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In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SB), which was preliminarily treated with H 3 PO 4 , was utilized to produce biochar (SB-BC). The SB-BC was subsequently modified with KOH to enrich oxygen-containing functional groups (OCFGs) for the enhanced adsorption of NH 4 + from wastewater. Batch tests revealed that KOH-modified SB-BC (SB-MBC) increased the maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of NH 4 + by approximately twofold, from 27.1 mg/g for SB-BC to 53.1 mg/g for SB-MBC. The optimal operational conditions for NH 4 + adsorption onto SB-MBC were pH of 7.0 and a biochar dose of 3.0 g/L for the removal of 50 mg/L NH 4 + at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) over 180 min of contact. The enhanced adsorption capacity of NH 4 + onto SB-MBC was due to the important contribution of the OCFGs enriched on the surface of biochar, which was increased by about fourfold, after being modified by KOH. The NH 4 + adsorption dynamics were better fitted by the Elovich and the NH 4 + adsorption isotherms were better described by Langmuir and Sips models, showing that the adsorption process was dominated by monolayer chemisorption. The properties of the adsorption materials before and after adsorption of NH 4 + confirmed that cation exchange, electrostatic attraction and surface complexation were the main mechanisms controlling the adsorption process. The desorption and reusability tests of NH 4 + -saturated SB-MBC revealed that NH 4 + adsorption slightly decreased after three successive sorption‒desorption cycles. The findings suggested that SB-MBC is a promising and feasible adsorbent for the effective treatment of NH 4 + -contaminated water sources. Future work should conduct tests for treatment of NH 4 + -rich real wastewater and utilize NH 4 + -saturated SB-MBC as slow releasing fertilizer for plants growth., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In recent years, there has been an increase in research devoted to the advancement of cellulose and nanocellulose-based materials, which are advantageous due to their renewable nature, strength, rigidity, and environmental friendliness. This exploration complies with the fundamental tenets of environmental stewardship and sustainability. An area of industrial biotechnology where cellulosic agricultural residues have the potential to be economically utilized is through the conversion of such residues; sugarcane bagasse is currently leading this charge. SCB, a plentiful fibrous byproduct produced during the sugarcane industry's operations, has historically been utilized in various sectors, including producing paper, animal feed, enzymes, biofuel conversion, and biomedical applications. Significantly, SCB comprises a considerable amount of cellulose, approximately 40 % to 50 %, rendering it a valuable source of cellulose fibre for fabricating cellulose nanocrystals. This review sheds light on the significant advances in surface modification techniques, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological treatments, that enhance sugarcane bagasse fibres' adsorption capacity and selectivity. Furthermore, the paper investigates the specific advancements related to the augmentation of sugarcane bagasse fibres' efficacy in adsorbing a wide range of pollutants. These pollutants span a spectrum that includes heavy metals, dyes, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants. The discussion provides a comprehensive overview of the targeted removal processes facilitated by applying modified fibres. The unique structural and chemical properties inherent in sugarcane bagasse fibres and their widespread availability position them as highly suitable adsorbents for various pollutants. This convergence of attributes underscores the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibres in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable solutions across multiple industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Pretreatment is crucial for effective enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB). In the present study, SCB was pretreated with five kinds of heterogeneous Fenton-like systems (HFSs), respectively, in which α-FeOOH, α-Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , and FeS 2 worked as four traditional heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts (HFCs), while FeVO 4 worked as a novel HFC. The enzymatic reducing sugar conversion rate was then compared among SCB after different heterogeneous Fenton-like pretreatments (HFPs), and the optimal HFS and pretreatment conditions were determined. The mechanism underlying the difference in saccharification efficiency was elucidated by analyzing the composition and morphology of SCB. Moreover, the ion dissolution characteristics, variation of pH and Eh values, H 2 O 2 and hydroxyl radical (·OH) concentration of FeVO 4 and α-Fe 2 O 3 HFSs were compared. The results revealed that the sugar conversion rate of SCB pretreated with FeVO 4 HFS reached up to 58.25%, which was obviously higher than that under other HFPs. In addition, the surface morphology and composition of the pretreated SCB with FeVO 4 HFS were more conducive to enzymatic saccharification. Compared with α-Fe 2 O 3 , FeVO 4 could utilize H 2 O 2 more efficiently, since the dissolved Fe 3+ and V 5+ can both react with H 2 O 2 to produce more ·OH, resulting in a higher hemicellulose and lignin removal rate and a higher enzymatic sugar conversion rate. It can be concluded that FeVO 4 HFP is a promising approach for lignocellulose pretreatment., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Arabinoxylan is a major hemicellulose in the sugarcane plant cell wall with arabinose decorations that impose steric restrictions on the activity of xylanases against this substrate. Enzymatic removal of the decorations by arabinofuranosidases can allow a more efficient arabinoxylan degradation by xylanases. Here we produced and characterized a recombinant Bifidobacterium longum arabinofuranosidase from glycoside hydrolase family 43 (BlAbf43) and applied it, together with GH10 and GH11 xylanases, to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from wheat arabinoxylan and alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The enzyme synergistically enhanced XOS production by GH10 and GH11 xylanases, being particularly efficient in combination with the latter family of enzymes, with a degree of synergism of 1.7. We also demonstrated that the enzyme is capable of not only removing arabinose decorations from the arabinoxylan and from the non-reducing end of the oligomeric substrates, but also hydrolyzing the xylan backbone yielding mostly xylobiose and xylose in particular cases. Structural studies of BlAbf43 shed light on the molecular basis of the substrate recognition and allowed hypothesizing on the structural reasons of its multifunctionality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known conflict of interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In Brazil the main feedstock used for ethanol production is sugarcane juice, resulting in large amounts of bagasse. Bagasse has high potential for cellulosic ethanol production, and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) has potential for lowering costs. However, economic feasibility requires bioprocessing at high solids loadings, entailing engineering and biological challenges. This study aims to document and characterize carbohydrate solubilization and utilization by defined cocultures of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum at increasing loadings of sugarcane bagasse. Results show that fractional carbohydrate solubilization decreases as solids loading increases from 10 g/L to 80 g/L. Cocultures enhance solubilization and carbohydrate utilization compared to monocultures, irrespective of initial solids loading. Rinsing bagasse before fermentation slightly decreases solubilization. Experiments studying inhibitory effects using spent media and dilution of broth show that negative effects are temporary or reversible. These findings highlight the potential of converting sugarcane bagasse via CBP, pointing out performance limitations that must be addressed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Lee Lynd is a shareholder in a start-up company focusing on cellulosic biofuel production and conversion., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Β-Carotene is a red-orange pigment that serves as a precursor to important pharmaceutical molecules like vitamin A and retinol, making it highly significant in the industrial sector. Consequently, there is an ongoing quest for more sustainable production methods. In this study, glucose and xylose, two primary sugars derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), were utilized as substrates for β-carotene production by Rhodotorula glutinis CCT-2186. To achieve this, SCB underwent pretreatment using NaOH, involved different concentrations of total solids (TS) (10%, 15%, and 20%) to remove lignin. Each sample was enzymatically hydrolyzed using two substrate loadings (5% and 10%). The pretreated SCB with 10%, 15%, and 20% TS exhibited glucose hydrolysis yields (%wt) of 93.10%, 91.88%, and 90.77%, respectively. The resulting hydrolysate was employed for β-carotene production under batch fermentation. After 72 h of fermentation, the SCB hydrolysate yielded a β-carotene concentration of 118.56 ± 3.01 mg/L. These findings showcase the robustness of R. glutinis as a biocatalyst for converting SCB into β-carotene., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The development of industrial process in line with the circular economy and the environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) is the foundation for sustainable economic development. Alternatives that make feasible the transformation of residues in added value products are promising and contribute to the repositioning of the industry towards sustainability, due to financial leverage obtained from lesser operational costs when compared with conventional processes, therefore increasing the company competitivity. In this study, it is presented a promising and innovative technology for the recycling of agro-industrial residues, the sugarcane bagasse and the high-pressure water boiler effluent, in the development of a low-cost adsorbent (HC-T) using the hydrothermal carbonization processes and its application in the adsorption of herbicide Diuron and Methylene Blue dye from synthetic contaminated water. The hydrothermal carbonization was performed in a Teflon contained inside a sealed stainless-steel reactor self-pressurized at 200°C, biomass-to-effluent (m/v) ratio of 1:3 and 24 h. The synthesized material (HC) was activated in an oven at 450°C for 10 min, thus being named adsorbent (HC-T) and characterized by textural, structural and spectroscopic analyses. The low-cost adsorbent HC-T presented an 11-time-fold increase in surface area and ∼40% increase in total pore volume in comparison with the HC material. The kinetic and isotherm adsorption experiment results highlighted that the HC-T was effective as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of herbicide Diuron and Methylene Blue dye from synthetic contaminated waters, with an adsorption capacity of 35.07 (63.25% removal) and 307.09 mg g -1 (36,47% removal), respectively.

Biomass can be used as an energy source to thermochemical conversion processes to biocrude production. However, the supply and dependence on only one biomass for biocrude production can be an obstacle due to its seasonality, availability, and logistics costs. In this way, biomass waste and agroindustrial residues can be mixture and used as feedstock to the hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) process as an alternative to obtaining biocrude. In this sense, the present paper analyzed the biocrude yield influence of the co-HTL from a quaternary unprecedented blend of different biomasses, such as sugarcane bagasse, brewer's spent grain (BSG), sludge from a paper recycling mill (PRM), and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris). In this way, a simplex lattice design was employed and co-HTL experiments were carried out in a 2000 mL high-pressure stirred autoclave reactor under 275 °C for 60 min, considering 15% of feedstock/water ratio. Significant effects in each feedstock and their blends were analyzed aiming to increase biocrude and biochar yield. It was found that the addition of microalgae is only significant when considered more than 50% into the blend with BSG and PRM sludge to increase biocrude yield., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Mateus de Souza Amaral reports financial support was provided by Minas Gerais StateFoundation of Support to the Research. Sara Cangussu Bassoli reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with dilute phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid to facilitate cellulose hydrolysis and lignin extraction. With phosphoric acid, only 8 % of the initial cellulose was lost after delignification, whereas pretreatment with sulfuric acid resulted in the solubilization of 38 % of the initial cellulose. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the process using phosphoric acid produced approximately 35 % more glucose than that using sulfuric acid. In general, the lignins showed 95-97 % purity (total lignin, w/w), an average molar mass of 9500-10,200 g mol -1 , a glass transition temperature of 140-160 °C, and a calorific value of 25 MJ kg -1 . Phosphoric acid lignin (PAL) was slightly more polar than sulfuric acid lignin (SAL). PAL had 13 % more oxidized units and 20 % more OH groups than SAL. Regardless of the acid used, the lignins shared similar properties, but differed slightly in the characteristics of their functional groups and chemical bonds. These findings show that pretreatment catalyzed with either of the two acids resulted in lignin with sufficiently good characteristics for use in industrial processes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The present work demonstrates a novel strategy of synthesizing iron-biochar (Fe@BC SB ) composite made with the waste iron bottle cap and sugar cane bagasse for implementation in the three-dimensional electro-Fenton (3DEF) process. The catalytic ability of the Fe@BC SB composite was explored to remediate the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant from wastewater at neutral pH. At the optimum operating condition of Fe@BC SB dose of 1.0 g L -1 , current density of 4.66 mA cm -2 , and Na 2 SO 4 dose of 50 mM, nearly 92.7 ± 3.1% of 20 mg L -1 of SDS abatement was attained during 120 min of electrolysis time. Moreover, the Fe@BC SB showed significant recyclability up to six cycles. Besides, other organics were successfully treated with more than 85% abatement efficiency in the proposed Fe@BC SB -supported 3DEF process. The total operating cost obtained during SDS treatment was around 0.31 US$ m -3 of wastewater. The phytotoxicity test revealed the positive impact of the 3DEF-treated effluent on the germination of the Vigna radiata. The electron paramagnetic resonance conveyed • OH as the prevailing reactive species for the oxidation of SDS in the 3DEF process. Further, about 81.3 ± 3.8% of SDS and 53.7 ± 4.1% of mineralization efficacy were acquired from the real institutional sewage., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Byproducts from the sugarcane manufacturing process, specifically sugarcane molasses (SM) and sugarcane bagasse (SB), can be used as alternative raw materials for sorbitol production via the biological fermentation process. This study investigated the production of sorbitol from SM and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) using a thermally adapted Zymomonas mobilis ZM AD41. Various combinations of SM and SBH on sorbitol production using batch fermentation process were tested. The results revealed that SM alone (FM1) or a mixture of SM and SBH at a ratio of 3:1 (FM2) based on the sugar mass in the raw material proved to be the best condition for sorbitol production by ZM AD41 at 37 °C. Further optimization conditions for sorbitol production revealed that a sugar concentration of 200 g/L and a CaCl 2 concentration of 5.0 g/L yielded the highest sorbitol content. The maximum sorbitol concentrations produced by ZM AD41 in the fermentation medium containing SM (FM1) or a mixture of SM and SBH (FM2) were 31.23 and 30.45 g/L, respectively, comparable to those reported in the literature using sucrose or a mixture of sucrose and maltose as feedstock. These results suggested that SBH could be used as an alternative feedstock to supplement or blend with SM for sustainable sorbitol production. In addition, the fermentation conditions established in this study could also be applied to large-scale sorbitol production. Moreover, the thermally adapted Z. mobilis ZM AD41 is also a promising sorbitol-producing bacterium for large-scale production at a relatively high fermentation temperature using agricultural byproducts, specifically SM and SB, as feedstock, which could reduce the operating cost due to minimizing the energy required for the cooling system., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The phytopathogenic fungus Chrysoporthe cubensis is a relevant source of lignocellulolytic enzymes. This work aimed to compare the profile of lignocellulose-degrading proteins secreted by C. cubensis grown under semi-solid state fermentation using wheat bran (WB) and sugarcane bagasse (SB). The exoproteomes of the fungus grown in wheat bran (WBE) and sugarcane bagasse (SBE) were qualitative and quantitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD046075. Label-free proteomic analysis of WBE and SBE showed that the fungus produced a spectrum of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) with exclusive characteristics from each extract. While SBE resulted in an enzymatic profile directed towards the depolymerization of cellulose, the enzymes in WBE were more adaptable to the degradation of biomass rich in hemicellulose and other non-lignocellulosic polymers. Saccharification of alkaline pre-treated sugarcane bagasse with SBE promoted glucose release higher than commercial cocktails (8.11 g L -1 ), while WBE promoted the higher release of xylose (5.71 g L -1 ). Our results allowed an in-depth knowledge of the complex set of enzymes secreted by C. cubensis responsible for its high lignocellulolytic activity and still provided the identification of promising target proteins for biotechnological applications in the context of biorefinery., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Vaname shrimp (<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>) is one of the main economic commodities in aquaculture in the world. Biofloc is a cultivation technology that effectively improves the growth and health status of vaname shrimp. This research aimed to analyze the use of bagasse as a carbon source in the biofloc system for white shrimp cultivation. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The shrimp used were 18 g/individual shrimp obtained from the Bone Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic Pond. Sugarcane bagasse processed from sugar factory waste was dried in an oven at 60°C and ground using a flouring machine. The research treatments included biofloc application where sugarcane bagasse played a role as a carbon source (L), biofloc application where wheat flour's role was as a carbon source (T) and control or no biofloc application (K). <b>Results:</b> This research showed that sugarcane bagasse could be used as a carbon source for white shrimp biofloc cultivation where the growth value tended to be the same as wheat flour. Total hemolytic count (THC) and shrimp survival in sugarcane bagasse biofloc were as good as wheat flour biofloc. Sugarcane bagasse biofloc had the same ability as wheat flour biofloc in reducing ammonia levels in the rearing media. Sugarcane bagasse biofloc had the same ability as wheat flour biofloc in reducing ammonia levels in the rearing media. The application of bagasse had no effect on temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and salinity of the rearing media because this treatment was in the optimal range for the growth of vaname shrimp. <b>Conclusion:</b> Sugarcane bagasse has the potential to be a carbon source in biofloc systems because it could improve growth, health status, survival and water quality.

The current investigation concerns with preparation eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent (mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SBL)) based on black liquor (BL) containing lignin derived from sugarcane bagasse and combining it with sodium silicate derived from blast furnace slag (BFS) for thorium adsorption. Thorium ions were adsorbed from an aqueous solution using the synthesized bio-sorbent (SBL), which was then assessed by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Th(IV) sorption properties, including the pH effect, uptake rate, and sorption isotherms across various temperatures were investigated. The maximum sorption capacity of Th(IV) on SBL is 158.88 mg/L at pH value of 4328 K, and 60 min contact time. We demonstrated that the adsorption processes comport well with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir adsorption models considering the kinetics and equilibrium data. According to thermodynamic inspections results, the Th(IV) adsorption process exhibited endothermic and random behavior suggested by positive ΔH° and ΔS° values, while the negative ΔG° values indicated a spontaneous sorption process. The maximum Th(IV) desorption from the loaded SBL (Th/SBL) was carried out at 0.25 M of NaHCO 3 and 60 min of contact. Sorption/desorption processes have five successive cycles. Finally, this study suggests that the recycling of BFS and BL can be exploited for the procurement of a promising Th(IV) adsorbents., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn Assiut University Mycological Centre 8606 was chosen from the screened 20 fungal species as the potent producer of fibrinolytic enzyme on skimmed-milk agar plates. The greatest enzyme yield was attained when the submerged fermentation (SmF) conditions were optimized, and it was around (39.7 U/mg protein). Moreover, upon optimization of fibrinolytic enzyme production under solid-state fermentation (SSF), the maximum productivity of fibrinolytic enzyme was greatly increased recorded a bout (405 U/mg protein) on sugarcane bagasse, incubation period of 5 days, moisture level of 100%, initial pH of salt basal medium 7.8, incubation temperature at 35°C, and supplementation of the salt basal medium with corn steep liquor (80％, v/v). The yield of fibrinolytic enzyme by C. hawaiiensis under SSF was higher than that of SmF with about 10.20-fold. The purification procedures of fibrinolytic enzyme by ammonium sulfate (70%), gel filtration, and ion-exchange columns chromatography caused a great increase in its specific activity to 2581.6 U/mg protein with an overall yield of 55.89%, 6.37 purification fold and molecular weight of 35 kDa. Maximal activity was recorded at pH 7 and 37°C. Significant pH stability was recorded at pH 6.6-7.2, and thermal stability was recorded at 33-41°C. The enzyme showed the highest affinity toward fibrin, with V max of 240 U/mL and an apparent Km value of 47.61 mmol. Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ moderately induced fibrinolytic activity, whereas Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ greatly suppressed the enzyme activity. The produced enzyme is categorized as serine protease and non-metalloprotease. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme showed efficient thrombolytic and antiplatelet aggregation activities by completely prevention and dissolution of the blood clot which confirmed by microscopic examination and amelioration of blood coagulation assays. These findings suggested that the produced fibrinolytic enzyme is a promising agent in management of blood coagulation disorders., (© 2023 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Endophytic fungi constitute a major part of the still unexplored fungal diversity and have gained interest as new biological sources of natural active compounds, including enzymes. Endophytic fungi were isolated from soybean leaves and initially screened on agar plates for the production of CMCase (carboxymethylcellulase), xylanase, amylase and protease. The highest Enzymatic Indexes (IE) were verified for xylanase (2.14 and 1.31) with the fungi M6-A6P5F2 and M12-A5P3F1.2 and CMCase (1.92 and 1.62) with the fungi M13-A9P2F1 and M12-A5P3F1.2, respectively. The production of xylanase and CMCase by the selected fungi was evaluated in submerged cultivation using beechwood xylan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as well as sugarcane straw and bagasse in different ratios as carbon sources. Both types of lignocellulosic biomass proved to be good inducers of enzymatic activity. The best xylanase producer among the isolates was identified as Colletotrichum boninense. With this fungus, the highest xylanase activity was obtained with a sugarcane straw-bagasse mixture in a 50:50 ratio (383.63 U mL -1 ), a result superior to that obtained with the use of beechwood xylan (296.65 U mL -1 ). Regardingthe kinetic behavior of the crude xylanase, there was found optimal pH of 5.0 and optimal temperatures of 50°C and 60°C. At 40°C and 50°C, xylanase retained 87% and 76% of its initial catalytic activity, respectively. These results bring new perspectives on bioprospecting endophytic fungi for the production of enzymes, mainly xylanase, as well as the exploitation of agro-industrial by-products, such as sugarcane straw and bagasse., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.)

This study aimed to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as exclusive roughage in lactating buffaloes on digestibility, milk production and composition, and microbial protein. In vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD) and organic matter digestion (IVOMD) for SCB as a replacement for barley straw (BS) of the control ration have been determined. In vivo experiment, 55 lactating buffaloes were randomly assigned into five groups. First group was fed the control ration (60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 40% BS), second group was fed 60% CFM and 30% BS + 10% SCB, third group was fed 60% CFM and 20% BS + 20% SCB, fourth group was fed 60% CFM and 10% BS + 30% SCB and fifth group was fed 60% CFM and 40% SCB. Results indicated that IVDMD% and IVOMD% degradability were increased with the inclusion SCB in rations compared with the control. Full replacement of BS by SCB 40% significantly ( p  < 0.05) increased nutrients digestibility coefficient with improving ruminal basic parameters. Buffaloes fed SCB40 had higher milk component yields, 4% fat corrected milk and plasma proteins, and lower plasma creatinine and cholesterol than control buffaloes ( p  < 0.05). Finally, the inclusion of SCB up to 40% in lactating buffaloes rations favorably affected rumen fermentation characteristics ( in vitro ) and improved nutrients digestibility and milk production ( in vivo ).

Lignin has emerged as a promising eco-friendly multifunctional ingredient for cosmetic applications, due to its ability to protect against ultraviolet radiation and its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, its typical dark color and low water solubility limit its application in cosmetics. This study presents a simple process for obtaining light-colored lignin (LCLig) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) alkaline black liquor, involving an oxidation treatment with hydrogen peroxide, followed by precipitation with sulfuric acid. The physico-chemical characterization, antioxidant and emulsifying potential of LCLig, and determination of its safety and stability in an oil-in-water emulsion were performed. A high-purity lignin (81.6%) with improved water solubility was obtained, as a result of the balance between the total aromatic phenolic units and the carboxylic acids. In addition, the antioxidant and emulsifying capacities of the obtained LCLig were demonstrated. The color reduction treatment did not compromise the safety of lignin for topical cosmetic applications. The emulsion was stable in terms of organoleptic properties (color, pH, and viscosity) and antioxidant activity over 3 months at 4, 25, and 40 °C.

Objectives: The aim of the present work was to perform the co-culture between Trichoderma longibrachiatum LMBC 172, a mesophilic fungus, with Thermothelomyces thermophilus LMBC 162, a thermophilic fungus, by submerged fermentation in a bioreactor., Results: There was an increase in protein production, reaching the value of 35.60 ± 3.76 µg/ml at 72 h. An increase in the amount of proteins of 27.5% in relation to the isolated cultivation of T. longibrachiatum and 19.7% in comparison when T. thermophilus was isolated and cultivated. After that, the saccharification profile of three varieties of sugarcane (sugarcane in natura, culms of sugarcane SP80-3280, and culms of Energy cane) submitted in two pretreatments (autohydrolysis and chemical) was performed. The (e) chemical pretreatment was the better in generating of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse and culms of Energy cane, while with the autohydrolysis pretreatment was obtained the better values to culms of SP80-3280 sugarcane. The sugars found were glucose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose., Conclusion: These results suggest that the co-culture between these microorganisms has the potential to produce an enzymatic cocktail with high performance in the hydrolysis of materials from the sugar-alcohol industry., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

A modification of the conventional batch organosolv process is proposed in a way where the solid biomass remains inside a basket, physically separated from the liquid phase, with the vapor promoting the fractionation of the biomass and the extracted compounds and fragments being washed down to the liquid phase. The modified organosolv process applied to sugarcane bagasse (SB-M) delivers a rich cellulosic solid phase that after enzymatic hydrolysis leads to a hydrolyzed with approximately 100 g L -1 of glucose. At the same enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, the conventional organosolv process (SB-C) delivers a hydrolyzed with 80 g L -1 of glucose, while the autohydrolysis process (SB-A) leads to 55 g L -1 of glucose. These different results are related to the cellulose content: SB-M (70%), SB-C (57%), e SB-A (44%), as well the reduced lignin content in the SB-M. The novelty of this study is the confirmation that it is possible to degrade lignin from sugarcane bagasse and simultaneously remove its fragments from the cellulose fibers in a batch reactor containing an internal basket. This study describes a simple and rapid protocol for the isolation of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), which may lead to the study of new catalysts for the chemical transformation of these components separately or simultaneously to the step of pretreatment., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Lactic acid (LA) is a platform chemical with diverse industrial applications. Presently, commercial production of LA is dominated by microbial fermentation using sugary or starch-based feedstocks. Research pursuits emphasizing towards sustainable production of LA using non-edible and renewable feedstocks have accelerated the use of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). The present study focuses on the valorisation of xylose derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and olive pits (OP) through hydrothermal and dilute acid pretreatment, respectively. The xylose-rich hydrolysate obtained was used for LA production by homo-fermentative and thermophilic Bacillus coagulans DSM2314 strain under non-sterile conditions. The fed-batch mode of fermentation resulted in maximum LA titers of 97.8, 52.4 and 61.3 g/L with a yield of 0.77, 0.66 and 0.71 g/g using pure xylose, xylose-rich SCB and OP hydrolysates, respectively. Further, a two-step aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction technique was employed for the separation and recovery of LA accumulated on pure and crude xylose. The LA recovery was 45 - 65% in the first step and enhanced to 80-90% in the second step.The study demonstrated an efficient integrated biorefinery approach to valorising the xylose-rich stream for cost-effective LA production and recovery., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

ABSTRACT Sugarcane is the most traded crop in the world, with Brazil being the world's largest producer. Sugarcane processing generates up to 28% of sugarcane bagasse (SB) from the entire plant, with only 50% of it used for energy generation. SB is a lignocellulosic biomass that can be converted into biogas. However, the optimization of pretreatment process parameters is essential for its successful scaling up. This study evaluated the effect of mild alkaline pretreatment of SB using NaOH and KOH at concentrations of 1-10% and exposure time of 1-12 hours) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) under mesophilic temperature. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was applied as statistical tool to generate optimal operating pretreatment conditions. The tests were performed in triplicates totalizing 84 batch bottles. The BMP of the untreated SB varied between 297-306 L N CH 4 kg VS -1 while the BMP of the pretreated samples with NaOH and KOH were 19% and 20% higher. The optimized conditions were NaOH at 7.7% and KOH at 8.3% KOH for 12 hours. However, the range indicated by the statistical design with CCRD revealed that there was no statistical difference in terms of methane yield when concentrations between 4-10% NaOH and 6-10% KOH during 12 hours were applied, when compared to the specific optimized points. The optimization of the pretreatment parameters demonstrated to be a key-factor to improve the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic substrates, leading to a less chemically dependent and more sustainable approach, while allowing a more profitable process.

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative for producing biofuels, despite its recalcitrant nature. There are microorganisms in nature capable of efficiently degrade biomass, such as the filamentous fungi. Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus var. niveus (AFUMN) has a wide variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), especially hydrolases, but a low number of oxidative enzymes in its genome. To confirm the enzymatic profile of this fungus, this study analyzed the secretome of AFUMN cultured in sugarcane bagasse as the sole carbon source. As expected, the secretome showed a predominance of hydrolytic enzymes compared to oxidative activity. However, it is known that hydrolytic enzymes act in synergy with oxidative proteins to efficiently degrade cellulose polymer, such as the Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs). Thus, three LPMOs from the fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus (TtLPMO9D, TtLPMO9H, and TtLPMO9O) were selected, heterologous expressed in Aspergillus nidulans, purified, and used to supplement the AFUMN secretome to evaluate their effect on the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. The saccharification assay was carried out using different concentrations of AFUMN secretome supplemented with recombinant T. thermophilus LPMOs, as well as ascorbic acid as reducing agent for oxidative enzymes. Through a statistic design created by Design-Expert software, we were able to analyze a possible cooperative effect between these components. The results indicated that, in general, the addition of TtLPMO9D and ascorbic acid did not favor the conversion process in this study, while TtLPMO9O had a highly significant cooperative effect in bagasse saccharification compared to the control using only AFUMN secretome., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by aqueous acetic acid (AA), with the addition of sulfuric acid (SA) as a catalyst under mild condition (<110 °C), was investigated. A response surface methodology (central composite design) was employed to study the effects of temperature, AA concentration, time, and SA concentration, as well as their interactive effects, on several response variables. Kinetic modeling was further investigated for AA pretreatment using both Saeman's model and the Potential Degree of Reaction (PDR) model. It was found that Saeman's model showed a great deviation from the experimental results, while the PDR model fitted the experimental data very well, with determination coefficients of 0.95-0.99. However, poor enzymatic digestibility of the AA-pretreated substrates was observed, mainly due to the relatively low degree of delignification and acetylation of cellulose. Post-treatment of the pretreated cellulosic solid well improved the cellulose digestibly by further selectively removing 50-60% of the residual linin and acetyl group. The enzymatic polysaccharide conversion increased from <30% for AA-pretreatment to about 70% for PAA post-treatment.

Diet is a crucial factor on health and well-being of livestock animals. Nutritional strengthening with diet formulations is essential to the livestock industry and animal perfor-mance. Searching for valuable feed additives among by-products may promote not only circular economy, but also functional diets. Lignin from sugarcane bagasse was proposed as a potential prebiotic additive for chickens and incorporated at 1 % (w/w) in commercial chicken feed, tested in two feed forms, namely, mash and pellets. Physico-chemical characterization of both feed types with and without lignin was performed. Also, the prebiotic potential for feeds with lignin was assessed by an in vitro gastrointestinal model and evaluated the impact on chicken cecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. As for the pellet's physical quality, there was a higher cohesion of the pellets with lignin, indicating a higher resistance to breakout and lignin decreases the tendency of the pellets for microbial contamination. Regarding the prebiotic potential, mash feed with lignin showed higher promotion of Bifidobacterium in comparison with mash feed without lignin and to pellet feed with lignin. Lignin from sugarcane bagasse has prebiotic potential as additive to chicken feed when supplemented in mash feed diets, presenting itself as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chicken feed additives supplementation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Patricia Costa has patent LIGNIN, METHODS OF EXTRACTION AND USES THEREOF pending to UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA PORTUGUESA - UCP, AMYRIS BIO PRODUCTS PORTUGAL UNIPESSOAL LDA., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

A new N-doped biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse (NSB) was prepared by one-pot pyrolysis with sugarcane bagasse as feedstock, melamine as nitrogen source and NaHCO 3 as pore-forming agent, and then NSB was used to adsorb ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. The optimal preparation conditions of NSB were determined based on the evaluation index of adsorbability of NSB for CIP. SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET characterizations were used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the synthetic NSB. It was found that the prepared NSB had excellent pore structure, high specific surface area and more nitrogenous functional groups. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated that the synergistic interaction between melamine and NaHCO 3 increased the pores of NSB and the largest surface area of NSB was 1712.19 m 2 /g. The CIP adsorption capacity of 212 mg/g was obtained under optimal parameters as follows: NSB amount 0.125 g/L, initial pH 6.58, adsorption temperature 30 °C, CIP initial concentration 30 mg/L and adsorption time 1 h. The isotherm and kinetics studies elucidated that the adsorption of CIP conformed both D-R model and Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The high CIP adsorption capacity of NSB for CIP was due to the combined filling pore, π-π conjugation and hydrogen bonding. All results demonstrated that adsorption of CIP by the low-cost N-doped biochar of NSB is a reliable technology for the disposal of CIP wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was treated with sodium hydroxide and bleached to separate the non-cellulose components to obtain cellulose (CE) fibres. Cross-linked cellulose-poly(sodium acrylic acid) hydrogel (CE-PAANa) was successfully synthesised via simple free-radical graft-polymerisation to remove heavy metal ions. The structure and morphology of the hydrogel display an open interconnected porous structure on the surface of the hydrogel. Various factors influencing batch adsorption capacity, including pH, contact time, and solution concentration, were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and that the adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated by the Langmuir model are 106.3, 333.3, and 163.9 mg/g for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II), respectively. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) results demonstrated that cationic exchange and electrostatic interaction were the main heavy metal ions adsorption mechanisms. These results demonstrate that CE-PAANa graft copolymer sorbents from cellulose-rich SCB can potentially be used for the removal of heavy metal ions.

Agro-industrial wastes and by-products are the natural and abundant resources of biomaterials to obtain various value-added items such as biopolymer films, bio-composites and enzymes. This study presents a way to fractionate and to convert an agro-industrial residue, sugarcane bagasse (SB), into useful materials with potential applications. Initially cellulose was extracted from SB which was then converted into methylcellulose. The synthesized methylcellulose was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR. Biopolymer film was prepared by using methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glutaraldehyde, starch and glycerol. The biopolymer was characterized to exhibit 16.30 MPa tensile strength, 0.05 g/m 2  h of water vapor transmission rate, 366 % of water absorption to its original weight after 115 min of immersion, 59.08 % water solubility, 99.05 % moisture retention capability and 6.01 % of moisture absorption after 144 h. Furthermore, in vitro studies on absorption and dissolution of model drug by biopolymer showed 2.04 and 104.59 % of swelling ratio and equilibrium water content, respectively. Biocompatibility of the biopolymer was checked by using gelatin media and it was observed that swelling ratio was higher in initial 20 min of contact. The extracted hemicellulose and pectin from SB were fermented by a thermophilic bacterial strain, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25 that yielded 12.52 and 6.4 IU mL -1 of xylanase and pectinase, respectively. These industrially important enzymes further augmented the utility of SB in this study. Therefore, this study emphasizes the possibility for industrial application of SB to form various products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Rozina Rashid reports financial support was provided by Higher Education Commission Pakistan. The financial support from Taif University Researchers Supporting Project is also declared., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Succinic acid (SA) has been produced from rice straw (RS) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) as low-cost feedstocks in this study through sequential peracetic acid (PA) and alkaline peroxide (AP) pretreatment assisted by ultrasound and pre-hydrolysis followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). The effect of yeast extract (YE) concentration, inoculum concentration, and biomass type on SA production was investigated. The results showed that SA production from RS and SB was significantly affected by the YE concentration. Final concentration and yield of SA produced were significantly increased along with the increasing of YE concentration. Moreover, inoculum concentration significantly affected the SA production from SB. Higher inoculum concentration led to higher SA production. On the other hand, SA production from RS was not significantly affected by the inoculum concentration. Using RS as the feedstock, the highest SA production was achieved on the medium containing 15 g/L YE with 5 % v/v inoculum, obtaining SA concentration and yield of 3.64 ± 0.1 g/L and 0.18 ± 0.05 g/g biomass, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest SA production from SB was acquired on the medium containing 10 g/L YE with 7.5 % v/v inoculum, resulting SA concentration and yield of 5.1 ± 0.1 g/L and 0.25 ± 0.05 g/g biomass, respectively. This study suggested that RS and SB are potential to be used as low-cost feedstocks for sustainable and environmentally friendly SA production through ultrasonic-assisted PA and AP pretreatment and PSSF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A farm at Taoyuan in Taiwan was highly contaminated with decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), a widely used commercial brominated flame retardant and persistent in the environment, more than 10 years. Since crops are able to absorb and accumulate BDE-209 from soils in our previous research, posing a hazardous risk for humans, it is essential to develop a practical method of soil treatment. Thermal treatment was studied among different approaches. In our previous study (Ko et al., 2022), we found that heating to 450 °C for 30 min achieved a complete removal of BDE-209 in soil. However, the high temperature significantly decreased the original soil organic matter (SOM) from 2.47% to 0.27%, altering the soil texture, damaging microbial biomass, and thus affecting the revegetation after the thermal treatment. Sugarcane bagasse, a common agricultural residue, served as an amendment to restore soil fertility. Current results indicate that 2.5% bagasse can improve the SOM in soil by up to 2.73% and restore its bacterial composition, making the plant growth conditions similar to those of the untreated contaminated soil. In light of the high removal efficiency provided by the 450°C-thermal treatment and the high recovery efficiency of sugarcane bagasse, the strategy presented in this study serves to be a promising method for sustainable remediation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study reports high gravity fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (FB-SSF) of sequentially pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for enhanced bioethanol by employing multiple inhibitor tolerant Kluyveromyces marxianusJKH5 C60. FB-SSF with intermittent feeding of SCB (total 20 % solid loading) and enzyme (total dose of 20 FPU/g) at 6 and 12 h resulted in superior bioethanol production at42 °C. Under optimizedlab-scaleFB-SSF, the maximum ethanoltiter, efficiency and productivities were73.4 ± 1.2 g/L,78 % and 3.0 g/L/h, respectively, after 72 h in presence of inhibitors (acetic acid, furfural, and vanillin at 3, 1, and 1 g/L, respectively). Furthermore, pentose rich dilute acid hydrolysate of SCB was subjected to fermentation by Pichia stipitis NCIM 3499, resulting in ethanol titer of 6.8 g/L. Overall ethanol yield during the developed process was 260.1 g/kg native SCB, which proves industrial potential of the developed bioethanol conversion process., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The synthesis of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has emerged as an extensive area of research in the last century. Owing to their instinctive properties like modifiable mesoporous structure, high surface area, adjustable pore size, and pore volume, SiNPs could be utilized in numerous fields like chemical, biochemical, catalysis, adsorption, and pollution control. Conventionally, SiNPs are produced by tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), and sodium silicate, which are toxic and expensive. Therefore, the development of green, cost-effective approaches for the synthesis of SiNPs is highly desirable. In this course, during the last decade, silica-rich solid wastes (rice husk, corn cob, sugarcane bagasse, palm ash, fly ash, waste glass, waste packaging materials, photonic industrial wastes, etc.) were acknowledged as economical precursors to produce green SiNPs. In this respect, the present review focuses on reviewing several solid waste materials used for the synthesis of SiNPs, their properties, and different characterization techniques used for the analysis of SiNPs. The present review also accounts for the potential applications of such green SiNPs in several fields like catalysis, adsorption, biomedical applications, and energy storage. Moreover, despite the potential applications of SiNPs, still there is a lot to explore about their synthesis and utilization. Hence, in the last section of this review, future scope, challenges, and risk assessment of SiNPs have been discussed., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The enormous amount of agroindustrial residues generated in Brazil can be used as biomass to produce fermentable sugars. This study compared the pretreatments with different proportions of dilute acid. The method involved pretreatment with 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (v/v) sulfuric acid, followed by hydrolysis using the halotolerant and thermostable endoglucanase from Botrytis ricini URM 5627. The physicochemical characterization of plant biomass was performed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The pretreatment significantly increased the production of fermentable sugars following enzymatic saccharification from wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk: 153.67%, 91.98%, and 253.21% increment in sugar production; 36.39 mg⋅g -1 ± 1.23, 39.55 mg⋅g -1 ± 1.70, and 42.53 mg⋅g -1 ± 7.61 mg⋅L -1 of glucose; and 3.26 ± 0.35 mg⋅g -1 , 3.61mg⋅g -1 ± 0.74 and 3.59 mg⋅g -1 ± 0.80 of fructose were produced, respectively. In conclusion, biomass should preferably be pretreated before the enzymatic saccharification using B. ricini URM 5627 endoglucanase., (© 2022 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Lignocellulose is resistant to degradation and requires pretreatment before hydrolytic enzymes can release fermentable sugars. Sulfuric acid has been widely used for biomass pretreatment, but high amount of degradation products usually occurred when using this method. To enhance accessibility to cellulose, we studied the performances of several dilute organic acid pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. The results revealed that pretreatment with maleic acid yields the highest xylose and glucose release among other organic acids. The effects of concentration, duration of heating and heating temperature were further studied. Dilute maleic acid 1 % (w/w) pretreatment at 180 °C was the key to its viability as a substitute for sulfuric acid. Moreover, maleic acid did not seem to highly promote the formation of either furfural or 5-HMF in the liquid hydrolysate after pretreatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The yeast Cyberlindnera xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 has been identified as a promising new xylitol producer from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SCHH). However, SCHH pretreatment process generates byproducts, which are toxic to cell metabolism, including furans, phenolic compounds, and carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, typically released at high concentrations. This research aims to reduce acetic acid in sugarcane hemicellulose hydrolysate concomitantly with xylitol production by yeast strain Cy. xylosilytica UFMG-CM-Y309 in a bioreactor by strategically evaluating the influence of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (k L a) (21 and 35 h -1 ). Experiments were conducted on a bench bioreactor (2 L volumetric capacity) at different initial k L a values (21 and 35 h -1 ). SCHH medium was supplemented with rice bran extract (10 g L -1 ) and yeast extract (1 g L -1 ). Cy. xylosilytica showed high xylitol production performance (19.56 g L -1 ), xylitol yield (0.56 g g -1 ) and, maximum xylitol-specific production rate (μp máx 0.20 g xylitol ·g -1  h -1 ) at k L a value of 21 h -1 , concomitantly slowing the rate of acetic acid consumption. A faster acetic acid consumption (100%) by Cy. xylosilytica was observed at k L a of 35 h -1 , concomitantly with an increase in maximum cellular growth (14.60 g L -1 ) and reduction in maximum xylitol production (14.56 g L -1 and Y p/s 0.34 g g -1 ). This study contributes to pioneering research regarding this yeast performance in bioreactors, emphasizing culture medium detoxification and xylitol production., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In this study, a renewable organic acid (xylonic acid), which can be prepared by the biooxidation of xylose, is used for pretreating sugarcane bagasse. The effects of reaction temperature and time on the release of fermentable xylose and glucose were investigated. On the basis of guaranteeing the good enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and minimizing the effects of inhibitors, the pretreatment with 1 % xylnoic acid at 190 °C for 30 min was selected after optimization. In this case, 70 % xylose was released, while enzymatic hydrolysis yield was also up to 86.5 %. Meanwhile, the pretreated hydrolysate liquor was proved that it could be used for producing xylonate by biooxidation of Gluconobacter oxydans. Finally, the sequential process of the xylonic acid pretreatment and saccharification also clear the path for recycling the lignin as value-added bioproducts. Overall, this study presents a green-like strategy for fully exploiting sugarcane bagasse., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The reuse of natural fibers, in order to manufacture a new product, is already becoming popular due to the generation of a series of advantages in social areas. Sugarcane bagasse is a set of tangled fibers of cellulose, produced in large quantities due to increased acreage and industrialization of sugarcane resulting from public and private investments in production aimed for the alcohol industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing sheet timber manufacture from the sugarcane bagasse, analyzing mechanical strength properties. A form of metal sheet for the molding of 12 specimens based on sugarcane bagasse and industrialized resin was made. Soon after molding, specimens were submitted to a three-point bending test, with the aid of a press. The analysis of the results allowed to conclude that the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity did not obtain the minimum values recommended by the standard. The tensile strength must be improved to allow panels to be useful for ordinary strength applications., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

In order to sustainable process of bio-succinic acid (SA), response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize liquid hot water pretreatment pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), followed by high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated residual that without washing, then the hydrolysates and partial pretreatment liquid were used as carbon sources for SA fermentation. Results showed that the highest sugars yield could be achieved at pretreatment conditions of temperature 186 °C, time 25 min and solid-to-liquid ratio 0.08; enzymatic digestion the pretreated residuals at 20 % (w/v) solid content via enzymes reconstruction and fed-batch strategy, the obtained sugars reached to 121 g/L; by controlling the nutrition and conditions of the fermentation process, most of the C5 and C6 sugars in the hydrolysate and pretreatment liquid were converted into SA with a conversion rate high to 280 mg/g SCB. This study can provide a novel clue for clean and efficient biorefining of chemicals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The scCO 2 -assisted organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was carried out using aqueous ethanol and organic acid catalysts. Variables involved were temperature (150-190 °C), time (0-60 min), type of catalyst (acetic, citric, and oxalic acids), amount of CO 2 (25-50 g), ethanol titer in water (0-80 vol%), and catalyst concentration (0.5 to 1.5 % w·v -1 ). The best delignification (86 wt%) and glucan retention (89 wt%) were achieved at 170 °C for 15 min using 60 vol% ethanol in water, 1 wt% oxalic acid, and 25 g CO 2 . Organic acid esterification was a limitation for pretreatment operations using ethanol titers above 60 vol%. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated materials at 1 % (w·v -1 ) glucans released 74.3 ± 0.2 % glucose in 96 h using Cellic CTec3 (Novozymes) at 9.89 FPU·g glucans -1 . The concentrated pretreatment liquor allowed lignin recovery by water precipitation in high yields, while the aqueous supernatant contained low levels of fermentation inhibitors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Recent advancements in biorefinery processes necessitate search for cost effective and thermostable cellulases. This study was designed to characterize the cellulase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25. A combined pretreatment of NaOH and methyltrioctylammonium chloride was given to sugarcane bagasse (SB) for lignin removal and the pretreated SB was utilized as a carbon source for the cellulase production. The thermostable cellulase thus obtained was characterized by adopting central composite design which has not been reported earlier for this purpose. Cellulase showed its maximum activity at pH 7 and temperature 60 ℃ and it remained active in the presence of many salts and detergents. Endoglucanase (EG) was found to be stable for 30 min at 80 ℃. The purification of EG by using DEAE column yielded specific activity and purification fold of 365.866 IU mg -1 and 4.264, respectively. The purified EG had a molecular weight of ∼45 kDa. End product tolerance of EG was also evident, as an activity of 228.57 IU mL -1 was observed in the presence of 60 mM glucose which revealed that it does not lose its activity upon accumulation of end-product when the reaction is prolonged. The purified EG exhibited V max and K m of 294 U mL -1 min -1 and 36 µM, respectively, in the presence of 60 mM glucose. This novel thermostable cellulase can finds its applications in industrial sector., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Muhammad Sohail reports financial support was provided by Higher Education Commission Pakistan., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

After several rounds of milling process for sugars extraction from sugarcane, certain amounts of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) still remain in sugarcane bagasse. It is a bottleneck to utilize WSC in sugarcane bagasse biorefinery, since these sugars are easily degraded into inhibitors during pretreatment. Herein, a simple pre-fermentation step before pretreatment was conducted, and 98 % of WSC in bagasse was fermented into d-lactic acid. The obtained d-lactic acid was stably preserved in bagasse and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) generation was sharply reduced from 46.0 mg/g to 6.2 mg/g of dry bagasse, after dilute acid pretreatment. Consequently, a higher d-lactic acid titer (57.0 g/L vs 33.2 g/L) was achieved from the whole slurry of the undetoxified and pretreated sugarcane bagasse by one-pot simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), with the overall yield of 0.58 g/g dry bagasse. This study gave an efficient strategy for enhancing lactic acid production using the lignocellulosic waste from sugar industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The conversion processes of sugarcane into direct-consumption sugar and juice are generating a tremendous amount of waste, the so-called sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Biochar preparation is among the practical solutions aiming to manage and valorize SCB into high added-value functional material (FM). Herein, we propose a novel zero-waste pathway to fabricate two FMs from one biomass. The SCB was first macerated and ultrasonicated to obtain the natural extract that served as bio-reducing medium. Then, the H 2 O/EtOH-extracted SCB was in-situ impregnated with a bimetallic solution of copper and silver nitrates. The process produced an intermediate composite (FM 0 ), Ag/Cu-Ag + /Cu 2+ -loaded SCB which was carbonized to elaborate Ag/Cu-Biochar (FM 1 ), free Ag/Cu nanoparticles (FM 2 ) were obtained by microwaving the residual liquid waste. FM 1 exhibited high catalytic activity for the total Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue. The experimental data followed the pseudo-first and the pseudo-second order rate laws with apparent degradation rate constants K 1 45 10 -3 min -1 and K 2 0.115 g.mg -1 .min -1 , respectively. FM 0 , FM 1 and FM 2 were tested as new anti-kinetoplastid materials against two flagellated protozoans namely the Leishmania spp and the Trypanosoma cruzi. Notably, Ag/Cu (FM 2 ) showed exceptional leishmanicidal and trypanocidal effects with IC 50 values of 2.909 ± 0.051, 3.580 ± 0.016 and 3.020 ± 0.372 ppm for L.donovani, L. amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. In this way, we combine green chemistry and agrowaste valorization in a full zero-waste process, to address the 3rd (indicator 3.3.5) and 6th (indicator 6.3.1) United Nations sustainable development goals, ″Good Health and Well-Being″ and ″Clean Water and Sanitation″., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Present study aims at sustainable utilization of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for production of valuable prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) along with second generation ethanol. Fractionation of SCB into hemicellulose rich liquid fraction and cellulose rich solid residue was achieved using alkaline treatment. Carbohydrate rich precipitate obtained from liquid fraction was utilized for XOS production using inhouse produced endoxylanase. XOS production from SCB xylan was optimized by employing response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions, maximum XOS yield was 227.72 mg/g of carbohydrate rich precipitates. The solid residue obtained after alkaline pretreatment was used for ethanol fermentation by prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (P-SSF) process using cellulolytic enzyme cocktail and Saccharomyces cerevisiae SM1. Maximum ethanol concentration, productivity and yield were 79.76 ± 0.16 g/L, 0.83 g/L/h and 69.38%, respectively by employing P-SSF process. Based on the experimental data it can be predicted that bioconversion of 100 g raw SCB can yield 6.26 g of XOS (DP 2-DP 5), 15.95 g ethanol and 1.44 g of xylitol. Present investigation reports an integrated process for effective bioconversion of SCB into value added products by maximum utilization of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions simultaneously using indigenously produced fungal enzymes.

Most of the dyes are toxic and non-biodegradable in textile industry wastewaters. Therefore, removal of textile dye using agriculture waste becomes crucial for the environment. This can be accomplished by the biosorption process which is the passive uptake of pollutants by agricultural waste. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were used to obtain optimum conditions for Methylene Blue (MB) removal using sugarcane bagasse and peanut hulls as low-cost agricultural waste. The experimental design was carried out to study the effect of temperature, pH, biosorbent amount and dye concentration. The maximum MB dye removal considering the effect of total dissolved solids from aqueous solutions of 74.49% and 67.99% by sugarcane bagasse and peanut hulls, respectively. The models specify that they could predict biosorption with high accuracy having R -value above 0.9. Statistical studies for RSM, ANFIS and ANN models were compared. Further, the models were optimized for maximum dye removal was at 1.21 g of biosorbent, pH 5.24, 31.24 mg/L MB concentration, 22.29°C of dye solution using sugarcane bagasse and at 1.37 g of biosorbent, pH 5.77, 36.7 mg/L MB concentration, 26.8°C of dye solution using peanut hulls. Additionally, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectral analysis was also carried out to confirm the biosorption.2 -value above 0.9. Statistical studies for RSM, ANFIS and ANN models were compared. Further, the models were optimized for maximum dye removal was at 1.21 g of biosorbent, pH 5.24, 31.24 mg/L MB concentration, 22.29°C of dye solution using sugarcane bagasse and at 1.37 g of biosorbent, pH 5.77, 36.7 mg/L MB concentration, 26.8°C of dye solution using peanut hulls. Additionally, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectral analysis was also carried out to confirm the biosorption.

Biorefinery with deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an emerging processing technology to overcome the shortcomings of conventional biomass pretreatments. This work evaluates the biorefinery of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with DES formulated with choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and three hydrogen bond donors: lactic acid, citric acid, and acetic acid. Acetic acid showed unique ionic properties responsible for the selective removal of lignin and the deconstruction of cellulose to improve the digestibility of up to 97.61 % of glucan and 63.95 % of xylan during enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, the structural characteristics of the polysaccharide-rich material (PRM) were analyzed by X-rays, ATR-FTIR, SEM, and enzymatic hydrolysis, and compared with the original material sample, for a comprehensive understanding of biomass deconstruction using different hydrogen bond donors (HBD) as DES pretreatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, are crucial players in the production of enzymatic cocktails for biomass hydrolysis or the bioconversion of plant biomass into products with industrial relevance. The biotechnology industry can exploit lignocellulosic biomass for the production of high-value chemicals. The generation of biotechnological products from lignocellulosic feedstock presents several bottlenecks, including low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, high cost of enzymes, and limitations on microbe metabolic performance. Genetic engineering offers a route for developing improved microbial strains for biotechnological applications in high-value product biosynthesis. Sugarcane bagasse, for example, is an agro-industrial waste that is abundantly produced in sugar and first-generation processing plants. Here, we review the potential conversion of its feedstock into relevant industrial products via microbial production and discuss the advances that have been made in improving strains for biotechnological applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this study., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sugarcane bagasse, a sugar industry waste, has plentiful cellulose. The present work was aimed to prepare the quality nanocellulose with different polymorphs, nanocelluloses I (NC-I) and II (NC-II) utilizing natural deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate) combined with mechanical treatment from purified cellulose (celluloses I and II), which were prepared from sugarcane bagasse, and to further compare the structural and rheological properties of NC-I and NC-II. Results showed that the yields of NC-I and NC-II were 73.66 ± 0.11 % and 75.15 ± 0.08 %, respectively. Morphology indicated that NC-I had a needle-like appearance with a length of 769.9 ± 76.4 nm and a width of 4.9 ± 1.3, while NC-II displayed a rod-like profile with a smaller size (length: 196.3 ± 50.1 nm; width: 14.9 ± 3.8 nm). Structural characterization revealed that both NC-I and NC-II had high purity, good thermal stability (>300 °C) and high crystallinity (85.5 % and 86 %, respectively). Rheological and zeta potential properties revealed that NC-I suspension had bigger shear resistance, viscoelasticity and lower zeta potential, resulting in better storage stability compared with NC-II suspension. Therefore, the NC-I and NC-II with different characteristics may have potential applications in multiple fields, such as the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Presence of heavy metal (HM) ions in wastewater have emerged as among the most prominent issues for improving water quality and reducing it's consequences for the environment, animal and public health. This paper mainly focuses on the remediation of HM ions from wastewater utilizing the relatively inexpensive and widely accessible agricultural waste-Sugarcane Bagasse (SCB). For this, a brief understanding of HMs was discussed (by understanding the sources and toxicity of HM, advantages and shortcomings of conventional processes). Apart from that, to understand the potential of SCB, this review would provide vital information on employing SCB biosorbent in natural and modified forms for HM removal. Therefore, various ways of SCB modifications (including physical, chemical, and composite formation), essential optimal operational conditions (solution pH, dosage of biosorbent, initial metal concentration, contact time, agitation speed, temperature, suitable isotherm and kinetic model) and involving adsorption mechanism were also studied. Finally, significant study gaps were identified to facilitate future research since SCB has been confirmed as a potential bio-adsorbent for removing HM ions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The production of pellets from residual biomass generated monocropping by Brazilian agribusiness is an environmentally and economically interesting alternative in view of the growing demand for clean, low-cost, and efficient energy. In this way, pellets were produced with sugarcane bagasse and coffee processing residues, in different proportions with charcoal fines, aiming to improve the energy properties and add value to the residual biomass. The pellets had their properties compared to the commercial quality standard. Artificial neural networks and multivariate statistical models were used to validate the best treatments for biofuel production. The obtained pellets presented the minimum characteristics required by DIN EN 14961-6. However, the sugarcane bagasse biomass distinguished itself for use in energy pellets, more specifically, the treatment with 20% of fine charcoal because of its higher net calorific value (17.85 MJ·kg -1 ) and energy density (13.30 GJ·m -3 ), achieving the characteristics required for type A pellets in commercial standards. The statistical techniques were efficient and grouped the treatments with similar properties, as well as validated the sugarcane biomass mixed with charcoal fines for pellet production. Thus, these results demonstrate that waste charcoal fines mixed with agro-industrial biomass have great potential to integrate the production chain for energy generation., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The application of biorefinery concepts to produce different value-added biomolecules such as xylooligosaccharides (XOs) generates economical competitive, sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. The objective of this work was to develop an efficient imidazole-pretreatment process of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and the use of the obtained hemicellulose fraction in the production of XOs with the application of in house produced xylanolytic enzymes using SB as substrate, under a biorefinery approach. SB imidazole pretreatment allowed the recovery of a hemicellulose rich fraction (34%) with 91.2% of delignification. Xylanase production by Aspergillus niger reached 53.1 U·mL -1 at 120 h. The application of produced xylanases in the enzymatic hydrolysis of extracted xylan, allowed the production of 6.06 g·L -1 of XOs, where xylotriose represented >70%. Great perspectives are viewed for the implementation of mixed processes in a sustainable closed cycle to produce biomolecules with concomitant valorization of subproducts from SB chain., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)