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A novel protease-producing actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-A11T, was isolated from soil collected from Aohan banner, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, played critical roles in destruction of fungi by degrading the protein linkages to disrupt integrity in the cell wall. This suggested that the isolate could be a good biocontrol candidate against pathogens to control fungal diseases. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-A11T was indicated to belong to the genus Actinoplanes and was most closely related to Actinoplanes rectilineatus JCM 3194 T (98.9%). Cell walls contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and the whole-cell sugars were arabinose, xylose and glucose. The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major fatty acids were C18:0, C16:0, C18:1 ω9c, C17:0 and C15:0. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 10,742,096 bp, a G + C content of 70.5% and 9,514 protein-coding genes (CDS), including 102 genes coding for protease. Moreover, Genome analysis showed that strain NEAU-A11T contained 255 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 152 glycosyl transferases (GTs), 40 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 26 polysaccharide lyases (PLs), and 12 auxiliary activities (AAs) genes. Genome mining analysis using antiSMASH 5.0 led to the identification of 20 putative gene clusters responsible for the production of diverse secondary metabolites. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain formed a stable clade with A. rectilineatus JCM 3194 T in the genus Actinoplanes. Whole-genome phylogeny showed strain NEAU-A11T formed a stable phyletic line with Actinoplanes lutulentus DSM 45883 T (97.6%). However, whole-genome average nucleotide identity value between strain NEAU-A11T and its reference strains A. rectilineatus JCM 3194 T and A. lutulentus DSM 45883 T were found to be 81.1% and 81.6%, respectively. The levels of digital DNA-DNA hybridization between them were 24.6% (22.2–27.0%) and 24.8% (22.5–27.3%), respectively. The values were well below the criteria for species delineation of 70% for dDDH and 95–96% for ANI, suggesting that the isolate differed genetically from its closely related type strain. The content of G + C in genomic DNA was 70.5%, within the range of 67–76%. In addition, evidences from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic studies indicated that strain NEAU-A11T represents a novel species of the genus Actinoplanes, for which the name Actinoplanes aureus sp. nov. is proposed, with NEAU-A11T (= CCTCC AA 2019063 T = JCM 33971 T) as the type strain.

A novel endophytic actinomycete with antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic fungi, designated strain p1417T, was isolated from the root of cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) collected from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic status of this strain. Strain p1417T was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Streptomyces. The diamino acid present in the cell wall was LL-diaminopimelic acid. Xylose and arabinose occurred in whole cell hydrolysates. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4). The polar lipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were found to be iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 and C16:0. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain p1417T based on the genome sequence was 72.0 mol%. Based on 16 S rRNA gene, five housekeeping genes and whole genome sequences analysis, strain p1417T was most closely related to Streptomyces flavofungini JCM 4753T (99.4% 16 S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Streptomyces alboflavus JCM 4615T (98.8%) and Streptomyces aureoverticillatus JCM 4347T (98.2%). However, the average nucleotide identity values, the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values and the multilocus sequence analysis evolutionary distances between this strain and its closely related strains showed that it belonged to one distinct species. In addition, these results were also supported by differences in the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics between strain p1417T and three closely related type strains. Therefore, it is concluded that strain p1417T represents a novel species of the genus of Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces typhae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is p1417T (= CCTCC AA 2019091T = DSM 110636T).

A Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped and lignin-degrading novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-YY56

A novel cellulase-producing actinomycete strain Gxj-6T, isolated from soil in the cold region (Heihe city, Heilongjiang province, the northernmost part of China), subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain Gxj-6T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Microbispora. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies exhibited that species Gxj-6T was most closely related to Microbispora bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2T (99.45%), Microbispora fusca NEAU-HEGS1-5T (99.41%), Microbispora camponoti 2C-HV3T (99.31%) and Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea JCM 3006T (98.68%). Organism Gxj-6T contained MK-9(H2) as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:0 10-methyl as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of culture Gxj-6T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, three unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain Gxj-6T was 71.25 mol%. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain are also consistent with those members of the genus Microbispora. Combinated with the lower DNA–DNA relatedness values, phenotypic properties, physiology and biochemistry distinctiveness with other recognized species strains, revealed that strain Gxj-6T is separated from other phylogenetically closely species of the genus Microbispora. Therefore, strain Gxj-6T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbispora, for which the name Microbispora cellulosiformans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gxj-6T (= CGMCC 4.7605T = DSM 109712T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-YY265T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NEAU-YY265T belonged to the genus Jiangella and exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 99.1 and 99.1 % to Jiangella mangrovi 3SM4-07T and Jiangella alkaliphila D8-87T. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-YY265T were consistent with those of the genus Jiangella : the cell-wall peptidoglycan type was based on ll -diaminopimelic acid; the whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, ribose and rhamnose; MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2) were the predominant menaquinones. The novel strain produced branching mycelium which fragmented into short or elongated rods. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c, iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 72.6 mol%. Strain NEAU-YY265T was phenotypically distinct from recognized Jiangella species and shown to belong to a separate genomic species based on DNA–DNA hybridization results. Thus, strain NEAU-YY265T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Jiangella , for which the name Jiangella rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-YY265T (=JCM 32551T=CGMCC 4.7475T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-HRGS1-13T, was isolated from a root of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and characterised using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics were consistent with those of members of the genus Microbispora. The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H4) and the whole cell hydrolysates found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose. The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, a ninhydrin-positive glycophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, C16:0, 10-methyl C17:0, C18:0 and C17:0. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate is closely related to Microbispora triticiradicis NEAU-HRDPA2-9T (99.4%), Microbispora bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2T (99.0%), Microbispora camponoti 2C-HV3T (98.8%), Microbispora hainanensis DSM 45428T (98.8%), Microbispora amethystogenes JCM 3021T (98.6%), Microbispora siamensis NBRC 104113T (98.5%), Microbispora corallina JCM 10267T (98.3%) and Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea JCM 3006T (98.2%). However, DNA–DNA relatedness and cultural, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-HRGS1-13T can be distinguished from its close relatives. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-HRGS1-13T represents a novel species of the genus Microbispora, for which the name Microbispora tritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type stain is NEAU-HRGS1-13T (= CGMCC 4.7402T = DSM 104650T).

A bacterial strain, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and cellulose-degrading, designated NEAU-DD11T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of rice collected from Northeast Agricultural University in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, North-east China. Base on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-DD11T belongs to the genus Massilia and shared high sequence similarities with Massilia phosphatilytica 12-OD1T (98.46%) and Massilia putida 6NM-7 T (98.41%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences indicated that strain NEAU-DD11T formed lineage related to M. phosphatilytica 12-OD1T and M. putida 6NM-7 T. The major fatty acids of the strain were C16:0, C17:0-cyclo and C16:1ω7c. The respiratory quinone was Q-8. The polar lipids profile of the strain showed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified polar lipid and an unidentified phospholipid. In addition, the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NEAU-DD11T and M. phosphatilytica 12-OD1T and M. putida 6NM-7 T were 45.4 and 35.6%, respectively, which are lower than the accepted threshold value of 70%. The DNA G + C content of strain NEAU-DD11T was 66.2%. The whole genome analysis showed the strain contained carbohydrate enzymes such as glycoside hydrolase and polysaccharide lyase, which enabled the strain to have the function of degrading cellulose. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, we conclude that strain NEAU-DD11T represents a novel species of the genus Massilia, for which the name Massilia cellulosiltytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-DD11T (= CCTCC AB 2019141 T = DSM 109721 T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-HG-1T, was isolated from soil collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and characterised using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-HG-1T belonged to the genus Micromonospora, and shared high sequence similarities with Micromonospora auratinigra DSM 44815T (98.9%) and Micromonospora coerulea DSM 43143T (98.7%). Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strain also supported its assignment to the genus Micromonospora. Cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars were arabinose and xylose. The polar lipid contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycolipid and phosphatidylinositol. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H2), MK-10(H4) and MK-10(H6). The major fatty acids were C17:0 cycle, iso-C15:0, and iso-C16:0. Furthermore, strain NEAU-HG-1T displayed a DNA–DNA relatedness of 33.8 ± 2.2% with M. coerulea DSM 43143T. The level of digital DNA–DNA hybridization between strain NEAU-HG-1T and M. auratinigra DSM 44815T was 27.2% (24.8–29.7%). The value was well below the criteria for species delineation of 70% for dDDH. Whole-genome average nucleotide identity analyses result also indicated that the isolate should be assigned to a new species under the genus Micromonospora. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-HG-1T represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora rubida sp. nov. is proposed, with NEAU-HG-1T (= CGMCC 4.7479T = JCM 32386T) as the type strain.

An aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain positive, cellulose-degrading actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-GS84T, was isolated from a forest soil sample collected from Linchun Ridge Forest Park in Sanya, Hainan Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-GS84T could belong to the genus Herbidospora. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indeed confirmed that strain NEAU-GS84T belonged to the genus Herbidospora and was most closely related to Herbidospora yilanensis JCM 18062T (99.2% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Herbidospora galbida NEAU-GS14T (99.0%). The cell wall of strain NEAU-GS84T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the major diamino acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose, madurose and ribose. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamin, phosphoglycolipids, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-10(H4). Major fatty acids were 10-methly C17:0, C17:0 and iso-C16:0. These chemotaxonomic data substantiated the affiliation of strain NEAU-GS84T to the genus Herbidospora. The DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol%. The genome size of strain NEAU-GS84T is about 8.37 Mb and contained 41 cellulose-binding domain synthesis genes, 13 β-glucosidase synthesis genes, 6 endoglucanase synthesis genes and 9 xylanase synthesis genes. Based on digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values, the new strain NEAU-GS84T could be differentiated from its closest relatives. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Herbidospora, for which the name Herbidospora solisilvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-GS84T (= CCTCC AA 2018041T = JCM 33460T).

Rice is used as a staple food in different areas of world, especially in China. In recent years, rice seedlings have been affected seriously by symptoms resembling bacterial palea browning (BPB) in Heilongjiang Province. To isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria responsible for the disease, 40 bacterial strains were isolated from diseased rice seedlings collected from the four major accumulative-temperature zones of rice fields cultivated in Heilongjiang Province, and these were identified as 13 species based on morphological characteristics and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. Inoculation of all the isolates on healthy rice seedlings showed that the nine

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-HRGS1-13T, was isolated from a root of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and characterised using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics were consistent with those of members of the genus Microbispora. The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H4) and the whole cell hydrolysates found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose. The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, a ninhydrin-positive glycophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, C16:0, 10-methyl C17:0, C18:0 and C17:0. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate is closely related to Microbispora triticiradicis NEAU-HRDPA2-9T (99.4%), Microbispora bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2T (99.0%), Microbispora camponoti 2C-HV3T (98.8%), Microbispora hainanensis DSM 45428T (98.8%), Microbispora amethystogenes JCM 3021T (98.6%), Microbispora siamensis NBRC 104113T (98.5%), Microbispora corallina JCM 10267T (98.3%) and Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea JCM 3006T (98.2%). However, DNA–DNA relatedness and cultural, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-HRGS1-13T can be distinguished from its close relatives. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-HRGS1-13T represents a novel species of the genus Microbispora, for which the name Microbispora tritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type stain is NEAU-HRGS1-13T (= CGMCC 4.7402T = DSM 104650T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-SW521T, was isolated from soil collected from Xianglu Mountain, Heilongjiang province, north PR China. The results of analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that NEAU-SW521T represented a member of the genus Kribbella . The results of phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene and multilocus sequence analysis using the concatenated gene sequences of the gyrB, rpoB, relA, recA and atpD genes all indicated that the strain formed a clade with Kribbella alba DSM 15500T (99.16 %), Kribbella ginsengisoli JCM 16928T (98.96 %), Kribbella catacumbae JCM 14968T (98.82 %), Kribbella sancticallisti JCM 14969T (98.62 %), Kribbella qitaiheensis NEAU-GQTH2-3T (98.61 %) and Kribbella koreensis JCM 10977T (98.47 %). The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the major diamino acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates were ribose, glucose and galactose. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. These chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of NEAU-SW521T to the genus Kribbella . The DNA G+C content was 67.8 mol%. Furthermore, the strain could be clearly distinguished by concatenated gene genetic distances, the combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, it is proposed that NEAU-SW521T represents a novel species of the genus Kribbella , for which the name Kribbella monticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-SW521T (=CGMCC 4.7465T=DSM 105770T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-LZS 42T, was isolated from soil collected from Mount Song, Henan Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Lentzea and had the closest relationship with Lentzea soli NEAU-LZC 7T (99.1 % similarity) and Lentzea cavernae SYSU K10001T (98.2 %). The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The phospholipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, glycophospholipid and three unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-LZS 42T could be clearly differentiated from L. soli NEAU-LZC 7T and L. cavernae SYSU K10001T. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-LZS 42T represents a novel species of the genus Lentzea , for which the name Lentzea terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type stain is NEAU-LZS 42T (=CGMCC 4.7428T=DSM 105696T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-GS4T, was isolated from soil collected from Mount Song and characterised using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-GS4T belongs to the genus Streptomyces, being closely related to Streptomyces spectabilis JCM 4308T (98.8%), Streptomyces sclerotialus DSM 43032T (98.3%) and Streptomyces lasiicapitis 3H-HV17(2)T (98.0%). A multilocus sequence analysis based on five house-keeping genes (atpD, gyrB, rpoB, recA and trpB) also indicated that strain NEAU-GS4T should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces. The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The polar lipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositolmannosides and an unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and anteiso-C17:0. Moreover, DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-GS4T can be clearly differentiated from its closely related species of the genus Streptomyces. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-GS4T represents a novel species of the genus of Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces monticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type stain is NEAU-GS4T (=CGMCC 4.7467T = DSM 105116T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-HRGS1-10T, was isolated from a root of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from Zhumadian, Henan Province, Central China and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Sphaerimonospora. The major menaquinones and the whole cell hydrolysates were identified as MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2) and meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose, respectively. The phospholipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, a phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0 and 10-methyl C17:0. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-HRGS1-10T is closely related to Sphaerimonospora mesophila JCM 3151T (99.0%), Sphaerimonospora cavernae NBRC 111481T (97.9%) and Sphaerimonospora thailandensis NBRC 107569T (97.4%). However, DNA–DNA relatedness, cultural and physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-HRGS1-10T can be distinguished from its close relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-HRGS1-10T represents a novel species of the genus Sphaerimonospora, for which the name Sphaerimonospora triticiradicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type stain is NEAU-HRGS1-10T (= CGMCC 4.7401T = DSM 104915T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain SJ-25T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain SJ-25T belonged to the genus Glycomyces and was closely related to Glycomyces scopariae YIM 56256T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Glycomyces artemisiae IXS4T (98.8 %), Glycomyces sambucus E71T (98.7 %) and Glycomyces mayteni YIM 61331T (98.4 %). Moreover, key morphological and chemotaxonomic properties also confirmed the affiliation of strain SJ-25T to the genus Glycomyces . The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates contained galactose, glucose and xylose. The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, glycolipid and two unidentified polar lipids. The menaquinones were MK-11, MK-10(H4) and MK-10(H2). Major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 72.2 mol%. The combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain SJ-25T could be distinguished from its closely related strains. Therefore, it is proposed that strain SJ-25T represents a novel species of the genus Glycomyces , for which the name Glycomyces dulcitolivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SJ-25T (=CGMCC 4.7414T=DSM 105121T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-LA29T, was isolated from soil collected from Xianglu Mountain and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach comprising chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, morphological and physiological characterisation, the isolate has been affiliated to the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate is closely related to Streptomyces vastus JCM4524T (98.8% identity) and Streptomyces cinereus DSM43033T (97.9%). However, multilocus sequence analysis based on five other house-keeping genes (atpD, gyrB, rpoB, recA and trpB) and low DNA–DNA relatedness values enabled the strain to be differentiated from these closely related species of the genus Streptomyces. Thus, strain NEAU-LA29T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces xiangluensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-LA29T (= CGMCC 4.7466T = DSM 105786T).

Two Gram-stain positive, aerobic actinomycete strains, designated NEAU-JGR1T and NEAU-JGC41, were isolated from soil collected from Fairy Lake Botanical Garden in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, south of China. The 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis showed that the two strains exhibited 99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other and were closely related to Promicromonospora thailandica JCM 17130T (99.4, 99.3%) and Promicromonospora citrea DSM 43110T (99.2, 99.2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains clustered together and formed a cluster with P. thailandica JCM 17130T and P. citrea DSM 43110T. Both strains were observed to contain MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2) as predominant menaquinones. Their whole cell sugar profiles were found to main contained rhamnose, ribose, glucose and galactose. The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycophosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids for the two strains were identified as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strains NEAU-JGR1T and NEAU-JGC41 was 85.1 ± 0.3%, and the values between the two strains and their close phylogenetic relatives were well below 70%, supporting the conclusion that they represent a distinct genomic species. An array of phenotypic characteristics also differentiated the isolates from closely related species. On the basis of the genetic and phenotypic properties, strains NEAU-JGR1T and NEAU-JGC41 can be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Promicromonospora, for which the name Promicromonospora viridis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-JGR1T (= DSM 105536T = CGMCC 4.7473T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-QY24T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.). A polyphasic approach was employed to determine the taxonomic status of strain NEAU-QY24T. The isolate was found to have chemical and morphological properties of the genus Streptomyces, with high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces lanatus JCM 4332T (98.3%) and clustered phylogenetically with Streptomyces lannensis JCM 16578T (98.2%). The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole cell sugars were identified as glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H8). The phospholipid profile was found to consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, C16:0, anteiso-C17:0 and C15:0. A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain NEAU-QY24T and its closely related strains, which clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain NEAU-QY24T could be distinguished from these strains. These data indicate that the isolate should be recognised as a new species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces flavalbus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-QY24T (= CGMCC 4.7400T = DSM 104539T).

Two novel bacterial strains were isolated from the roots of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from Dengfeng, Henan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates NEAU-DE8(1)T and NEAU-HE1(2) are closely related to one another (99.6% similarity) and are closely relate to Nonomuraea zeae NEAU-ND5T (98.3, 98.3%) and Nonomuraea gerenzanensis DSM 100948T (98.3, 98.0%). Phylogenetic trees constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that both strains grouped with N. zeae NEAU-ND5T within the clade comprising the members of the genus Nonomuraea. Moreover, key chemotaxonomic properties including major menaquinones, fatty acid composition and phospholipid profiles also confirmed the affiliation of the two strains to the genus Nonomuraea. However, DNA–DNA hybridization data, together with physiological and morphological properties, showed that two isolates could be readily distinguished from their close phylogenetic relatives. Thus, on the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, strains NEAU-DE8(1)T and NEAU-HE1(2) are concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea lycopersici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-DE8(1)T (= CGMCC 4.7412T = DSM 104642T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain 1H-SSA4T, was isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr) and was found to produce angucyclinone antibiotics. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomic status of strain 1H-SSA4T. The DNA G+C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 11.4 Mbp, was 70.0 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain 1H-SSA4T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with the highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. ossamyceticus NBRC 13983T (98.9 %), and phylogenetically clustered with this species, Streptomyces torulosus LMG 20305T (98.8 %), Streptomyces ipomoeae NBRC 13050T (98.5 %) and Streptomyces decoyicus NRRL 2666T (98.4 %). The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain were also consistent with those members of the genus Streptomyces . A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 1H-SSA4T and the above-mentioned strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain 1H-SSA4T could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces capitiformicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1H-SSA4T (=CGMCC 4.7403T=DSM 104537T).

Two actinomycete strains, NEAU-C11T and NEAU-C8, isolated from rhizosphere soil and wheat root, respectively, collected from Langfang, Hebei Province, China. A polyphasic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic position of the two strains. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolates coincided with the genus Glycomyces. Sequences analysis of the 16S rRNA gene also showed that the organisms belong to the genus Glycomyces and Glycomyces algeriensis is the highest sequence match for both strains. Furthermore, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some differential physiological and biochemical properties indicated that they were distinguishable from the phylogenetically closest relatives. Therefore, the two strains represent a novel species, for which the name Glycomycesrhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-C11T (=CGMCC 4.7396T=DSM 104646T).

A novel actinomycete strain, designated NEAU-C2T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of this strain were consistent with the description of the genus Glycomyces. Growth was found to occur at a temperature range of 15–40 °C, pH 6–10 and NaCl concentrations of 0–4%. The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole cell sugars were identified as galactose, xylose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-10(H6) and MK-10(H2). The polar lipids were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipids and an unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, anteiso-C17:0 and iso-C15:0. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-C2T belongs to the genus Glycomyces with high sequence similarity to Glycomyces algeriensis NRRL B-16327T (99.0% sequence similarity). Some physiological and biochemical properties and low DNA–DNA relatedness values enabled the strain to be differentiated from closely related species of the genus Glycomyces. It is concluded that the isolate can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Glycomyces, for which the name Glycomyces tritici is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-C2T (= DSM 104644T = CGMCC 4.7410T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain 1H-SSA8T, was isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr) and was found to produce amphotericin. A polyphasic approach was employed to determine the status of strain 1H-SSA8T. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics were consistent with those of members of the genus Streptomyces . The menaquinones detected were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain 1H-SSA8T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with high sequence similarity to Streptomyces ramulosus NRRL B-2714T (99.2 %). Two tree-making algorithms based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate formed a phyletic line with Streptomyces himastatinicus ATCC 53653T (98.7 %). The MLSA utilizing partial sequences of the housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB) also supported the position. However, evolutionary distances were higher than the 0.007 MLSA evolutionary distance threshold proposed for species-level relatedness. Moreover, the low level of DNA–DNA relatedness and phenotypic differences allowed the novel isolate to be differentiated from its most closely related strain S. ramulosus NRRL B-2714T and strain S. himastatinicus ATCC 53653T. It is concluded that the organism can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces amphotericinicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1H-SSA8T (=CGMCC 4.7350T=DSM 103128T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-BB2C19T, was isolated from the root of black soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was an aerobic, Gram-stain-positive actinomycete that formed extensively branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0). The major cellular fatty acid profile consisted of iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C17 : 0 and 10-methyl C18 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 68.2±0.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-BB2C19T should be assigned to the genus Nonomuraea and formed a distinct branch with its closest neighbour Nonomuraea guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3T (98.75 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain were also consistent with those of members of the genus Nonomuraea . A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-BB2C19T could be clearly differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relative. Thus, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea , for which the name Nonomuraea glycinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-BB2C19T (=CGMCC 4.7430T=DSM 104838T).

During a screening for novel and biotechnologically useful actinobacteria in insects, a novel actinobacteria with antifungal activity, designated strain 5H-CA11T, was isolated from the head of an ant (Lasius flavus) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 5H-CA11T is a member of the genus Streptomyces, with the highest sequence similarity to Streptomyces scabrisporus DSM 41855T (98.9%). Similarities to other type strains of the genus Streptomyces were lower than 96%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence also indicated that strain 5H-CA11T clusters with S. scabrisporus DSM 41855T using two tree-making algorithms. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain 5H-CA11T and S. scabrisporus JCM 11712T revealed 33.6% similarity, supporting the phenotypic and phylogenetic differences found between these two strains. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces lasii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5H-CA11T (=CGMCC 4.7303T = DSM 102043T).

Two Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinomycete strains, designated NEAU-PCY-3T and NEAU-PCY-4, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Urtica urens L. collected from Anshan, Liaoning Province, northeast PR China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the two strains exhibited 99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other and that they were most closely to Longispora fulva DSM 45356T (98.7, 98.9 %) and Longispora albida JCM 11711T (97.1, 97.2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains were located in the same lineage and formed a cluster with the genus Longispora. Both strains were observed to contain MK-10(H4) and MK-10(H6) as the predominant menaquinones. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, d-glutamic acid, glycine and l-alanine. Whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained galactose, ribose and xylose. The phospholipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, several glycolipids and several unknown lipids. The major cellular fatty acids for strain NEAU-PCY-3T were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C18 : 1ω5c. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains NEAU-PCY-3T and NEAU-PCY-4 was 83.6±0.4 %, and the values between the two strains and their closest phylogenetic relatives, belonging to the genus Longispora, were well below 70 %, supporting that they represented a distinct genomic species. An array of phenotypic characteristics also differentiated the strains from their closely related species, the only two validly published Longispora species. On the basis of the genetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties, strains NEAU-PCY-3T and NEAU-PCY-4 were classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Longispora, for which the name Longispora urticae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-PCY-3T (=DSM 105119T=CCTCC AA 2017017T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-GS50T, was isolated from soil collected from Mount Song and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Promicromonospora and that it forms a monophyletic clade with its closest relatives Promicromonospora umidemergens JCM 17975T (98.94 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Promicromonospora alba 1C-HV12T (98.82 %) and Promicromonospora kermanensis DSM45485T (98.68 %). Similarly, chemotaxonomic data including major menaquinones, fatty acid compositions and polar lipid profiles, also supported the placement of strain NEAU-GS50T in the genus Promicromonospora . However, DNA–DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-GS50T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-GS50T represents a novel species of the genus Promicromonospora , for which the name Promicromonospora soli sp. nov. is proposed, with strain NEAU-GS50T (CGMCC4.7398T=DSM 104515T) as the type strain.

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated strain LD22T, was isolated from moss [Physcomitrium sphaericum (Ludw) Fuernr] collected from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out to establish the status of this strain. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain LD22T confirmed the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Actinomadura. The diamino acid present in the cell wall is meso-diaminopimelic acid. Glucose, madurose, galactose and ribose occur in whole cell hydrolysates. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H4), MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were found to be C16:0, 10-methyl C18:0 and C18:1 ω9c. The DNA G + C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 10.0 Mbp, was 72.5%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LD22T belongs to the genus Actinomadura with the highest sequence similarity to Actinomadura montaniterrae CYP1-1BT (99.2%). However, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate formed a phyletic line with Actinomadura rudentiformis HMC1T (98.6%). The low level of DNA–DNA relatedness and some different phenotypic characteristics allowed the strain to be distinguished from the above-mentioned two strains. Therefore, it is concluded that strain that strain LD22T represents a novel species of the genus of Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura physcomitrii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LD22T (= CCTCC AA 2018050T = JCM 33455T).

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain NEAU-85T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of lettuce and characterised using a polyphasic approach. Strain NEAU-85T was found to be catalase positive, motile and able to grow at between 10 and 30 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NEAU-85T belongs to the genus Cryobacterium and is closely related to the type strain Cryobacterium psychrotolerans JCM 13925T (98.5%) and also to Leifsonia kafniensis NCCB 100216T (97.6%). Multilocus sequence analysis using the concatenated gene sequences of the atpD, dnaK, recA, rpoB, sevY and ychF genes showed that strain NEAU-85T belongs to the genus Cryobacterium. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization values revealed that strain NEAU-85T is distinct from its close phylogenetic neighbour C. psychrotolerans. The menaquinones were identified as MK-10 and MK-11. The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipid, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:1 and iso-C16:0. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain NEAU-85T was determined to be 68.9 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between them was less than 70%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain NEAU-85T can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Cryobacterium, for which the name Cryobacterium tepidiphilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-85T (= CCTCC AA 2018035T = JCM 32545T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-TCZ24T, was isolated from soil and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Cellulomonas and formed a stable clade with its closest relatives Cellulomonas terrae JCM 14899T (98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Cellulomonas xylanilytica JCM 14281T (97.9 %) and Cellulomonas humilata JCM 11945T (97.7 %). The major menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H4) and MK-8(H4). The phospholipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, a ninhydrin-positiveglycolipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Moreover, morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of NEAU-TCZ24T also confirmed the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Cellulomonas . However, multilocus sequence analysis based on five other house-keeping genes (gyrB, rpoB, recA, relA and atpD), DNA–DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data indicated that NEAU-TCZ24T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that NEAU-TCZ24T represents a novel species of the genus Cellulomonas , for which the name Cellulomonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-TCZ24T (=CCTCC AA 2018042T=JCM 32383T).

During an investigation exploring potential sources of novel species and natural products, a novel actinomycete with antifungal activity, designated strain NEAU-Gz11T, was isolated from a soil sample, which was collected from Gama, Chad. The isolate was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of members of the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-Gz11T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with high sequence similarity to Streptomyces hiroshimensis JCM 4098T (98.0 %). Similarities to other type strains of the genus Streptomyces were lower than 98.0 %. However, the physiological and biochemical characteristics and low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness could differentiate the isolate genotypically and phenotypically from S. hiroshimensis JCM 4098T. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces gamaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-Gz11T (=CGMCC 4.7304T=DSM 101531T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-QY3T, was isolated from the leaves of Sonchus oleraceus L. and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organism formed single spores with smooth surface on substrate mycelia. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the strain had a close association with the genus Verrucosispora and shared the highest sequence similarity with Verrucosispora qiuiae RtIII47T (99.17 %), an association that was supported by a bootstrap value of 94 % in the neighbour-joining tree and also recovered with the maximum-likelihood algorithm. The strain also showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Xiangella phaseoli NEAU-J5T (98.78 %), Jishengella endophytica 202201T (98.51 %), Micromonospora eburnea LK2-10T (98.28 %), Verrucosispora lutea YIM 013T (98.23 %) and Salinispora pacifica CNR-114T (98.23 %). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis based on the gyrB gene sequences supported the conclusion that strain NEAU-QY3T should be assigned to the genus Verrucosispora . However, the DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain NEAU-QY3T and V. qiuiae RtIII47T and V. lutea YIM 013T were below 70 %. With reference to phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA–DNA hybridization results, strain NEAU-QY3T was readily distinguished from its most closely related strains and classified as a new species, for which the name Verrucosispora sonchi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-QY3T (=CGMCC 4.7312T=DSM 101530T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain 3C-HV12T, was isolated from the cuticle of an ant (Lasius fuliginosus L) and characterised using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain 3C-HV12T belongs to the genus Nocardia with high sequence similarities to Nocardia soli DSM 44488T (99.2 %) and Nocardia cummidelens R89T (99.2 %), and phylogenetically clustered with these two species and Nocardia ignorata DSM 44496T (98.8 %), Nocardia salmonicida JCM 4826T (98.8 %), Nocardia fluminea S1T (98.8 %), Nocardia coubleae OFN N12T (98 %) and Nocardia camponoti 1H-HV4T (97.4 %). The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain are also consistent with those of members of the genus Nocardia. The strain was observed to form extensively branched substrate hyphae which fragmented into rod-shaped and non-motile elements. The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole cell sugars were identified as arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-8(H4, ω-cycl). The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were identified as C18:0 10-methyl, C16:0 and C16:1ω7c. Mycolic acids were found to be present. A combination of DNA–DNA hybridisation experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 3C-HV12T and its phylogenetically closely related strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that 3C-HV12T could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia lasii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3C-HV12T (=DSM 100525T = CGMCC 4.7279T).

A Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain C9(T), was isolated from surface sterilised corn roots (Zea mays cv. Xinken-5) and found to be able to produce indole-3-acetic acid. A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out to determine the status of strain C9(T). The major cellular fatty acids were found to contain iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0, and the only menaquinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified lipid. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to be of the A4α L-Lys-D-Asp type and the whole cell sugar was found to be glucose. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain C9(T) belongs to the genus Lysinibacillus and is closely related to Lysinibacillus chungkukjangi NBRC 108948(T) (98.1 % similarity) and Lysinibacillus sinduriensis DSM 27595(T) (98.0 %). However, the low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness and some differential phenotypic characteristics allowed the strain to be distinguished from its close relatives. Therefore, it is concluded that strain C9(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysinibacillus, for which the name Lysinibacillus endophyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C9(T) (=DSM 100506(T) = CGMCC 1.15291(T)).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-gxj3T, was isolated from soybean root [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NEAU-gxj3T showed highest similarity to those of Micromonospora equina Y22T (98.2 %) and Plantactinospora endophytica YIM 68255T (98.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene demonstrated that the isolate clustered with the members of the genus Plantactinospora. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-gxj3Twere also consistent with those of members of the genus Plantactinospora. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and whole-cell sugars were xylose, glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H6), MK-9(H8), MK-10(H2) and MK-10(H4). The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C15 : 0. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization result and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-gxj3Tcould be differentiated clearly from its closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Plantactinospora, for which the name Plantactinospora soyae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-gxj3T (=CGMCC 4.7221T=DSM 46832T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-ND5T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.) collected in Heilongjiang Province, north-east China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-ND5T was a member of the genus Nonomuraea, with highest sequence similarities to Nonomuraea jabiensis A4036T (98.29 %), Nonomuraea rosea GW12687T (98.25 %), Nonomuraea candida HMC10T (98.22 %), Nonomuraea rhizophila YIM 67092T (98.04 %) and Nonomuraea kuesteri NRRL B-24325T (98.04 %). Similarities to other type strains of the genus Nonomuraea were lower than 98 %. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-ND5T were also consistent with the description of the genus Nonomuraea. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars were glucose, ribose and madurose. The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16:0 and 10-methyl C17:0. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-ND5T was clearly distinguished from its closely related Nonomuraea species. Consequently, it is concluded that strain NEAU-ND5T represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea zeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-ND5T (=CGMCC 4.7280T=DSM 100528T).

Two novel actinobacteria, designated strains NEAU-Jh1-4T and NEAU-Wp2-0T, were isolated from muddy soil collected from a riverbank in Jiaohe and a dandelion root collected from Harbin, respectively. A polyphasic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic positions of these two strains. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains NEAU-Jh1-4T and NEAU-Wp2-0T indicated that strain NEAU-Jh1-4T clustered with Streptosporangium nanhuense NEAU-NH11T (99.32 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Streptosporangium purpuratum CY-15110T (98.30 %) and Streptosporangium yunnanense CY-11007T (97.95 %) and strain NEAU-Wp2-0T clustered with ‘ Streptosporangium sonchi ’ NEAU-QS7 (99.39 %), ‘ Streptosporangium kronopolitis ’ NEAU-ML10 (99.26 %), ‘ Streptosporangium shengliense ’ NEAU-GH7 (98.85 %) and Streptosporangium longisporum DSM 43180T (98.69 %). Moreover, morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the two isolates also confirmed their affiliation to the genus Streptosporangium . However, the low level of DNA–DNA hybridization and some phenotypic characteristics allowed the isolates to be differentiated from the most closely related species. Therefore, it is proposed that strains NEAU-Jh1-4T and NEAU-Wp2-0T represent two novel species of the genus Streptosporangium , for which the name Streptosporangium jiaoheense sp. nov. and Streptosporangium taraxaci sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are NEAU-Jh1-4T (=CGMCC 4.7213T=JCM 30348T) and NEAU-Wp2-0T (=CGMCC 4.7217T=JCM 30349T), respectively.

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-HZ10(T) was isolated from moss and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The strain was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Streptomyces. Strain NEAU-HZ10(T) formed grayish aerial mycelia, which differentiated into straight to flexuous chains of cylindrical spores. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid. Predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The polar lipid profile was found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified phospholipids. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0 and C16:0. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-HZ10(T) belongs to the genus Streptomyces and exhibits high sequence similarity to Streptomyces cocklensis DSM 42063(T) (98.9 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain NEAU-HZ10(T) clustered with S. cocklensis DSM 42063(T), Streptomyces yeochonensis CGMCC 4.1882(T) (98.7 %), Streptomyces paucisporeus CGMCC 4.2025(T) (98.4 %) and Streptomyces yanglinensis CGMCC 4.2023(T) (98.1 %). However, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridisation results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-HZ10(T) can be distinguished from its phylogenetically closely related strains. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-HZ10(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces bryophytorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-HZ10(T) (= CGMCC 4.7151(T) = DSM 42138(T)).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-FJL2(T), was isolated from a tomato root (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and characterised using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-FJL2(T) are consistent with the description of the genus Dactylosporangium. Finger-shaped sporangia were observed to form on short sporangiophores branching from the substrate hyphae. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso- and 3-hydroxy-diaminopimelic acids; arabinose, mannose, rhamnose and xylose were found as whole-cell sugars. The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6). The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, C16:1 ω7c and iso-C15:0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strain NEAU-FJL2(T) belongs to the genus Dactylosporangium, with Dactylosporangium sucinum JCM 19831(T) (99.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Dactylosporangium darangshiense JCM 17441(T) (99.2 %), Dactylosporangium fulvum JCM 5631(T) (98.9 %) and Dactylosporangium roseum JCM 3364(T) (98.8 %) as the nearest phylogenetic relatives. However, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-FJL2(T) can be distinguished from them. Consequently, it is proposed that strain NEAU-FJL2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Dactylosporangium, for which the name Dactylosporangium solaniradicis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-FJL2(T) (=CGMCC 4.7302(T) = DSM 100814(T)).

During an investigation of microbial diversity in medicinal herbs, a novel actinobacterium, strain NEAU-KD1(T) was isolated from the rhizosphere of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn collected from Xianglu Mountain in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have the typical chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics of the genus Mumia. Cells were observed to be non-spore-forming and irregular cocci. The cell wall was found to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid as the cell wall diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were detected as galactose and rhamnose and the predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-9(H4). The polar lipids were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid and five unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were determined to be composed of C16:0, 10-methyl C18:0 and C18:1ω7c. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence also indicated that strain NEAU-KD1(T) belongs to the genus Mumia and with high sequence similarity to Mumia flava NBRC 109973(T) (97.6 % sequence similarity). The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and the phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-KD1(T) could be distinguished from its close phylogenetic relative. Thus, strain NEAU-KD1(T) can be concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Mumia, for which the name Mumia xiangluensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-KD1(T) (=CGMCC 4.7305(T) = DSM 101040(T)).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-YG30T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of lettuce collected in Heilongjiang province, north-east China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-YG30T belongs to the genus Nonomuraea , and shared highest sequence similarity to Nonomuraea muscovyensis KCTC 29233T (97.9 %) and Nonomuraea indica CCTCC AA 209050T (97.6 %). The major menaquinone was identified as MK-9(H4). The major fatty acids were 10-methyl C17 : 0, C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 2-OH, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NEAU-YG30T was 70.5 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization values between them were less than 70 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain NEAU-YG30T can be characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea , for which the name Nonomuraea lactucae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-YG30T (=JCM 32549T=CGMCC 4.7506T).

A novel Gram-stain-positive, strictly aerobic strain, NEAU-SA1

A novel strain of actinobacteria, designated NEAU-S1GS20T, was isolated from a saline–alkali soil collected from Heilongjiang Province, north-east China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strain NEAU-S1GS20T exhibited morphological, cultural and chemotaxonomic features consistent with its classification as representing a member of the genus Streptomyces . Growth occurred at 18‒45 °C, at pH 6.0‒10.0 and in the presence of 10 % (w/v) NaCl. Whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK–9(H4) and MK–9(H6). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the DNA was 72.8 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NEAU-S1GS20T formed a distinct clade within the genus Streptomyces and was closely related to Streptomyces xinghaiensis CCTCC AA 208049T (98.4 % similarity), Streptomyces chumphonensis JCM 18522T (98.1 %) and Streptomyces palmae JCM 31289T (98.1 %). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using five housekeeping genes (atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB) showed that the MLSA distance of strain NEAU-S1GS20T to the most closely related species was greater than the 0.007 threshold. A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and differences in certain phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-S1GS20T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-S1GS20T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces durbertensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-S1GS20T (=CCTCC AA 2017006T=DSM 104538T).

Three Gram-stain positive, aerobic actinomycete strains, designated NEAU-A15T, NEAU-A13 and NEAU-C4, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from Langfang, Hebei Province, China. Based on their morphological characteristics, biochemical features and molecular phylogenetic studies, these strains were concluded to belong to a new member of the genus Glycomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-A15T shares 99.91% and 99.80% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with NEAU-A13 and NEAU-C4, respectively, and these three strains showed high sequence similarities to Glycomyces algeriensis DSM 44727T (99.24, 99.45, 99.38%), Glycomyces lechevalierae DSM 44724T (98.97, 99.17, 99.11%) and Glycomyces rutgersensis DSM 43812T (98.83, 99.04, 98.97%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these three strains clustered together and formed a cluster with Glycomyces tritici NEAU-C2T (97.30, 97.73, 99.48%), G. algeriensis DSM 44727T, G. lechevalierae DSM 44724T and G. rutgersensis DSM 43812T. These three strains were observed to contain MK-10(H2), MK-10(H6) and MK-11 as menaquinones. The whole cell sugar profiles were found to contain galactose, ribose and xylose. The polar lipids were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, anteiso-C17:0 and iso-C15:0. The DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain NEAU-A15T and NEAU-A13/NEAU-C4 were 86.2 ± 2.3% and 83.4 ± 3.5%, respectively. The values between these three strains and their close phylogenetic relatives were 48–52%, supporting the conclusion that they belong to a distinct genomic species. An array of phenotypic characteristics also differentiated these isolates from their closely related species. On the basis of the genetic and phenotypic properties, strains NEAU-A15T, NEAU-A13 and NEAU-C4 can be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Glycomyces, for which the name Glycomyces luteolus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-A15T (= DSM 104643T = CGMCC 4.7394T).

Two novel actinomycete isolates, designated strains NEAU-A4T and NEAU-A3, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the two strains coincided with those of the genus Streptomyces . The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the two isolates exhibited 99.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other and that they were most closely related to Streptomyces violaceorectus DSM 40279T (98.8, 99.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains clustered together and formed a separate subclade. Furthermore, a combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some physiological and biochemical properties demonstrated that the two strains could be distinguished from its closest relative. Therefore, it is proposed that strains NEAU-A4T and NEAU-A3 should be classified as representatives of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces tritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-A4T (=CGMCC 4.7393T=DSM 104540T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-mq3T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) collected from Xianglu Mountain in Heilongjiang Province, north-east China, and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Sphaerisporangium and that it forms a monophyletic clade with its closest relatives ‘ Sphaerisporangium dianthi ’ NEAU-CY18T (99.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Sphaerisporangium cinnabarinum JCM 3291T (98.8 %). Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-mq3T were also consistent with the description of the genus Sphaerisporangium . The whole-cell sugars were madurose, mannose, ribose and glucose. The menaquinones were MK-9(H2), MK-9(H4), MK-9(H0) and MK-9(H6). The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified polar lipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C17 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and C17 : 1ω7c. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain NEAU-mq3T and its most closely related strains, which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that NEAU-mq3T could be distinguished from these strains. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-mq3T represents a novel species of the genus Sphaerisporangium , for which the name Sphaerisporangium rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-mq3T (=CGMCC 4.7429T=JCM 32389T).

An aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain positive actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-YY211T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from Zhumadian, Henan Province, mid-eastern China, and characterised taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain NEAU-YY211T belongs to the genus Pseudonocardia, showing high similarities with respect to Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans H9T (99.1%) and Pseudonocardia antitumoralis SCSIO 01299T (99.0%), respectively. The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole cell sugars were identified as arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone of strain NEAU-YY211T was identified as MK-8(H4) and the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, C17:1ω8c and iso-C16:1. The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 72.6 mol%. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness with P. ammonioxydans JCM 12462T and P. antitumoralis DSM 45322T were 54.5 ± 3.5% and 49.8 ± 2.5% (mean ± SD), respectively. Based on phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic and genotypic data, it is concluded that the isolate can be distinguished from closely related type strains and thus represents a novel species of the genus Pseudonocardia, for which the name Pseudonocardia tritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-YY211T (= DSM 106068T = CGMCC 4.7474T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-G57T was isolated from a soil sample collected from the bottom of a river in Chad. A polyphasic approach was employed to determine the status of strain NEAU-G57T. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Pseudonocardia and formed a monophyletic clade with its closest relatives Pseudonocardia yuanmoensis YIM 75926T (98.8 %), Pseudonocardia halophobica DSM 43089T (98.2 %) and Pseudonocardia kujensis A 4038T (97.6 %). Moreover, morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-G57T also confirmed the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Pseudonocardia . The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and whole-cell sugars were glucose, xylose, arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylmethylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c. The DNA G+C content was 73.3 mol%. However, the low level of DNA–DNA relatedness and some phenotypic characteristics allowed the isolate to be differentiated from its closely related species. Therefore, it is concluded that strain NEAU-G57T can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Pseudonocardia , for which the name Pseudonocardia lutea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-G57T (=JCM 32387T=CGMCC 4.7397T).

A novel Gram-stain positive, spore-forming, aerobic actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-QTH3-11T, was isolated from muddy soil collected from a stream in Qitaihe, Heilongjiang Province, northeast China and characterised using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-QTH3-11T belongs to the genus Streptomyces and is closely related to Streptomyces rhizosphaerihabitans NBRC 109807T (99.38%) and Streptomyces mirabilis JCM 4791T (99.03%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain formed a cluster with S. rhizosphaerihabitans NBRC 109807T and Streptomyces siamensis NBRC 108799T (98.62%). The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H8), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4). The phospholipid profile was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, C16:0 and C15:0. However, multilocus sequence analysis based on five house-keeping genes (atpD, gyrB, rpoB, recA and trpB), low DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic, physiological and biochemical properties could differentiate the strain from its close relatives in the genus Streptomyces. Therefore, strain NEAU-QTH3-11T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces lutosisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with NEAU-QTH3-11T (=DSM 42165T=CGMCC 4.7198T) as the type strain.