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Wheat genotypes with different endogenous SA contents were investigated, in order to reveal how cadmium influences salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, and to find possible relationships between SA and certain protective compounds (members of the antioxidants and the heavy metal detoxification system) and between the SA content and the level of cadmium tolerance. Cadmium exposure induced SA synthesis, especially in the leaves, and it is suggested that the phenyl-propanoid synthesis pathway is responsible for the accumulation of SA observed after cadmium stress. Cadmium influenced the synthesis and activation of protective compounds to varying extents in wheat genotypes with different levels of tolerance; the roots and leaves also responded differently to cadmium stress. Although a direct relationship was not found between the initial SA levels and the degree of cadmium tolerance, the results suggest that the increase in the root SA level during cadmium stress in the Mv varieties could be related with the enhancement of the internal glutathione cycle, thus inducing the antioxidant and metal detoxification systems, which promote Cd stress tolerance in wheat seedlings. The positive correlation between certain SA-related compounds and protective compounds suggests that SA-related signalling may also play a role in the acclimation to heavy metal stress., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To find a connection between polyamines and various protective effectors involved in the development of cold tolerance, eight different cereal genotypes, including wheat, barley and oat species, were investigated during the acclimation phase to low temperature. Exposure to low temperature induced different changes in the levels of polyamines, and other signalling molecules, such as salicylic acid and abscisic acid, and of other protective compounds, namely flavonols, sugars and antioxidant enzyme activity, and in the lipid composition of certain membrane factions. The most remarkable differences were observed in the oat varieties compared to the other cereal genotypes, which was manifested in the lack of spermidine accumulation and of decrease in trans-Δ3-hexadecanoic acid content, in lower initial and not cold-inducible abscisic acid content and guaiacol peroxidase activity after cold treatment. Correlation analysis revealed that spermidine shows strong positive relationship with flavonols, abscisic acid and ascorbate peroxidase, while was in negative relationship with trans-Δ3-hexadecanoic acid. These results suggest that spermidine may have a crucial role in the cold acclimation signalling processes in cereals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] UV-B has different impact on drought and Cd stress responses. [•] Protective effect of UV-B against drought may be in relation with salicylic acid. [•] UV-B specifically influences drought or Cd-induced antioxidant/polyamine responses. [•] Changes in ortho-hydroxy-cinnamic acid content are also UV-B dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among plant species rice ( Oryza sativa L.) leaves can be characterised with a very high level of salicylic acid content; however, its exact role is still poorly understood. In the present work, rice genotypes with different levels of drought tolerance have been subjected to PEG-induced drought or cold stress at 10 °C in order to find relationship between the salicylic acid metabolism and the level of stress tolerance; and between the salicylic acid level and other protective mechanisms. Although the drought-sensitive genotypes usually contained slightly higher amount of salicylic acid than the tolerant ones, there was no strong correlation between the salicylic acid contents and the degree of drought tolerance. Because the expression pattern of the chorismate synthase and isochorismate synthase genes did not correlate with the level of salicylic acid, but there was a correlation between the levels of salicylic acid and ortho-hydroxy-cinnamic, it is assumed that the salicylic acid synthesis via ortho-hydroxy-cinnamic acid may play a more decisive role than the chorismate-isochorismate-salicylic acid pathway in rice. While the activity of the glutathione reductase enzyme did not show correlation with drought tolerance, the glutathione S-transferase activities were usually higher in the leaves of the drought-tolerant varieties than in the sensitive ones. The salicylic acid contents in the leaves were not substantially affected by the applied stress conditions; however, other stress-related compounds polyamines showed marked, stress-specific responses. Correlation data suggest that there is no direct link between the abiotic stress-induced polyamine changes and the salicylic acid metabolism in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]