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In order to overview the impact of climate change on runoff from forested catchments over Asian countries, we collected water balance data from fifteen long-term catchment monitoring stations (total monitoring period 1975–2018, not continuous), spanning from Sabah, Malaysia (our southernmost site), to Hokkaido, Japan (our northernmost site). We then employed an elasticity analysis to the dataset to examine how the annual runoff from each catchment responded to inter-annual fluctuations in annual rainfall and annual mean air temperature. As a result, we found that (1) the annual runoff was sensitive to annual rainfall for all the catchments examined. In addition, (2) the annual runoff from seven of the fifteen catchments was sensitive to inter-annual changes in the mean air temperature, which was likely due to changes in forest evapotranspiration. Three catchments, however, exhibited an increased runoff in a hot year. Finally, (3) the annual rainfall from the previous year (carry-over soil moisture) was important in explaining the variation in annual runoff in two tropical montane forest catchments. This study may serve as one of the pilot studies toward a comprehensive understanding of the climate elasticity of runoff in countries over Asia, because the examined catchments are unevenly and sparsely distributed over the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been conflicting findings on hydrological dynamics in tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs)—attributed to differences in climate, altitude, topography, and vegetation. We contribute another observation-based comparison between a TMCF (8.53 ha; 1906 m.a.s.l.) and a tropical lowland rainforest (TLRF) (5.33 ha; 484 m.a.s.l.) catchment in equatorial Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. In each catchment, a 90° v-notch weir was established at the stream's outlet and instrumented with a water-level datalogger that records data at 10-min intervals (converted to discharge). A nearby meteorological station records rainfall at the same 10-min intervals via a tipping bucket rain gauge connected to a datalogger. Over five years, 91 and 73 storm hydrographs from a TMCF and a TLRF, respectively, were extracted and compared. Various hydrograph metrices relating to discharge and flashiness were compared between the TMCF and TLRF while controlling for event rainfall, rainfall intensity, and antecedent moisture. Compared to the TLRF, storm-event runoff in the TMCF was up to 169% higher, reflecting the saturated conditions and tendency for direct runoff. Instantaneous peak discharge was also higher (up to 6.6x higher) in the TMCF. However, despite high moisture and steep topography, stream responsiveness towards rainfall input was lower in the TMCF, which we hypothesise was due to its wide and short catchment dimensions. Baseflow was significantly correlated with API20, API10, and API7. Overall, we found that the TMCF had higher runoff, but higher moisture condition alone may not be sufficient to govern flashiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatively minimal attention has been given to the hydrology of natural broadleaf forests compared to conifer plantations in Japan. We investigated the impacts of ground litter removal and forest clearing on surface runoff using the paired runoff plot approach. Plot A (7.4 m2) was maintained as a control while plot B (8.1 m2) was manipulated. Surface runoff was measured by a tipping-bucket recorder, and rainfall by a tipping-bucket rain gauge. From May 2016 to July 2019, 20, 54, and 42 runoff events were recorded in the no-treatment (NT), litter removed before clearcutting (LRBC), and after clearcutting (AC) phases, respectively. Surface runoff increased 4× when moving from the NT to LRBC phase, and 4.4× when moving from the LRBC to AC phase. Antecedent precipitation index (API11) had a significant influence on surface runoff in the LRBC phase but not in the NT and AC phases. Surface runoff in the AC phase was high regardless of API11. The rainfall required for initiating surface runoff is 38% and 56% less when moving from the NT to LRBC, and LRBC to AC phases, respectively. Ground litter and canopy function to reduce surface runoff in regenerated broadleaf forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overall, cypress forest (CF) have lower discharge than mixed-broadleaf (MB) forest. • However, for most of the time, CF have higher discharge than MB. • A managed CF show better discharge regulation than MB. • In rain events, peak discharge in CF occurs earlier and is higher than in MB. • In larger storms (≳70 mm), peak and total discharge may be higher in MB than in CF. Broadleaf or conifer forest? – an ongoing dilemma as regards water resource and flood prevention. Although conifer trees use less water and are hydrophobic, existing studies at the watershed scale have shown varying results due to variability in meteorological conditions and forestry practices. In this study, two adjacent headwater catchments [2.42 ha cypress (CF); 2.08 ha mixed-broadleaf (MB)] were gauged. The study area in central Japan has a warm temperate climate with high annual rainfall and typhoons. Daily discharge (n = 1398) and storm event hydrographs (n = 242) were compared between CF and MB and discussed in light of water availability and storm event runoff characteristics. Overall water yield in CF was 6.4% lower than in MB but this was caused by lower streamflow on high discharge periods (30% frequency); thus, may not adversely affect municipal/agricultural water supply. For 70% of the time including during dry periods, water yield was higher in CF. This agrees with the principle that conifers use less water than broadleaf trees – even at the forested catchment scale. Discharge in the CF stream is also less variable than that in the MB stream. During storm events, the CF stream has higher flashiness (shorter response time to rainfall and higher peak discharge) than the MB stream; but in larger storms (≳70 mm), the MB stream may have higher peak discharge. Our data demonstrates that a well-managed plantation forest does not necessarily have inferior hydrological function compared to a natural broadleaf forest, which differs from the stereotype. Frequencies of high and low flows as well as runoff characteristics were also presented in hopes of promoting better forestry decisions when considering water demand and existing stormwater drainage infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding baseline runoff characteristics is critical in any water balance study whether single- or multiple-catchment. As a product of interaction between many area-specific factors (scale, climate, geology, vegetation, land-use history), each catchment can only be well-understood through a reasonable period of baseline observation. In temperate regions, processes are complicated by a range of meteorological factors and plant phenological periods (growth and dormant) as well as the way vegetation reacts to these factors resulting in varying water uptake from soils. In the Inuyama Research Forest of the Ecohydrology Research Institute in Aichi prefecture, central Japan, streams in two small headwater catchments (cypress plantation, 2.2 ha; secondary mixed-broadleaf, 2.1 ha) were instrumented with 90° v-notch weirs and automatic data loggers that recorded water level at 5-minute intervals. These data were then converted to discharge via calibration. A weather station was also set up in the area to record rainfall and other meteorological data. After quality control and data filtering, 1,398 daily runoff and rainfall over five years (April 2013-April 2018) were computed and analysed. Data were separated according to plant phenology (growth period from 1st May to 31st October; dormant period from 1st November to 30th April) and explored via runoff coefficients (C) and rainfall-runoff regressions in two ways:- (i) growth vs. dormant periods within individual catchments (cypress and broadleaf); (ii) cypress vs. broadleaf forests within each phenological period (growth and dormant). C-values in the growth and dormant periods are 0.534 and 0.521 for cypress; and 0.506 and 0.525 for broadleaf respectively. Within individual catchments, the cypress catchment has a 2.5% higher C-value in the growth period (0.534) compared to in the dormant period (0.521) whilst the broadleaf catchment shows a 3.6% reduction instead (0.506 in growth; 0.525 in dormant). This suggests that during the warm and humid growth period, the increased water uptake by cypress trees does not offset the influence exerted by higher rainfall. However, the slopes of rainfall-runoff relationship are higher during the growth period in both catchments. For comparison between the two catchments within the same phenological period, the 5% lower C-value in broadleaf (0.506) compared to cypress (0.534) reflects higher water use by broadleaf trees during the growth season whereas similar values (0.521 in cypress, 0.525 in broadleaf) during the dormant season indicate continual rainfall interception by cypress even after leaf abscission in the broadleaf catchment. This is further supported by the higher slope of rainfall-runoff relationship in the broadleaf catchment during the dormant period. This study has shown that rainfall-runoff relationships in this area differ according to vegetation type and phenological periods. Hence, forthcoming catchment hydrological studies should be designed to control for these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]