stakeholder participation. Multi-stakeholder participation, institutionalised in multi-stakeholder partnerships, makes an essential contribution towards enhanced collaborative processes between scientists, policy-makers and affected communities.

The present study focuses on analysing the state of the tsunami risk communication strategies, awareness and intended evacuation behaviour amongst tourists in Kamakura City, Japan. A mixed methodologies approach was utilized, using key informant interviews, site surveys and questionnaire surveys to understand the risk awareness of this transient group of the population. The results of the survey showed a relatively high risk awareness and willingness to evacuate, though there was some confusion regarding the direction of evacuation, mode of transportation, and location of evacuation areas in the city. A majority of respondents stated that they would expect to be warned of a threat by an official warning or announcement, whereas a minority mentioned social cues as a way to understand what to do, possibly thus requiring changes to the city's risk management strategies. In Japan, the concept of tendenko has been getting more attention since the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, which calls for each individual to immediately initiate evacuation by himself or herself, requiring the trust that other members of the family and community will be doing the same. Based on these findings the authors outlined a number of recommendations to improve disaster risk management for the case of tourists visiting Kamakura city.

Background When integrating power-to-gas (PtG) in the biogas sector (BGS), it is essential to consider how risk is perceived and handled since it influences technology uptake, acceptance, and legitimacy. In this study, we aimed to identify factors that determine how risks are managed in the BGS grounded on stakeholders’ perceptions of environmental and safety risks, and the socio-political, technological, and economic challenges associated with the adoption of PtG in this industry. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 experts located throughout Germany. They represented relevant institutions associated with the development of the BGS and PtG. Participants included expert stakeholders from science, industry, associations, and politics. The interview data were assessed by the use of thematic qualitative text analysis, followed by inductive reasoning, based on holistic and axial coding of the transcribed interviews. Results The participants predominantly trusted existing regulations to ascertain that environmental and safety risks from this energy concept are under control. The expert stakeholders were convinced that except for farm-based biogas facilities, there is adequate know-how in the BGS to appropriately manage risks of biogas and PtG technologies and thus prevent potential negative externalities. Furthermore, they were inclined to identify socio-political challenges, such as public criticism of biogas, and missing financial incentives as the most relevant matters to the development and adoption of PtG in this sector. The interviewees mainly identified politicians as responsible actors to handle identified risks and challenges. Such risk rationalities are characterized as hierarchist in the cultural theory of risk perception. Conclusions Possible reasons behind the prevailing high level of risk tolerance among the participants of this study could be related to (1) strong reliance on governmental action, technical protocols, and the perception that others are responsible for risk management in the BGS; (2) a high confidence in expertise in the biogas industry to control risks; and (3) the tendency of experts to advocate biogas and PtG, linked to possible professional roles and motivational factors. These aspects may influence them to attenuate the urgency to prevent accidents and environmental risks, even if this can have undesirable consequences when incorporating PtG in the biogas industry. While critical environmental and safety risks are not acknowledged and adequately tackled, societal controversies may accentuate to the disadvantage of the BGS and the potential benefits linked to the integration of PtG in this field. We recommend implementing measures that enhance risk awareness within this community, urge interest groups to adopt collaborative risk management strategies and consider the involvement of multiple stakeholders in risk assessment and control, and likewise, address the particularities of the social context in defining strategies for risk management and communication.

La résilience, cette capacité d’une ville ou d’un environnement à maintenir sa structure, à s’organiser, apprendre et s’adapter aux chocs et stress, participe au mouvement de responsabilisation accrue du citoyen dans la protection contre les risques naturels. Si les inondations sont un phénomène récurrent à Montréal depuis la création même de la ville, les citoyens n’y sont encore que peu préparés comme le démontre l’ampleur des dommages causés par les inondations du printemps de 2017. Depuis le début du 21e siècle, les agences internationales et les États cherchent à sensibiliser le citoyen afin de susciter une action de sa part. On suppose alors que le citoyen informé aura ainsi une perception accrue des risques, conduisant au comportement de protection. Ce lien entre information, perception et comportement n’est pourtant pas évident. En réalité, la littérature montre que le comportement dépend d’une multiplicité de facteurs tels que l’expérience, la fréquence du risque ainsi qu’une évaluation par la personne de l’efficacité des mesures de protection, de leur coût face à une évaluation de la probabilité de la menace. Le mémoire vise à répondre à la question de recherche suivante : comment inciter les individus à adopter des mesures de protection contre les inondations à Montréal ? Une enquête auprès de 237 citoyens de quatre secteurs de l’agglomération touchés par les inondations printanières de 2017 met en lumière un ensemble d’obstacles à l’adoption des mesures de protection contre les inondations aujourd’hui analysés grâce au Protective Action Decision Model de Lindell et Perry (2012). Ainsi, dans le cas de Montréal, le manque d’action relève à la fois d’un manque d’information et de connaissances sur les origines du risque et les mesures de prévention, de la perception d’inefficacité des mesures comme la trousse 72 heures, d’une perception d’incapacité à mettre en place soi-même les mesures de prévention, et d’un coût important en ressources de ces dernières. Le dernier élément est l’incertitude de ce type de risque et l’incapacité à prévoir avec précision le prochain événement de crue, qui, combiné à un sentiment de responsabilité élevé des autorités à assurer la protection, implique un manque d’urgence à agir. Face à ces constats et après une étude du cas de la Nouvelle Orléans aux États-Unis, une réflexion est proposée sur les moyens à mettre en place pour inciter les citoyens à adopter ces mesures, comprenant sensibilisation mais aussi des moyens coercitifs et incitatifs., Resilience, the capacity of a city or environment to maintain its structure, to reshape, learn and adapt to shocks and stresses, leads to an increased accountability of citizens in risk preparedness and mitigation. Since the city’s settlement, floods have occurred frequently in Montreal, but citizens are still little prepared, as the damage caused by the 2017 spring floodings shows. From the beginning of the 21st Century, international agencies and governments are striving to increase public awareness and encourage citizens to take action. An informed citizen will have an increased risk perception which will lead to a protection behavior. This link between information, perception and behavior is not clear however. Previous research shows in fact that the protection behavior depends on multiple factors such as experience, risk occurrence, as well as coping appraisal compared to costs of a measure. This thesis answers the following research question: how to encourage people to adopt protective actions against floods in Montreal? A research investigation involving 237 citizens from four areas of Montreal that were impacted by the 2017 spring floods sheds light on barriers to the adoption of protective action, analyzed through the Protective Action Decision Model (Lindell, Perry, 2012). In our case, the lack of action is due to a lack of information and knowledge about risk sources as well as mitigation measures, a perception that preparedness measures such as the 72h emergency kit are not efficient, a perception of a low self-efficacy in implementing mitigation measures, and the resource-intensive cost of these measures. One major factor is the uncertainty of floods, a risk that we are not capable to predict accurately, which combined with a high perceived responsibility of public authorities leads to a lack of incentive to act immediately. Based on these findings, a case study of New Orleans in the United States, offers some thoughts on the ways we can encourage citizens to undertake protective measures, including a combination of awareness measures, engagement, as well as enforcement and the use of incentives. This study of barriers to individual protective action against floods investigated here depicts the same problems we face when promoting action against climate change.

peer-reviewed Aim To develop and expand how nurses promote safety in perioperative settings. Background This article presents orchestrating a sub‐core category from the theory of anticipatory vigilance in promoting safety within preoperative settings (Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27, 2018, 247). Orchestrating explains this and involves effective planning, delegating, co‐ordinating and communication. Method A classic grounded theory methodology was used. Ethical approval was granted. Data comprised of 37 interviews and 33 hr of non‐participant observation. Data analysis followed the principals of classic grounded theory. Results Orchestrating is fundamental in promoting safety and minimizing risk of errors and adverse events in the perioperative setting. Nurses achieve this through four categories: macro orchestrating, locational orchestrating, situational orchestrating and being in the know. Conclusion(s) Nurses minimize risk by fostering a culture of safety, risk awareness, effective management and leadership. Implications Effective management structures and support systems are essential in promoting a culture of safety in perioperative setting

MCom (Applied Risk Management, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, 2019 In a digital world, telecommunications companies provide computer-based technology (referred to as cyber technology) that allows people and businesses to communicate and conduct business. To protect these users against the dangers and threats associated with cyber technology, cyber security must ensure that the technology is operating as expected, cannot be tampered with, and is available when required. The present risk culture study investigated the perceptions of internal risk reporting for decision making of two groups: cyber security practitioners working in a cyber security unit, and senior management responsible for cyber security but not working directly in the cyber security unit. The research used a qualitative approach within a telecommunications company based on a review of the literature, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews, and underpinned by qualitative data analysis. Coding the literature, documents and interview data provided a basis for critical comparison of the literature with the findings from the document analysis and interviews; this allowed for a substantiated interpretation of the theoretical requirements and practical application of risk reporting in the context of cyber security governance, risk management and compliance. Cyber risk reporting that fails to meet the objective of enhancing decision making could result in risks to the organisation and its customers. The findings showed that although the cyber security unit had all the textbook policies and procedures in place for risk reporting, in practice the guidelines for risk reporting seemed to be lacking. It is recommended that organisations such as this one invest in a risk reporting guideline for risk data aggregation and reporting. As this was an exploratory study on internal cyber risk reporting, the findings highlighted interesting areas for further research. These include challenges in cyber risk reporting, the monitoring of the contribution of cyber risk reporting to enable decision making, the importance of the accuracy of information gathered, risk reporting to internal audiences, and organisational structure and responsibilities for risk reporting. Masters

Prompted by the weaknesses of standardized risk management approaches in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, scholars, regulators, and practitioners alike emphasize the importance of creating a risk-aware culture in organizations. Recent insights highlight the special role of tone from the top as crucial driver of risk awareness. In this study, we take a systems-perspective on control system design to investigate the role of tone from the top in creating risk awareness. In particular, we argue that both interactive and diagnostic use of budgets and performance measures interact with tone from the top in managing risk awareness. Our results show that interactive control strengthens the effect of tone from the top on risk awareness, while tone from the top and diagnostic control are, on average, not interrelated with regard to creating risk awareness. To shed light on the boundary conditions of the proposed interdependencies, we further investigate whether the predicted interdependencies are sensitive to the level of perceived environmental uncertainty. We find that the effect of tone from the top and interactive control becomes significantly stronger in a situation of high perceived environmental uncertainty. Most interestingly, tone from the top and diagnostic control are complements with regard to risk awareness in settings of low perceived environmental uncertainty and substitutes at high levels of perceived environmental uncertainty., Series: Department of Strategy and Innovation Working Paper Series

This study investigates the direct relationship between risk management and project success with the mediating role of risk awareness on that direct relationship; and the moderating role of manager's overconfidence on that mediating relationship. The study used multiple regression and mediation-moderation analyses on close-ended questionnaire data from a sample of project managers in the education industry. Results suggests that project managers can expect higher chances of project success when they are able to manage risk effectively, as evidenced by the significantly positive relationship between risk management and project success. Managers must have good risk awareness, as evidence by the effect of risk awareness as a significant mediator that strengthens the relationship between risk management and project success and managers must manage their confidence, as evidence by the effect of manager's overconfidence behavior as a significant moderator that weakens the mediation relationship between risk awareness, risk management and project success.

As more teachers in Nova Scotia (Canada) include the outdoors as a part of their curricular instruction, risk awareness is becoming central to their teaching practice. Central to the risk assessment for many outdoor programs is the domain of “prevent and prepare” -the first link in the Chain of Survival Behavior outlined by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, 2016). The Certificate in Outdoor Education (COE) requires all teachers to take Advanced Wilderness and Remote First Aid (AWRFA) as a part of a college course offering in an effort to best prepare teachers to keep students safe and active outdoors. Drawing on teachers’ reflections, we present key connections made to AWRFA training, based on a debriefing tool we refer to as the “7 Rights.” The need for a focused debriefing emerged from concerns during course discussions when teachers claimed they were overwhelmed with AWRFA material, experiential first aid scenarios, and in-field care strategies. By developing a framework promoting reflective practice, the 7 Rights has potential to guide future practice by contributing to a safety culture in the effort to prevent and prepare for injuries in outdoor education. Les 7 droits: un outil de réflexion active pour développer la sensibilisation aux risques pour la formation aux premiers secours en plein air. Comme de plus en plus d'enseignants en Nouvelle-Écosse (Canada) incluent le plein air dans leur enseignement, la sensibilisation aux risques devient au cœur de leur pratique pédagogique. Le domaine « prévenir et préparer » est au cœur de l'évaluation des risques pour de nombreux programmes de plein air - le premier maillon de la chaîne des comportements de survie définie par la Fédération internationale des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge (FICR, 2016). Le certificat de formation en plein air (CFPA) oblige tous les enseignants à suivre des cours avancés de premiers secours en milieu sauvage et à distance (PSMSD) dans le cadre d'un cours universitaire dans le but de préparer au mieux les enseignants à garder les étudiants en sécurité à l'extérieur. En nous appuyant sur les réflexions des enseignants, nous présentons les principaux liens établis avec la formation PSMSD, sur la base d'un outil de débriefing que nous appelons les «7 droits ». Le besoin d'un débriefing ciblé a émergé des préoccupations lors des discussions des cours lorsque les enseignants ont déclaré qu'ils étaient submergés par le matériel PSMSD, les scénarios de premiers secours expérientiels et les stratégies de soins sur le terrain. En développant un cadre favorisant la pratique réflexive, les 7 droits ont le potentiel de guider la pratique future en contribuant à une culture de la sécurité dans l'effort de prévenir et de se préparer aux blessures pour l'éducation en. Los 7 Derechos: Una herramienta de reflexión activa para desarrollar la conciencia del riesgo para la educación en primeros auxilios al aire libre. A medida que más maestros en Nueva Escocia (Canadá) incluyen el aire libre como parte de su instrucción curricular, la conciencia del riesgo se está volviendo fundamental para su práctica docente. Un elemento central de la evaluación de riesgos para muchos programas al aire libre es el dominio de "Prevenir y Prepararse", el primer eslabón de la Cadena de comportamiento de supervivencia descrito por la Federación Internacional de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja (FICR, 2016). El Certificado en Educación al Aire Libre (COE) requiere que todos los maestros tomen el Curso de Primeros Auxilios y Lugares Agrestes “Advanced Wilderness and Remote First Aid” (AWRFA) como parte de un curso universitario que ofrece un esfuerzo para preparar mejor a los maestros para mantener a los estudiantes seguros y activos al aire libre. Basándonos en las reflexiones de los docentes, presentamos las conexiones clave hechas a la capacitación AWRFA, apoyadas en una herramienta de información que denominamos los "7 Derechos". La necesidad de un informe centrado surgió de las preocupaciones durante las discusiones del curso cuando los maestros afirmaron que estaban abrumados con el material AWRFA, escenarios de primeros auxilios experimentales y estrategias de atención en el campo. Al desarrollar un marco que promueva la práctica reflexiva, los 7 Derechos tienen el potencial de guiar la práctica futura al contribuir a una cultura de seguridad en el esfuerzo por prevenir y prepararse para las lesiones en la educación al aire libre., International Journal of First Aid Education, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2019)

The cyber–physical nature of biotechnology raises unprecedented security concerns. Computers can be compromised by encoding malware in DNA sequences, and biological threats can be synthesized using publicly available data. Trust within the biotechnology community creates vulnerabilities at the interface between cyberspace and biology. Awareness is a prerequisite to managing these risks.

The need for risk management is emphasized with examples of successful applications. The five main stages of risk management, i.e., risk awareness, risk identification, risk assessment, risk evaluation, risk management as well as risk monitoring are described in detail in this chapter. The advantages and disadvantages of the different risk identification methods are discussed. Diagrams of a probability/impact matrix, risk summary chart, risk exposure table, frequency/time histogram, Tornado diagram and a risk register (risk log) are included.

Today several nations utilise risk based approaches in military planning. However, the discussion on limitations with the approaches in regard to aspects such as uncertainties, the nature of the threat and risk to civilians is limited. The aim of this work is to identify important challenges when applying risk based approaches to military activity. This article discusses risk based approaches in general and their military applications. Five generic quality requirements on risk analysis are presented from research in risk philosophy. Two military application areas for risk analysis: military intelligence, and risk management in legal assessments are analysed in relation to the presented quality requirements on risk analysis. From the analysis it is clear that risk analysis is an integral part of the decision-making analysis and cannot be separated in time, space or organisationally from the decision-making process in general. Defining the scenario to analyse, including the time span, is a central task in risk analysis and will affect every aspect of the risk estimation. Therefore, the principles for scenario definition must be communicated and continuously updated throughout the organisation. Handling the uncertainties throughout the process is also important, especially if the aim is a resilient military system.

This paper examines the impact of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation on the construction market, where BIM is not common yet. As long as the client does not require using BIM, construction companies often struggle when trying to find arguments for BIM implementation, which would outweigh all obstacles encountered during the way. Several BIM benefits can be identified of which one of the most important is the BIM impact on risk management. The objective of this paper is to investigate the importance of risk management and BIM relations as an argument for implementation of BIM in a construction company. It focuses on the risks related to BIM implementation processes, i.e. processes related to implementing new systems in a construction company, and risks related to BIM application processes, i.e. processes related to actual BIM use in a construction company. Although there are serious threats involved in the first group, there are many opportunities emerging from the second one. Risk (threats and opportunities) identification in both of these groups and finding their correlation can then be used as a supporting argument for BIM implementation. The research methods are based on conducted surveys and literature research. These sources were analyzed and used for the case of explanation and for the identification of key risk and BIM related issues. The research reveals whether the topic of BIM related risks is mostly treated only on a common level and whether BIM regarding risk awareness of those who have not been using BIM is sufficient enough to evaluate all advantages and disadvantages of BIM implementation. In the end, the paper suggests a possible method to describe BIM related risks. The understanding of these risks and their connections allows construction companies to build arguments better when considering BIM implementation into their practice.

During any crisis, part of the perception of risk is subjective and evolves as new insights become available. Risk awareness and even the reaction to occurrences of risk—and so the adopted attitude towards risk mitigation—differ depending on the predominant personality dynamics of the decision maker. This is a dimension that should be considered in risk management, and in particular for those risk classes that represent safety, security, and business continuity related risks. This subjectivity in risk management represents a certain concern that should be addressed.

Coastal risk is already high in several parts of the world and is expected to be amplified by climate change, which makes it necessary to outline effective risk management strategies. Risk managers assume that increasing awareness of coastal risk is the key to public support and endorsement of risk management strategies – an assumption that underlies a common worldview on the public understanding of science, which has been named the deficit model. We argue that the effects of awareness are not as straightforward. In particular, awareness of coastal hazards might not lead to more technically accurate risk perceptions. Based on research on risk perception normalization, we explored the hypothesis that coastal risk awareness reduces coastal risk perception – in particular the perceived likelihood of occurrence of coastal hazards – through its effect on reliance on protective measures to prevent risk. Individuals can rely on protective measures, even when those are not effective, as a positive illusion to reduce risk perception. This effect might be stronger for higher probability hazards and for permanent residents of costal zones. Data from 410 individuals living in coastal zones corroborated most of our expectations. Global results demonstrated a risk normalization effect mediated by reliance on current measures. Additional analyses made clear that this effect occurred in 2 of the 5 high-probability hazards (flood and storm), and not in the low-probability hazard (tsunami). Normalization might be more likely among high-probability hazards which entail catastrophic and immediate impacts. This effect was also found among permanent residents, but not among temporary residents. Results imply that coastal risk management might benefit from (a) taking risk perception normalization effects into account, (b) tailoring strategies for permanent and temporary residents and (c) promoting a higher public engagement, which would facilitate a more adaptive and effective coping with coastal risk than the use of positive illusions. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

There are principles in practical risk management to know; however, which technique for which problems to solve is crucial for success when dealing with risk management. This chapter will show these principles. Communication, checklists, CIRS, and simulator trainings are contents – and much more.

In order to address chronic renal failure as a critical health problem in El Salvador (Central America) a Living Lab (LL) methodology was applied to assist El Salvador to carry out research on low-cost techniques to mitigate exposure to pesticides and other chemicals in the environment, to improve the production processes and to improve the care of kidney patients in rural areas. This paper discusses and outlines the elements of LLs, and how these were applied to establish a LL in El Salvador to assist with creating risk awareness for risk mitigation to optimise the socio-economic, environmental and health situation in that country. The methodology applied in this paper is a qualitative approach with interpretation as theoretical underpinning and case study as the strategy.

a b s t r a c t Medical students are at risk for occupational needlestick injuries (NSIs) which can result in substantial health consequences and psychological stress. Therefore, an open online survey among final year medical students from Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK) was conducted. The aim of the study was to evaluate risk-awareness and reporting behavior regarding needlestick injury (NSI), post-exposure prophylaxis, and level of education regarding the transmission of HIV through NSIs. Of 674 medical students, 226 (34%) reported at least one NSI during medical school. Respondents from Austria and Germany experienced a significantly higher number of NSIs in comparison to respondents from the UK. Seventy-six respondents (34%) did not report their most recent injury to an employee health office. Almost one third were not familiar with reporting procedures in case of a NSI and 45% of the study population feared that reporting an injury might have an adverse effect on their study success. 176 respondents (78%) who had suffered a NSI were not aware of the patient's HIV status. Education regarding NSIs and HIV transmission reduced the actual risk of experiencing a NSI significantly. These data indicate that medical students are at high risk of suffering NSIs during medical school. The rate of nonreporting of such injuries to an employee health service is alarmingly high. Improved medical curricula including precise recommendations may contribute to a more efficient prevention of occupational HIV infection in medical students.