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Multi-robot systems can perform more complex tasks with high precision and large loads than single-robot systems. The calibration of the base coordinate system is the basis and premise to ensure the collaborative operation between the dual-robot. In this study, a dual-robot calibration system based on calibration tooling components was established, which could quickly and accurately obtain the relative position between dual robots. Based on three reference measurement points of the orthogonal distribution in the calibration tool coordinate system, a mapping relationship between the distance from the reference measurement point to the robot end point and the parameters of the robot base system was established, and a fast dual-robot base system parameter calibration solution method based on "three-point measurement calibration" was proposed. The experimental results show that this method can quickly and accurately obtain the transformation relationship between the dual robot base coordinate systems. The accuracy and efficiency of the calibration have been greatly improved. It is of great significance for meeting the requirements of high efficiency, low cost, and easy operation in the factory application process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Southeast Asia, many varieties of citrus are grown in hilly areas. Compared with plain orchards, it is difficult for large spraying equipment to move in hilly orchards. Small spraying equipment can enter hilly orchards, but their spraying power cannot make droplets penetrate into the canopy, resulting in low deposition rates within the canopy. As a kind of unstructured narrow space, the branches within the canopy are interlaced, thus a flexible manipulator that can move within the canopy is required. In this paper, a novel remote-controlled, cable-driven target spray robot (CDTSR) was designed to achieve a precise spray within the canopy. It consisted of a small tracked vehicle, a cable-driven flexible manipulator (CDFM), and a spray system. The CDFM had six degrees of freedom driven by a cable tendon. The forward and inverse kinematics model of the CDFM were established and then the semispherical workspace was calculated. Furthermore, while considering precise control requirements, the dynamics equations were derived. The experimental results demonstrated that the CFDM could move dexterously within the canopy with interlacing branches to reach pests and diseases areas in the canopy. The entire operation took 3.5 s. This study solved the problem of a low spray deposition rate within a canopy and has potential applications in agricultural plant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]