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The skin serves as the body's primary defense against external insults. Ultraviolet lights from the sun can directly impact the skin surface, affecting internal environment. At the same time, the body's response to ultraviolet lights varies with hormone levels. Under different levels of sex hormone, ultraviolet light can modulate local glucocorticoid levels, resulting in inhibition of inflammation, immunosuppression, and regulation of insulin-related glucose and lipid metabolism. In contrast, melatonin can inhibit ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin aging. This article explores the links between ultraviolet irradiation and corticoids, sex hormones, insulin, and melatonin, facilitating the development of approaches for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

A number of benign and malignant diseases on the head, neck and urogenital area are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on mucosal sites. Nowadays, there are many new research findings for the treatment and prevention of these diseases, such as photodynamic therapy, local immunomodulatory therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy, preventive and therapeutic vaccines, etc. In this paper, we summarize the diseases related to HPV infection on mucosal sites, and the research progress on its prevention and treatment.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic dermatosis with unknown origin. Genetic factors, neutrophil dysfunction, complement system dysregulation and aberrant cytokine secretion play important parts in its pathogenesis. This article will make a review of the pathogenesis of the pyoderma gangrenosum from the aspects mentioned above.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic dermatosis with unknown origin. Genetic factors, neutrophil dysfunction, complement system dysregulation and aberrant cytokine secretion play important parts in its pathogenesis. This article will make a review of the pathogenesis of the pyoderma gangrenosum from the aspects mentioned above.

Melanoma is a common malignant tumor, characterized by high fatality rate and poor prognosis. Early phase melanoma can be successfully treated by surgical resection, while targeted therapy or immunotherapy is mostly recommended for advanced melanoma. Advanced melanoma is often accompanied with multiple organ metastases, and most common in the liver. Numerous clinical studies show that in contrast to metastasis to other organs, the efficacy of immunotherapy is significantly reduced in melanoma patients with liver metastasis. This review discusses this interesting clinical phenomenon and its possible treatment strategies. The discrepancy in the efficacy of immunotherapy for liver metastatic melanoma may be related to the special anatomical structure and immune components of the liver. Liver metastasis can lead to the apoptosis or decreased activity of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which are crucial for killing tumor cells. Immunotherapy combined with liver-targeted radiotherapy, adoptive cell therapy, or targeted elimination of Treg cells may offer opportunities to correct the immune imbalance caused by liver metastasis. However, the optimal treatment plan remains to be further explored.