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The drilling-hammer method is adopted for the breaking over submerged reefs in waterway regulation engineering. However, rocks with pre-drilled holes are highly susceptible to the repetitive impacts from drop hammers or drilling equipment. Exploring the dynamic responses and failure behaviors of drilled-hole rocks under repetitive impacting is important for promoting implementation of this technique. In this study, the repetitive impacting tests were conducted on the drilled rocks by the split Hopkinson pressure bar to investigate the rock bearing capacity, deformation property, failure behavior, and energy evolution. The results indicate that the presence of pre-drilled holes and the decreasing loading rates attenuate the bearing capacity of rocks subjected to repetitive impacting. In contrast, the rock deformation capacity is impacted subtly by the impact loading rate and increases with the number of impacts and borehole size. The drilled rock failure occurred with the prevalence of intergranular fractures; subsequently, the proportion of transgranular fractures increased, contributing to the loading rate-dependent bearing capacity. The inverted S-shaped damage evolution curve was assessed using the inverted logistic growth model. The specimen absorbed few incident energies for fracture generation and propagation, and the rock with a larger drill size displays higher energy utilization and larger fragments. • Illustrated the influences of repetitive impacting on the bearing capacity and deformability of pre-cracked hole rocks. • Revealed the failure behavior and fracture mechanism of pre-cracked hole rocks under repetitive impacting. • Depicted the damage evolution of pre-cracked hole rocks under repetitive impacting by the inverted logistic growth model. • Investigated the dynamic energy dissipation of pre-cracked hole rocks under repetitive impacting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rocks in the deep underground are likely subjected to both hydrostatic confining pressure and dynamic compression–shear load. Thus, accurately characterizing the dynamic properties and failure mechanism of hydrostatically confined rocks under combined compression–shear impacting is crucial for the stability assessment of deep underground rock structures. In this study, on the basis of an improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus, the combined dynamic compression–shear tests are performed on inclined cylindrical sandstone specimens with hydrostatic confining pressures. During the test, the dynamic force balance of rock specimens can be well satisfied using the pulse shaping technique. Our results show that the hydrostatic confining pressure and dynamic loading rate help strengthen the load-carrying capacity of rocks. In contrast, the shear component in the dynamic load limits the dynamic peak stress of rocks. As hydrostatic confining pressure increases, the failure surface based on the Drucker–Prager criterion gradually expands outward. Under dynamic loading, the compressive deformation modulus of rocks decreases with increasing shear component in the dynamic load, contrary to its response to hydrostatic confining pressure. Fragmentation analysis indicates that the hydrostatic confining pressure and the shear component of dynamic loading restrict the fracture behavior of rocks. Besides, as the specimen inclination angle and the hydrostatic confining pressure increase, the failure pattern of rock specimens changes from the tensile-dominated failure with a truncated conical surface to the shear-dominated failure with a single shear plane along its short diagonal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex response of underground geomaterials subjected to dynamic disturbance arises from the microstructure redistribution under high in- situ stress and the resulting fracture behaviors at multiaxial stress states. Inclined specimens were employed in an axially constrained split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system to achieve a combination of compression-shear stress states and static-dynamic loads. The loading rate under investigation ranged from 500 to 4,000 GPa/s, along with the axial prestress of 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63 MPa on specimens with an inclination of 0°, 3°, 5°, and 7°. The modified SHPB experimentation and discrete-element method modeling were implemented to unravel the combined effects of the loading rate, preload, and stress path on the failure mechanism of sandstone specimens involving the failure strength and envelope, fracturing pattern, fragmentation, and microcracking process. The positive rate dependence of the failure strength and Drucker–Prager envelope was observed. The preload showed double effects on the failure strength, indicated by an upper bound of the failure envelope as it expanded with the increasing preload. The microdamage accumulated during preloading and the global stress field collectively influenced the failure pattern of the inclined specimen, altering from a shear fracturing mode under dynamic loading or high-preload static-dynamic loading to an axial splitting mode near the specimen surface under low-preload static-dynamic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracked rocks are quite susceptible to dynamic loading from drilling, blasting, and impacting events. Understanding the dynamic response of cracked rocks under dynamic loadings is crucial for the assessment of rock structure stability. In this study, dynamic compression tests were carried out on rock specimens with multiple parallel cracks using a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. Effects of strain rate and crack intensity on dynamic responses, including strength and deformation properties, progressive failure behavior, rock fragmentation characteristics, and energy dissipation of cracked rock specimens, were systematically investigated. Stress–strain curves migrate from class I curves into class II with increasing strain rate. Dynamic strength shows clear rate dependence while dynamic elastic modulus is independent of strain rate. Progressive failure behavior of cracked rock specimens under high loading rates was analyzed using high-speed photography and digital image correlation technique. Results show that the X-shaped shear failure mode is the final failure modes of all specimens, regardless of crack intensity. Fragmentation analysis indicates that increasing strain rate intensifies fragmentation, decreases mean fragment size, and increases fractal dimension of rock fragments. At low strain rates, specimens remain unbroken or slightly spilt; at high strain rates, specimens are systematically pulverized. Energy utilization efficiency decreases while energy dissipation density increases with increasing strain rate. For a given strain rate, crack intensity has no significant influences on energy dissipation and fragmentation characteristics of cracked rock specimens under dynamic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An oblique impact method using inclined cylinder specimens is employed in a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus modified with an axial pressure chamber to achieve the compression-shear loading in a combined static-dynamic mode. • Numerical simulations using both the finite element method and the discrete element method are conducted to assess the validity of this compression-shear specimen and to establish a new data processing method. • Experimental results highlight the combined effects of the loading rate and the axial confinement on the failure strength, fracturing mode and deformation characteristics of sandstone. The compression-shear behavior and failure mechanism of rocks under combined static-dynamic loading are of essential importance for mechanical characterization and construction safety in deep underground engineering applications. An inclined cylinder specimen is designed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus modified with an axial pressure chamber for laboratory studies. Specific issues on the validity of this compression-shear specimen that were not addressed previously have been numerically assessed involving the dynamic equilibrium of force and moment, stress uniformity, and interfacial friction effects. Experiments are conducted at different loading rates ranging from 500 to 4000 GPa/s and under axial pressures of 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63 MPa. Experimental results verify the dynamic equilibrium of inclined specimens in the axially constrained SHPB tests using pulse shaping techniques, which validates the data processing method newly proposed. Both the dynamic strength and total strength linearly increase with the loading rate. With the increasing pre-load ratio (ratio of the axial confining load to the unconfined compression strength of the tested material), the dynamic strength decreases, while the total strength increases and then keeps constant, where the turning point of the pre-load ratio approximates 0.7. High-speed photographs at a high loading rate illustrate that the increasing confinement can result in less shear but more tensile cracks. Particularly at a high confining condition, the inclined specimen fails by a feather-like shear fracture band where tensile secondary cracks extensively develop. The equivalent stress-strain relationships indicate the reinforcing effect of the confinement on the deformation and energy dissipation. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]