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The distribution on serovars of 60 Salmonella isolates from reptiles kept in captivity in Denmark during the period 1995–2006 was investigated. The isolates were all recovered from clinical specimens submitted to the National Veterinary Institute. A majority of the samples were from reptiles in zoological gardens or similar, while a minor number was from reptiles kept in private homes. A total of 43 serovars were detected, most of them being what is usually called exotic serotypes, and many not having a trivial name, while a few isolates belonged to well-known human pathogenic serovars, such as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Bovismorbificans. One isolate was rough and two were non-typeable. Isolates from turtles belonged to the subspecies enterica, while many isolates from both sauria and snakes belonged to other subspecies. The findings underline the potential zoonotic risk by handling reptiles in zoological garden or other public settings, or keeping pet reptiles in private homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, Salmonella enterica serovar I 9,12:l,v:- emerged in Bulgaria. The aim of this study was to characterize Salmonella serovar I 9,12:l,v:- isolates from Bulgaria, Denmark, and the United States. We compared isolates of Salmonella I 9,12:l,v:- and diphasic serovars with similar antigenic formulas by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility. The phase 2 flagellin gene ( fljB) was also sequenced for selected isolates. By PFGE, the Salmonella I 9,12:l,v:- isolates from Bulgaria were indistinguishable from the isolate from the United States and distinct from isolates from Denmark; furthermore, several Salmonella I 9,12:l,v:- were indistinguishable from an isolate of Salmonella serovar Goettingen. Sequence analysis showed 100% sequence identity with known H:e,n,z15 sequences of Salmonella Goettingen, which has the antigenic formula I 9,12:l,v:e,n,z15. The study indicated that Salmonella I 9,12:l,v:- is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Goettingen and is present in different countries and on different continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared 581 Salmonella enterica serotype Schwarzengrund isolates from persons, food, and food animals in Denmark, Thailand, and the United States by antimicrobial drug susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. Resistance, including resistance to nalidixic acid, was frequent among isolates from persons and chickens in Thailand, persons in the United States, and food imported from Thailand to Denmark and the United States. A total of 183 PFGE patterns were observed, and 136 (23.4%) isolates had the 3 most common patterns. Seven of 14 isolates from persons in Denmark had patterns found in persons and chicken meat in Thailand; 22 of 390 human isolates from the United States had patterns found in Denmark and Thailand. This study suggests spread of multidrug-resistant S. Schwarzengrund from chickens to persons in Thailand, and from imported Thai food products to persons in Denmark and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of different antimicrobial resistance profiles and variants of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) was reported for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 strains isolated from patients in Denmark. Variation in antimicrobial resistance and corresponding changes of SGI1 were shown among isolates from a foodborne outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]