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The objective of this work is to measure the heat transfer of a liquid metal in a cylindrical cell under the conjugate effects of a temperature difference and a Lorentz force generated by an alternating current in a coil. The experimental results are compared to recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) (Guillou et al., 2022). 25 experiments are performed for a large range of frequency f , ac intensity amplitude I 0 and temperature difference between the top and bottom walls Δ T 0 : 15 ≤ f ≤ 1000 Hz , 2 ≤ I 0 ≤ 67 A and 6 ≤ Δ T 0 ≤ 11 K. In these experiments, the Hartmann number H a , the shielding parameter S ω and Rayleigh number R a vary in the following range: 6 ≤ H a ≤ 200 , 1 ≤ S ω ≤ 70 , 2. 3 × 1 0 6 ≤ R a ≤ 4. 1 × 1 0 6 . The experiments with an ac magnetic field are compared with the Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC) experiments under the same thermal conditions. Three rings of thermocouples allow characterizing the fluid temperature distribution during the convection. The heat flux at the bottom and top walls are also measured. We observe a very good agreement between the experimental results and the DNS results. As previously shown by numerical simulations, a master curve of N u / P e ω vs. Q J / Q c allows predicting the evolution of the heat transfer under different conditions of temperature difference and Lorentz force. Here N u and P e ω are the Nusselt number and a Péclet number based on the Lorentz force, and Q J and Q c are the total power deposited by the Joule effect and the total conduction heat flux without motion, respectively. The experiments show that N u / P e ω ∼ (Q J / Q c) − 2 / 5 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations have been widely used to study the failure and mechanical behavior of high performance fiber-reinforced concretes (HPFRCs) in the past decades. According to different algorithms principles of these numerical modeling methods, this paper categorized these methods into mesh-based, particle-based, and lattice-based approaches. The main benefits and limitations of each method were introduced and analyzed with a particular focus on their application to HPFRCs. A comprehensive overview of the numerical modeling methods and their applications at macro-, meso-, and multiscale levels to study the failure of HPFRCs is presented. The paper discusses current trends and challenges in further research on numerical modeling methods for HPFRC failure, exploring novel approaches such as machine learning or AI within the context of numerical modeling. The aim of this paper is to provide scientific guidance and practical tools for studying the failure of HPFRCs through numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scale effects significantly affect the rationality and accuracy of ecological models, so temporal and spatial scales are included in the construction and application of ecological studies. However, few ecological pattern analyses focus on both of these scales simultaneously, which is especially important in terms of synchrony. In this study, based on fishery catch data and simulated data, we propose a framework for coupled space-time scale analysis and reveal possible deficiencies in conventional scale studies. We verified the feasibility and reliability of the scheme using simulated data with different combinations of temporal and spatial scales. The results showed that our scheme can simultaneously identify and localize scale features in the variation in species spatial-temporal patterns, specifically regarding the synchrony and amplitude of temporal dynamics (or spatial patterns) of multiple sites (or times). Our scheme revealed that spatial scales had an important effect on the intrinsic 13-year scale features, which significantly improved our understanding of global Rajiformes fishery dynamics. This showed that the spatial-temporal patterns and scale features obtained based on the coupled space-time scale analysis were complete and more accurate. At the same time, our scheme correctly identified complex pattern structures, such as data stratification and multiple combinations of time and space scales, which can reduce possible errors in practical applications. This scheme can be applied to the identification and prediction of the spatial-temporal patterns in biodiversity in the future and will help in formulating effective policies promoting sustainable fishery resources management and comprehensive conservation of endangered marine species.

Viscosity in the momentum equation is needed for numerical stability, as well as to arrest the direct cascade of enstrophy at grid scales. However, a viscous momentum closure tends to over‐dissipate eddy kinetic energy. To return excessively dissipated energy to the system, the viscous closure is equipped with what is called dynamic kinetic energy backscatter. The amplitude of backscatter is based on the amount of unresolved kinetic energy (UKE). This energy is tracked through space and time via a prognostic equation. Our study proposes to add advection of UKE by the resolved flow to that equation to explicitly consider the effects of nonlocality on the subgrid energy budget. UKE can consequently be advected by the resolved flow before it is reinjected via backscatter. Furthermore, we suggest incorporating a stochastic element into the UKE equation to account for missing small‐scale variability, which is not present in the purely deterministic approach. The implementations are tested on two intermediate complexity setups of the global ocean model FESOM2: an idealized channel setup and a double‐gyre setup. The impacts of these additional terms are analyzed, highlighting increased eddy activity and improved flow characteristics when advection and carefully tuned, stochastic sources are incorporated into the UKE budget. Additionally, we provide diagnostics to gain further insights into the effects of scale separation between the viscous dissipation operator and the backscatter operator responsible for the energy injection. Plain Language Summary: Oceanic swirls or "eddies" have a typical size of 10–100 km, which is close to the smallest scales that global ocean models commonly resolve. For physical and numerical reasons, these models require the addition of artificial terms that influence the flow near its smallest scales. Common approaches have the drawback of introducing systematic loss of kinetic energy contained in the eddies, which leads to errors that also affect the oceanic circulation on global scales. In our research, we compensate for this error by returning some of the missing energy back into the simulation, using a so‐called kinetic energy backscatter scheme. In this work, we continue the development of an already existing and successful backscatter scheme, adding certain improvements to the way energy is budgeted and returned to the flow: we ensure that the local energy budget is attached to each fluid parcel as it is transported by the large‐scale flow, and we also add a random forcing term that mimics unknown sources of such energy to bring its statistical properties closer to reality. We demonstrate that these modifications effectively improve the characteristics of the simulated flow. Key Points: Extension of the subgrid energy equation of the kinetic energy backscatter parameterization by adding advection and a stochastic termBoth additional terms improve several flow characteristics in two idealized test cases, a channel and a double‐gyreScale analysis reveals the necessity of sufficient scale separation between viscous energy dissipation and energy injection via backscatter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water vapor transport associated with latent heat flux (LE) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. The spatiotemporal variability of LE and water vapor mixing ratio (rv) are poorly understood due to the scale‐dependent and nonlinear atmospheric transport responses to land surface heterogeneity. Here, airborne in situ measurements with the wavelet technique are utilized to investigate scale‐dependent relationships among LE, vertical velocity (w) variance (σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$), and rv variance (σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$) over a heterogeneous surface during the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy‐balance Study Enabled by a High‐density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign. Our findings reveal distinct scale distributions of LE, σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$ at 100 m height, with a majority scale range of 120 m–4 km in LE, 32 m–2 km in σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and 200 m–8 km in σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The scales are classified into three scale ranges, the turbulent scale (8–200 m), large‐eddy scale (200 m–2 km), and mesoscale (2–8 km) to evaluate scale‐resolved LE contributed by σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$ and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The large‐eddy scale in PBL contributes over 70% of the monthly mean total LE with equal parts (50%) of contributions from σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$ and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The monthly temporal variations mainly come from the first two major contributing classified scales in LE, σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. These results confirm the dominant role of the large‐eddy scale in the PBL in the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL, while the mesoscale is shown to contribute an additional ∼20%. This analysis complements published scale‐dependent LE variations, which lack detailed scale‐dependent vertical velocity and moisture information. Plain Language Summary: The vertical water vapor transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and the associated latent heat flux (LE), are critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. However, the vertical moisture transport varies nonlinearly at multiple scales due to the land surface heterogeneity across multiple properties. This study investigates the scale‐resolved impact of water vapor and vertical velocity on LE, using data collected aboard an atmospheric research aircraft flying low above the surface in summer over northern Wisconsin during the CHEESEHEAD19 campaign. This study finds that LE and water vapor variance is largest at the large‐eddy scale in PBL and at the mesoscale. In contrast, vertical velocity variance is primarily present in turbulent and large‐eddy scales in PBL. This study confirms the significant role of the large‐eddy scale in PBL in contributing to the majority of the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL top. These findings provide better insight into the factors influencing LE at different scales. Key Points: The scale‐dependent distribution of latent heat flux, vertical velocity variance, and water vapor variance at 100 m over a heterogeneous surface is describedIn the large‐eddy scale, 70% of total latent heat flux is contributed by 50% of total vertical velocity variance and 50% of total water vapor varianceThe large‐eddy scale contributes most of the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the Planetary Boundary Layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its long history, chum salmon has been propagated by hatching and stocking. Age assessment is necessary to monitor the migration status of chum salmon, and it is desirable to increase the number of assessments in order to obtain precise and accurate knowledge about salmon as a resource. This study introduced an automated age assessment system that uses information technologies, such as artificial neural networks and image processing, to improve efficiency compared to manual assessment. Specifically, we first developed a method for extracting scale regions from scale replica sample images and creating a database. We then used a resting zone detection technique based on semantic segmentation, allowing us to automate evaluation using scaled images as part of the age assessment method. Age assessment from resting zone images was realized by an image processing method based on the skills of the staff of the Japanese Fisheries Research Institute, such as an age counting method using circular structures. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms other approaches; salmon age assessment was accurate to within an error of 0.5 years. Our method encompasses automatic data processing of scale images, resting zone detection, and age assessment, and will contribute to the efficiency of the Fisheries Research Institute in terms of both work efficiency and salmon data research.

Based on the Climate Precipitation Center Morphing (CMORPH) precipitation data and the fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data, moist static energy (MSE) diagnosis for 14 cases of southerly warm-sector heavy rainfall with warm shear (WSWR) along the Yangtze-Huaihe coastal area (YHCA) was conducted. The results indicate that the vertically integrated MSE tendency peaks before the precipitation reaches its maximum. This suggests a rapid MSE accumulation leading up to precipitation onset, with moist enthalpy advection dominantly influencing this increase. The vertical advection of MSE is negative, suggesting that upward motions and rainfall play a crucial role in consuming MSE. Vertical integrated MSE budget analysis for the nine cases of nocturnal rain shows that moist enthalpy advection was the primary contributor, driven mainly by meridional latent energy advection. Scale analysis shows that the combination of meridional disturbance wind and the mean specific humidity field results in pronounced meridional latent energy advection. For the five cases of non-nocturnal rain, the net energy flux was dominant before the onset of precipitation, primarily driven by clear-sky net shortwave radiation (SWCS). The meridional internal energy advection also makes a substantial contribution. The scale analysis indicates that the combined effects of the meridional disturbance wind and the average temperature field lead to significant meridional internal energy advection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Viscosity in the momentum equation is needed for numerical stability, as well as to arrest the direct cascade of enstrophy at grid scales. However, a viscous momentum closure tends to over‐dissipate eddy kinetic energy. To return excessively dissipated energy to the system, the viscous closure is equipped with what is called dynamic kinetic energy backscatter. The amplitude of backscatter is based on the amount of unresolved kinetic energy (UKE). This energy is tracked through space and time via a prognostic equation. Our study proposes to add advection of UKE by the resolved flow to that equation to explicitly consider the effects of nonlocality on the subgrid energy budget. UKE can consequently be advected by the resolved flow before it is reinjected via backscatter. Furthermore, we suggest incorporating a stochastic element into the UKE equation to account for missing small‐scale variability, which is not present in the purely deterministic approach. The implementations are tested on two intermediate complexity setups of the global ocean model FESOM2: an idealized channel setup and a double‐gyre setup. The impacts of these additional terms are analyzed, highlighting increased eddy activity and improved flow characteristics when advection and carefully tuned, stochastic sources are incorporated into the UKE budget. Additionally, we provide diagnostics to gain further insights into the effects of scale separation between the viscous dissipation operator and the backscatter operator responsible for the energy injection.

A solution by the self-adjoint operator method (SAO) (still not widely used in engineering) is presented for a lumped parameter model (LM) of a co/counter-current, indirect heated, diluted, tubular, vertical moving bed heat exchanger (MBHE), with heat loss to surroundings. The self-adjoint formulation of the problem and several mathematical techniques enabled the development of an ingenious methodology capable of solving the difficult problem of establishing the character of the eigenvalues of the MBHE operator - only partially known to date - for co/counter flow.For co-current flow, it is demonstrated that the self-adjoint solution corresponds to a solution from the literature - obtained by the Laplace transform - but with the character of the roots not yet established. Therefore, the work aims to, through analysis, study the character of the eigenvalues of the MBHE operator to generalize results from the literature, allowing the use of the solution in a comprehensive parametric range, as well as for different flow arrangements, discussed within the scope of case studies. From the analysis of the eigenvalue equation, five thermal behaviors of the MBHE could be identified. The model was also solved numerically, and the results show excellent agreement in both calculation methods. The obtained analytical solution reveals a possible inconsistency in a literature solution of the analogous heat transfer problem in a triple tube heat exchanger (the) with thermal losses at the outer surface. The study generalizes previous results and allows its extension, by analogy, to the solution for the TTHE with thermal losses at the outer surface.

This paper reports an analytical, numerical and scale analysis study of free convective heat and mass transfer flows coupled with thermal diffusion effect in a slender vertical porous cavity subjected to cooperating lateral temperature and concentration gradients. The top and bottom walls of the cavity are assumed to be adiabatic and impermeable to mass transfer. This study aims to analyze the different hydrodynamic, thermal and solutal behaviors developed in laminar boundary layer flow regime reached at high Rayleigh numbers. Based on the parallel flow approximation, an analytical solution of the problem is derived in the extreme case of heat-driven (N « 1) free convection. The obtained analytical results are validated numerically by generating the solutions of the full governing differential equations by means of finite-difference method (FDM). To estimate the order of magnitudes involved in the boundary layer regime, a scale analysis of the conservation equations is performed. The order of magnitudes of boundary layer thickness, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are derived in this study. For all these quantities, the trends predicted by the scaling law theory are found to be in good agreement with those of the parallel flow approach. The combined effects of Rayleigh and Soret numbers on the boundary layer thickness, flow intensity and heat and mass transfers are illustrated graphically for representative values of N, Le and Ar, and the main results are highlighted and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Final Operational Global Analysis (FNL) data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the all-sky brightness temperatures of the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the Fengyun-4A satellite (FY-4A) are simulated, which are then used to investigate Typhoon In-Fa (2021). The results show that the all-sky simulations based on ERA5 and FNL for FY-4A GIIRS channels 27 (716.25 cm−1), 90 (755.625 cm−1), and 417 (960 cm−1) can reproduce well the structure and intensity of Typhoon In-Fa. But the FNL simulations overestimate the typhoon intensity with more high ice clouds around the typhoon center. Fourier analysis of Typhoon In-Fa at severe tropical storm (STS) and typhoon (TY) stages is conducted. The results reveal that the dominant features of Typhoon In-Fa are primarily large-scale, with a relatively small proportion of observations and simulations dedicated to small-scale features at the STS stage. However, the proportion of large-scale features decreases while the amount of small-scale information increases during the TY stage. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of FY-4A GIIRS all-sky simulations based on the ERA5 and FNL data, as well as to prepare for future all-sky data assimilations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate science involves various functional relations and needs to investigate the dominance or relative importance of the variables in their relation. In our previous studies, we examined several problems in which causal relations are established, showing how the dependent quantity is affected by two or more independent variables. With linear fitting, the relative contributions of the variables to the variation of the quantity are compared. In this study, we examine constraint relation, which is a simultaneous multivariate relation, with all variables in the relation being equal in position. The relation can generally be nonlinear. To be convenient for examining the dominance, plane equation fitting can be used to linearize the relation. The equation of state for ideal dry air is investigated as a simple case of the relation. For this special case, a linearized relation can be obtained from both the fitting and the derivation. The scale analysis tool used in dynamic meteorology is applied here for the dominance analysis. Through comparing the scales of the terms, we can simplify the equation. The simplified relations correspond, respectively, to Charle's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. The geographical preferences of the different dominance patterns are exhibited. In addition, when considering the change of the variable that is smallest in scale, we can identify which factor is the dominator. The ideal gas law is intentionally chosen as the example, since the relation is simple in form, and the results of dominance can be deduced analytically. A comparison demonstrates that the methods used here for the dominance analysis are reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Climate Precipitation Center Morphing (CMORPH) precipitation data and the fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data, moist static energy (MSE) diagnosis for 14 cases of southerly warm-sector heavy rainfall with warm shear (WSWR) along the Yangtze-Huaihe coastal area (YHCA) was conducted. The results indicate that the vertically integrated MSE tendency peaks before the precipitation reaches its maximum. This suggests a rapid MSE accumulation leading up to precipitation onset, with moist enthalpy advection dominantly influencing this increase. The vertical advection of MSE is negative, suggesting that upward motions and rainfall play a crucial role in consuming MSE. Vertical integrated MSE budget analysis for the nine cases of nocturnal rain shows that moist enthalpy advection was the primary contributor, driven mainly by meridional latent energy advection. Scale analysis shows that the combination of meridional disturbance wind and the mean specific humidity field results in pronounced meridional latent energy advection. For the five cases of non-nocturnal rain, the net energy flux was dominant before the onset of precipitation, primarily driven by clear-sky net shortwave radiation (SWCS). The meridional internal energy advection also makes a substantial contribution. The scale analysis indicates that the combined effects of the meridional disturbance wind and the average temperature field lead to significant meridional internal energy advection.

Fourier spectra are powerful tools to analyze the scale behavior of turbulent flows. While such spectra are mathematically based on regular periodic data, some state‐of‐the‐art ocean and climate models use unstructured triangular meshes. Observational data is often also available only in an unstructured fashion. In this study, scale analysis specifically for the output of models with triangular meshes is discussed and the representable wavenumbers for Fourier analysis are derived. Aside from using different interpolation methods and oversampling prior to the computation of Fourier spectra, we also consider an alternative scale analysis based on the Walsh–Rademacher basis, that is, indicator functions. It does not require interpolation and can be extended to general unstructured meshes. A third approach based on smoothing filters which focus on grid scales is also discussed. We compare these methods in the context of kinetic energy and dissipation power of a turbulent channel flow simulated with the sea ice‐ocean model FESOM2. One simulation uses a classical viscous closure, another a new backscatter closure. The latter is dissipative on small scales, but anti‐dissipative on large scales leading to more realistic flow representation. All three methods clearly highlight the differences between the simulations as concerns the distribution of dissipation power and kinetic energy over scales. However, the analysis based on Fourier transformation is highly sensitive to the interpolation method in case of dissipation power, potentially leading to inaccurate representations of dissipation at different scales. This highlights the necessity to be cautious when choosing a scale analysis method on unstructured grids. Plain Language Summary: To better understand the physical processes that drive and define the circulation in our oceans, it is necessary to analyze the temporal and spatial scales on which these processes act. The classical method to investigate the spatial scale behavior is Fourier analysis which splits any given data into waves of different amplitudes and wavelengths. Mathematically this requires data on an equidistantly spaced grid. However, many ocean models apply triangular or other irregular grids for their computations of oceanic flows. In this study, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of applying Fourier analysis for models that use triangular meshes, with prior interpolation of data to regularly spaced rectangular meshes. We also introduce two other methods that can analyze the distribution of kinetic energy and kinetic energy dissipation across scales without interpolation. The results show that one needs to be very careful when choosing a specific scale analysis and, potentially, an interpolation method for triangular grids, especially when it comes to analyzing the process of kinetic energy dissipation. Key Points: Three different scale analysis methods for unstructured triangular grids are presented and discussedFourier spectra after interpolation of fields should be applied with caution especially for dissipation power spectraScale analysis via indicator functions does not rely on interpolation and can be applied to non‐smooth, unstructured data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to investigate how scales for the concept of moral virtues are constructed and measured, in studies associated with business ethics and the tradition of virtue ethics. Methods: a systematic literature review was conducted to select empirical articles on moral virtues that design or apply scales. Based on search, selection, and analysis criteria, five databases were consulted, and 37 papers were selected, with subsequent analysis of the scales development and measurement procedure (items, sample, factor analysis) and emerging factors. Results: the study gathers scales of multiple moral virtues (19) and of specific virtues (18), showing limitations in the generation of items, and in the item-sample proportion in some scales, as well as theoretical contributions in leadership and relationship strengthening, making a theoretical and methodological discussion in the light of the assumptions of virtue ethics in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition. Conclusions: the article intends to contribute to a better understanding of moral virtues in management, by discussing the scales from the unity of virtues and the phronesis-moral virtues connection, with implications for human behavior and business ethics. Procedures are recommended for future qualitative and quantitative studies in new research contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to investigate how scales for the concept of moral virtues are constructed and measured, in studies associated with business ethics and the tradition of virtue ethics. Methods: a systematic literature review was conducted to select empirical articles on moral virtues that design or apply scales. Based on search, selection, and analysis criteria, five databases were consulted, and 37 papers were selected, with subsequent analysis of the scales development and measurement procedure (items, sample, factor analysis) and emerging factors. Results: the study gathers scales of multiple moral virtues (19) and of specific virtues (18), showing limitations in the generation of items, and in the item-sample proportion in some scales, as well as theoretical contributions in leadership and relationship strengthening, making a theoretical and methodological discussion in the light of the assumptions of virtue ethics in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition. Conclusions: the article intends to contribute to a better understanding of moral virtues in management, by discussing the scales from the unity of virtues and the phronesis-moral virtues connection, with implications for human behavior and business ethics. Procedures are recommended for future qualitative and quantitative studies in new research contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scale effects significantly affect the rationality and accuracy of ecological models, so temporal and spatial scales are included in the construction and application of ecological studies. However, few ecological pattern analyses focus on both of these scales simultaneously, which is especially important in terms of synchrony. In this study, based on fishery catch data and simulated data, we propose a framework for coupled space-time scale analysis and reveal possible deficiencies in conventional scale studies. We verified the feasibility and reliability of the scheme using simulated data with different combinations of temporal and spatial scales. The results showed that our scheme can simultaneously identify and localize scale features in the variation in species spatial-temporal patterns, specifically regarding the synchrony and amplitude of temporal dynamics (or spatial patterns) of multiple sites (or times). Our scheme revealed that spatial scales had an important effect on the intrinsic 13-year scale features, which significantly improved our understanding of global Rajiformes fishery dynamics. This showed that the spatial-temporal patterns and scale features obtained based on the coupled space-time scale analysis were complete and more accurate. At the same time, our scheme correctly identified complex pattern structures, such as data stratification and multiple combinations of time and space scales, which can reduce possible errors in practical applications. This scheme can be applied to the identification and prediction of the spatial-temporal patterns in biodiversity in the future and will help in formulating effective policies promoting sustainable fishery resources management and comprehensive conservation of endangered marine species. • Space scale can improve the reliability of results based on time scale analysis. • Synchrony and wavelet modulus were analysed to accurately characterize species dynamics. • Our new scheme is robust and requires less precision on the original data. • The proposed scheme deepens the importance of scale in spatiotemporal pattern analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Final Operational Global Analysis (FNL) data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the all-sky brightness temperatures of the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the Fengyun-4A satellite (FY-4A) are simulated, which are then used to investigate Typhoon In-Fa (2021). The results show that the all-sky simulations based on ERA5 and FNL for FY-4A GIIRS channels 27 (716.25 cm−1), 90 (755.625 cm−1), and 417 (960 cm−1) can reproduce well the structure and intensity of Typhoon In-Fa. But the FNL simulations overestimate the typhoon intensity with more high ice clouds around the typhoon center. Fourier analysis of Typhoon In-Fa at severe tropical storm (STS) and typhoon (TY) stages is conducted. The results reveal that the dominant features of Typhoon In-Fa are primarily large-scale, with a relatively small proportion of observations and simulations dedicated to small-scale features at the STS stage. However, the proportion of large-scale features decreases while the amount of small-scale information increases during the TY stage. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of FY-4A GIIRS all-sky simulations based on the ERA5 and FNL data, as well as to prepare for future all-sky data assimilations.

Abstract Fourier spectra are powerful tools to analyze the scale behavior of turbulent flows. While such spectra are mathematically based on regular periodic data, some state‐of‐the‐art ocean and climate models use unstructured triangular meshes. Observational data is often also available only in an unstructured fashion. In this study, scale analysis specifically for the output of models with triangular meshes is discussed and the representable wavenumbers for Fourier analysis are derived. Aside from using different interpolation methods and oversampling prior to the computation of Fourier spectra, we also consider an alternative scale analysis based on the Walsh–Rademacher basis, that is, indicator functions. It does not require interpolation and can be extended to general unstructured meshes. A third approach based on smoothing filters which focus on grid scales is also discussed. We compare these methods in the context of kinetic energy and dissipation power of a turbulent channel flow simulated with the sea ice‐ocean model FESOM2. One simulation uses a classical viscous closure, another a new backscatter closure. The latter is dissipative on small scales, but anti‐dissipative on large scales leading to more realistic flow representation. All three methods clearly highlight the differences between the simulations as concerns the distribution of dissipation power and kinetic energy over scales. However, the analysis based on Fourier transformation is highly sensitive to the interpolation method in case of dissipation power, potentially leading to inaccurate representations of dissipation at different scales. This highlights the necessity to be cautious when choosing a scale analysis method on unstructured grids.

This paper provides a qualitative account of Vietnamese language maintenance in Manchester. Through ethnographic observations of distinctly Vietnamese locations, Vietnamese language practices are shown to create spaces in which Vietnamese is the dominant language, and in which Vietnamese norms and expectations, or scales, are able to influence and contest other behavioural norms. These scales are viewed as social practices, and they are derived from interviews with Vietnamese speakers and observations of Vietnamese spaces, and special focus is given to the linguistic resources used to conduct them. The analysis reveals ideas of language competence and politeness which compete and interact with norms from outside the spaces, and non-linguistic behavioural norms which contribute to language maintenance. Vietnamese is shown to be maintained through micro-interactions which make the heritage language the norm, and business and religious practices are found to promote heritage language use by requiring heritage language practices to participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model for a co-current moving bed heat exchanger (MBHE) is presented. The bed is diluted and composed of spheres of uniform radius which are transported by a dragging fluid in plug flow. The gas-solid mixture is heated indirectly by a flue gas, which flows in a jacket around the MBHE. Intraparticle temperature gradients and thermal losses to the external environment are considered. The model is solved analytically by the Self-Adjoint Operator method (SAO) and numerically by a combination of the Finite Analytical (FA) and the Finite Difference (FD) method. The results show excellent agreement and the comparison with experimental data validates the model, enabling its use in the design and analysis of MBHEs for which thermal losses are a relevant factor. MBHE effectiveness is defined, and it is shown - for a selected case - that the addition of 5.0 cm thick glass wool raises it by 25.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume of a lake is a crucial component in understanding environmental and hydrologic processes. The State of Minnesota (USA) has tens of thousands of lakes, but only a small fraction has readily available bathymetric information. In this paper we develop and test methods for predicting water volume in the lake-rich region of Central Minnesota. We used three different published regression models for predicting lake volume using available data. The first model utilized lake surface area as the sole independent variable. The second model utilized lake surface area but also included an additional independent variable, the average change in land surface area in a designated buffer area surrounding a lake. The third model also utilized lake surface area but assumed the land surface to be a self-affine surface, thus allowing the surface area-lake volume relationship to be governed by a scale defined by the Hurst coefficient. These models all utilized bathymetric data available for 816 lakes across the region of study. The models explained over 80% of the variation in lake volumes. The sum difference between the total predicted lake volume and known volumes were

Climate science involves various functional relations and needs to investigate the dominance or relative importance of the variables in their relation. In our previous studies, we examined several problems in which causal relations are established, showing how the dependent quantity is affected by two or more independent variables. With linear fitting, the relative contributions of the variables to the variation of the quantity are compared. In this study, we examine constraint relation, which is a simultaneous multivariate relation, with all variables in the relation being equal in position. The relation can generally be nonlinear. To be convenient for examining the dominance, plane equation fitting can be used to linearize the relation. The equation of state for ideal dry air is investigated as a simple case of the relation. For this special case, a linearized relation can be obtained from both the fitting and the derivation. The scale analysis tool used in dynamic meteorology is applied here for the dominance analysis. Through comparing the scales of the terms, we can simplify the equation. The simplified relations correspond, respectively, to Charle’s law, Boyle’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law. The geographical preferences of the different dominance patterns are exhibited. In addition, when considering the change of the variable that is smallest in scale, we can identify which factor is the dominator. The ideal gas law is intentionally chosen as the example, since the relation is simple in form, and the results of dominance can be deduced analytically. A comparison demonstrates that the methods used here for the dominance analysis are reliable.

Convective activities play an important role in tropical weather systems. To investigate the characteristic scales of convection, a method combining a principal component (PC) analysis with Fourier decomposition is applied to brightness temperature observations from Advanced Himawari-8 Imager (AHI). Characteristic scales of different modes in tropical convective systems are obtained. The explained variance reduces rapidly from the first to the 60th PC mode by two magnitudes; the horizontal scale decreases from over 2000 km to about 100 km, and the timescale changes from more than 4 days to around 5 h. By a detailed comparison of the first, 20th, 40th, and 60th PC modes, it is found that large-scale (over 2000 km in wavelength) convective activities usually have significant nocturnal enhancement, whereas meso-scale (about 100 km in wavelength) convective activities feature short period and fast change with more intense development in regions of active large-scale convection. This study may be of some importance for the choice of AHI data assimilation cycling interval, the horizontal resolution as well as data thinning for geostationary satellite observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time reversal of waves is an intriguing wave property that underpins a breadth of applications in physics and engineering. Waves contain information about their sources and the media through which they propagate. Thus, time reversal of measured wave signals has the potential of localizing and characterizing wave sources and of inferring the properties of the medium. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the time reversibility of acoustic waves propagating in water-filled viscoelastic high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. Evidently, the two mechanisms that restrict time reversal are the stability of wave paths to perturbations and damping. Perturbations, however, are found to grow slowly in time (∼t1/2) and are not critical for the time reversal of waves. To evaluate the effect of damping, we perform an order of magnitude analysis on the non-reversible terms of the coupled waveguide momentum equations and derive a dimensionless time reversal parameter TR showing that damping develops linearly with time (i.e. TR ∼ t). Subsequently, we apply the TR parameter to our experiments and relevant experimental proofs from the literature to find that the time reversal of waves only holds for TR ∼ 1 or less; hence providing a criterion to estimate the range over which time reversal-based wave techniques and methodologies are valid. Finally, we discuss the various existing applications of time reversal in hydro-environmental research and engineering and anticipate that the presented work will stimulate further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) has been present in variable, but low, numbers in Norwegian waters since c. 1960, but beginning in 2017 their numbers have exploded in rivers in northern Norway, with considerable numbers also recorded in rivers in southern Norway and other countries bordering the North Atlantic. Analysis of pink salmon scales from two rivers draining to the western Barents Sea showed declining growth during the first weeks after entering the sea, and some individuals even showed a pronounced growth arrest, based on detailed scale circulus analyses. This was followed by a period of growth increase and stability during late summer and autumn, which may reflect a transition to better food sources, as the fish migrate from coastal waters to the open ocean, and as they grow larger and can eat larger and more energy efficient food items. Growth declined to a minimum during winter. Fish body size at spawning was positively correlated with the distance from scale focus to the last winter circulus, as well as with the number of circuli. When dividing scale growth into three periods, better growth during the first period at sea was related to increased fish body length at spawning, but this early growth explained only a minor part (6%) of the variation in final body length. The reason for this may be large individual variation in growth combined with large mortality during the first weeks at sea. If mortality is selective, removing fish with poor growth may reduce a correlation between early growth and body size at spawning. Scale growth during late summer and early autumn explained more of the variation in fish length at spawning (27%). Hence, late summer and early autumn was likely an important period for marine growth and survival in the invasive pink salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We analyzed the scale features of satellite infrared (IR) water vapor (WV) brightness temperature observations of tropical cyclones (TCs). This is to characterize the storm information at dominate scales in all‐sky radiance assimilation for TC numerical weather prediction. This paper presents the results from the study of Hurricane Patricia (2015). Our study shows that IR WV brightness temperatures have the ability to observe multiscale structures of TCs, ranging from a size of above 1,000 km that covers the entire storm and its surrounding areas to a scale resolving individual convective clouds embedded in the TC. The atmospheric moisture for TC development is mainly represented by large scales covering the storm and surrounding areas while the storm structures are characterized basically by all scales. The large‐scale moisture and small‐scale convection demonstrate strong correlation and are closely related to the TC development, suggesting the need for all‐sky radiance assimilation at multiple scales. Plain Language Summary: Scale analyses of infrared water vapor brightness temperature observations of tropical cyclones from geostationary satellites show that the moisture (and hence the moist energy) available for tropical cyclone development is mainly represented by the large scales that cover both the region near the tropical cyclone and the surrounding areas. The tropical cyclone structures, however, are characterized basically by all scales from the entire tropical cyclone to individual convection embedded in the tropical cyclone inner core and outer rainbands. The large‐scale moisture and small‐scale convection are also strongly correlated, and are closely related to the tropical cyclone development during the storm lifetime. These findings indicate the need to assimilate the brightness temperature at multiple scales covering the complete spectrum of the tropical cyclone features; ranging from larger scales covering the entire storm and surrounding areas, to scales that resolves structure of the tropical cyclone eye, eyewall, and embedded convection. Key Points: Satellite brightness temperatures of tropical cyclones were analyzed to characterize the scales that dominate the storm developmentThe moisture for tropical cyclone development is represented by large scales while the storm structures are characterized by all scalesThe large‐scale moisture and small‐scale convection look correlated and closely related to the tropical cyclone development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scale analysis has been performed to investigate the film boiling heat transfer associated with cooling of a horizontal flat plate through water jet impinging. The forced convection film boiling of water is treated by classifying a wide spectrum of subcooling regime by two extreme situations of low and high subcooling dominated by mass evaporation and sensible heating respectively. A simple expression of heat ratio is derived for executing the classification. The ratio is derived by considering the heat and mass transport phenomena and vaporization effect. The radiation heat effect is considered, while obtaining the scale of wall Nusselt number for convective and total heat transfer under both low and high subcooling cases. The comparison of the developed correlations, based on scaling, are made for the wall superheat between 290 and 1100 °C and jet velocity of water between 0.4–3.2 m/s along with the variation of water subcooling between 5 and 45 °C. The proper coefficient of the scaling is developed by making overall comparison of the data from the analysis with experimental data to predict the heat transfer. The effect of liquid to vapor viscosity ratio indicates a substantially higher Nusselt number for the jet impingement of plate under film boiling condition. The density ratio influences the heat transfer only at low subcooling condition. A lower Jakob superheat number, higher Jakob liquid subcooling number, and higher jet Reynolds number increases Nusselt number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate QRS detection is crucial for reliable ECG signal analysis and the development of automatic diagnosis tools. In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient new algorithm for QRS detection using the Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT). The wavelet transform has been extensively exploited for QRS detection and proved to be an efficient mathematical tool for scale analysis; it provides good frequency components estimation for the input signal and has good localization capability. The proposed procedure exploits solely the first level approximation coefficients of the wavelet transform applied to the bandpass-filtered ECG signal. Therefore, it resulted in a reduced complexity algorithm compared to the existing methods which use many decomposition levels. Thresholding has been implemented using the Pan-Tompkins procedure which is known to be very powerful. Our approach has been assessed over the MIT/BIH benchmark database, the MIT noise stress test database for noise robustness evaluation and the European ST-T database. The obtained results show competitive performance with state-of-the-art algorithms. The proposed scheme achieved a sensitivity of 99.83%, a positive predictivity of 99.94% and a detection error rate of 0.228% using Lead I MIT-BIH Database, this performance is one of the best results over this benchmark, and 99.35% of sensitivity, 99.76% of positive predictivity and detection error rate of 0.9% using the European ST-T Database, hence, our algorithm achieved high performance on Holter environment. Using the MIT noise stress test database, our algorithm achieved 98.77% of sensitivity, 91.01% of positive predictivity, and 10.12% of DER. Thus, our algorithm is robust and outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms on noisy recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective For many years, Europe has been struggling with the problem of an aging society. It is obvious that everyone would like to live longer while retaining good psycho-physical health and social activity. This, however, is influenced by many factors, such as health, which may be a form of limitation in everyday life or in performing social roles in accordance with the norms. Objective The aim of the study was to analyze the use of scales for functional assessment of basic and complex daily living activities in individuals aged 80+ in various EU countries. Materials and method Potentially essential articles were obtained through review and analysis of the PUBMED (MEDLINE) database by entering the following keywords: functional activities of daily living, ADL, IADL, complex activities of daily living, basic activities of daily living. Article selection was based on the following inclusion criteria set by the authors and the appointed Advisory Board. Results Assessment of independence and fitness of elderly persons in the area of basic and complex activities of daily living provides information on the quality of life of senior individuals. Analysis of research data used for comparing functional independence of senior persons on the basis of ADL and IADL scales is difficult due to the discrepancies, which may be confusing for researchers studying this area. Conclusions The use of different methodologies for assessing functional fitness of elderly individuals makes it difficult to interpret, compare and practically apply the outcomes. Standardization of research methods used for assessment of basic and complex daily living activities in 80+ persons would enable comparing the obtained data in an interdisciplinary perspective.

Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of an upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid passing through the shrinking sheet is considered. With the impact of thermal slip, thermal radiation and heat source-sink conditions, the UCM fluid model is integrated. The method of the Lie scaling group is used to transform the strongly nonlinear governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The transformed ODEs are numerically solved using NDSolve command of MATHEMATICA and graphically presented with their results. The Deborah number's influence on the velocity profile f ′ (η) is studied for different values and different behavior observed. The Hartmann number M and the mass transfer parameter S have decreased the boundary layer thickness. The Prandtl number has increased the temperature profile θ (η) . In contrast, the thermal boundary layer thickness was decreased by the heat source-sink parameter Q , the radiation parameter R and the thermal slip parameter L. Table 1 shows the verification of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The charging and discharging times are some of the very important factors for the design of highly efficient hydrogen storage chambers with metal hydrides or activated carbon. However, experimental research or numerical simulations have to be performed to determine these factors, which could be time consuming and expensive. In this study, the possible existence of a general time scale for hydrogen storage chambers with large amount of sorption heat is discussed. By scale analysis of the energy equation and rapid heat generation and slow cooling assumption, it is found that there likely exists a general time scale for hydrogen charging and discharging. The time scale is determined as the thermal diffusion time scale of the porous storage bed. Its validity is demonstrated by comparing with the available metal hydrides and activated carbon data in previous literature. Furthermore, a minimum bed thickness scale for a specific charging time is also derived according to the developed general time scale. The proposed temporal and spatial scales may serve as a low cost and efficient tool for the design and optimization of hydrogen storage devices with metal hydrides or activated carbon. • A universal time scale for solid state H 2 storage is studied for the first time. • A quantitative formation of the universal time scale is identified. • The validity of the time scale is shown via comparisons with previous data. • A minimum bed thickness scale for a specific charging time is also derived. • The proposed scales provide a low cost tool for designing H 2 storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the tortuosity and the permeability of a porous medium whose geometry is idealized according to two Euclidean spatial dimensions is studied. Unit porous media solid matrices are taken as iterations toward the 2D Sierpinski carpet fractal geometry. Investigated porous media unit arrangements are either fully periodic (FP), or that of a periodic channel (PC), in which unit porous media geometries are infinitely stacked on both orthogonal directions or only in the flow direction inside a walled channel, respectively. A third case called adjusted fully periodic was also proposed as a counterpoint to the formation of the single preferential flow path of the FP case. The flow regime of interest is the Stokes (or creeping) one, and the numerical approach is done using the lattice Boltzmann method on a porous medium unit domain with a preset pressure drop. Moreover, the scale analysis technique is applied to obtain theoretical correlations for the permeability as a function of porous medium properties for the three cases. Good agreement is found between the correlations obtained herein with results available in the literature. A finding is that whenever the channel walls are removed, the PC case correlation recovers the one for FP. Finally, the results suggest a limit value for the iteration of the carpet beyond which the tortuosity and the permeability of the porous channel and the infinitely periodic (unwalled) porous media are equal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convective activities play an important role in tropical weather systems. To investigate the characteristic scales of convection, a method combining a principal component (PC) analysis with Fourier decomposition is applied to brightness temperature observations from Advanced Himawari-8 Imager (AHI). Characteristic scales of different modes in tropical convective systems are obtained. The explained variance reduces rapidly from the first to the 60th PC mode by two magnitudes; the horizontal scale decreases from over 2000 km to about 100 km, and the timescale changes from more than 4 days to around 5 h. By a detailed comparison of the first, 20th, 40th, and 60th PC modes, it is found that large-scale (over 2000 km in wavelength) convective activities usually have significant nocturnal enhancement, whereas meso-scale (about 100 km in wavelength) convective activities feature short period and fast change with more intense development in regions of active large-scale convection. This study may be of some importance for the choice of AHI data assimilation cycling interval, the horizontal resolution as well as data thinning for geostationary satellite observations.

In the area of traffic sign detection (TSD) methods, deep learning has been implemented and achieves outstanding performance. The detection of a traffic sign, as it has a dual function in monitoring and directing the driver, is a big concern for driver support systems. A core feature of autonomous vehicle systems is the identification of the traffic sign. This article focuses on the prohibitive sign. The objective is to detect in real-time and reduce processing time considerably. In this study, we implement the spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) principle to boost Yolo V3's backbone network for the extraction of functionality. Our work uses SPP for more comprehensive learning of multiscale object features. Then, perform a comparative investigation of Yolo V3 and Yolo V3 SPP across various scales to recognize the prohibitory sign. Comparisons with Yolo V3 SPP models reveal that their mean average precision (mAP) is higher than Yolo V3. Furthermore, the test accuracy findings indicate that the Yolo V3 SPP model performs better than Yolo V3 for different sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mokken scale analysis is a popular method to evaluate the psychometric quality of clinical and personality questionnaires and their individual items. Although many empirical papers report on the extent to which sets of items form Mokken scales, there is less attention for the effect of violations of commonly used rules of thumb. In this study, the authors investigated the practical consequences of retaining or removing items with psychometric properties that do not comply with these rules of thumb. Using simulated data, they concluded that items with low scalability had some influence on the reliability of test scores, person ordering and selection, and criterion-related validity estimates. Removing the misfitting items from the scale had, in general, a small effect on the outcomes. Although important outcome variables were fairly robust against scale violations in some conditions, authors conclude that researchers should not rely exclusively on algorithms allowing automatic selection of items. In particular, content validity must be taken into account to build sensible psychometric instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of tank orientation on heat transfer of a typical roof-top water storage tank is examined in this paper. The theoretical study is based on scale analysis of the governing equation that is used to evaluate the comfort time of both vertical and horizontal water storage tanks. The scale analysis is validated numerically by solving the resulting energy equation using an explicit numerical technique based on two programs written in the MATLAB software for each tank orientation. Different water tank capacities are examined for both horizontal and vertical orientations. Data for commercially available water storage tanks are used in the calculations. Three parameters play an important role in the evaluation process of the comfort time ratio. These are (1) the tank capacity, (2) the tank characteristic length, and (3) the tank surface area. It is shown that the heat transfer coefficient associated with water inside the tank is much higher than the outside air heat transfer coefficient around the body of the tank. The simplicity of the proposed method will allow the user in quick decision making as to which water storage tank orientation would provide longer comfort time. For example, in a vertical tank with a capacity of 1000 L, the water will heat up slowly and from 11:00 AM onwards, it will approximately need 3.7 h to reach the temperature of the environment. On the other hand, in a horizontal tank of the same capacity, the water will heat up much quickly and it will take only about 0.9 h for water to reach the surrounding environment temperature. Eventually, this work will contribute to less water evaporation from these tanks, thus saving water that is essential to water starved desert climates such as in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermocapillary convective flow is important especially for liquids with low surface tension coefficients in the environment of outer space and pronounced in microscale and nanoscale applications on the earth. This study focuses on a rectangular liquid pool with a liquid-gas surface and a ramp heating sidewall. Transient thermocapillary convective flow induced by the ramp heating sidewall with zero gravity is analyzed using scale analysis and numerical simulations. Scale analysis shows that in each scenario of evolution of the flow, there is a series of dynamic regimes that depend on the Marangoni number, the instantaneous Marangoni number, the Prandtl number, the normalized ramp heating time, and the aspect ratio. In typical thermocapillary convective flow, a thermal boundary layer adjacent to the heated sidewall may appear that leads to horizontal surface flow. In addition, a number of scales of transient thermocapillary convective flow, including thickness and surface flow velocity, are obtained. Furthermore, numerical simulations are used to demonstrate flow structures and validate selected scaling laws. The numerical results agree with the scaling predictions, and the coefficient of scales is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil invertebrates directly and indirectly contribute to soil formation and development, nutrient cycling, and other ecological processes and are important biological components of terrestrial ecosystems. However, regardless of the large differences in the physicochemical properties between soil and litter, the conditions in which soil- and litter-dwelling invertebrates exhibit similar spatial patterns along the same altitudinal gradient are not clear. In this study, we investigated invertebrates in forest soil and litter layers along an altitudinal gradient (1020–1770 m a.s.l.). We used multivariate wavelet analysis to compare the altitudinal patterns of 14 dominant soil and litter-dwelling invertebrates and identified the most relevant factors of these patterns using a Random Forest. The spatial patterns of soil- and litter-dwelling invertebrates differed significantly at 76 m and 206 m scales. The dominant taxa exhibited similar altitudinal patterns at the 76 m and 206 m scales in the litter layer, although they differed at approximately 6 m scale. Moreover, resource diversity (herb richness for litter and tree richness for soil layer) was the main factor affecting the differences in spatial patterns between soil- and litter-dwelling invertebrates at 76 m scale, whereas soil heterogeneity (sand percentage for litter layer and temperature for soil) at the 206 m scale. Our results suggest that the responses of soil- and litter-dwelling invertebrates in forests are not always similar across the same altitudinal gradient and whether they need to be separated depends on their analytical scales. Meanwhile, the factors most related to the pattern differences between the two layers varied with scale. This study emphasises the need to conduct separate investigations and modelling simulations for the litter and soil layers to comprehensively assess soil invertebrate diversity across scales, which will provide valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil invertebrate communities. • Altitude patterns of dominant soil invertebrates are diverse and scale-dependent. • Altitude patterns of invertebrates in soil and litter differed most at 76 m and 206 m scales. • Resource diversity and soil heterogeneity affect altitude patterns at these two scales. • Multivariate wavelet is a useful tool for spatial pattern analysis of soil invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the ground thermal properties, and in particular the ground thermal conductivity is fundamental for the correct sizing of the Ground Coupled Heat Pump (GCHP) plant. The Thermal Response Test (TRT) is the most used experimental technique for estimating the ground thermal conductivity. This paper presents an experimental setup aimed to realise a suitable scale prototype of the real borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and the surrounding ground for reduced scale TRT experiments. The scaled ground volume is realised with a slate block. Numerical analyses were carried out to correctly determine suitable geometric and operational parameters for the present setup. The scaled heat exchanger, inserted into the block, is created with additive technology (3D printer) and equipped with a central electrical heater along its entire depth and with temperature sensors at different radial distances and depths. Present measurements highlight the possibility to reliably perform a TRT experiment and to estimate the slate/ground thermal conductivity with an agreement of about +12% with respect to measurements provided by a standard commercial conductivity meter on proper cylindrical samples of the same material and onto 10 different portions of the slate block.

Three-dimensional laser scanning technology has been more mature, and its application fields are expanding. It is being used in key projects and important work such as ancient building recording, restoration and reconstruction. In this paper, the technology is applied to the 3D scanning, data splicing and model simplification of Heping temple building complex in Beijing. After innovative research on ancient architecture, it is found that the group layout, single form and local components of Heping temple building complex in Beijing show symmetry everywhere, vividly reflecting the extensive and profound ancient architectural culture and order. This points out a new direction for the development and application of 3D laser scanning technology and opens up a new path for the in-depth study of the protection of ancient buildings in China.

New models using scale analysis and perturbation methods were derivated starting from the shallow water equations based on barotropic fluids. In the paper, to discuss the irregular topography with different magnitudes, especially considering the condition of the vast terrain, some modified quasi-geostrophic barotropic models were obtained. The unsteady terrain is more suitable to describe the motion of the fluid state of the earth because of the change of global climate and environment, so the modified models are more rational potential vorticity equations. If we do not consider the influence of topography and other factors, the models degenerate to the general quasi-geostrophic barotropic equations in the previous studies.

The surface regression of burning solid fuels facing a forced flow has been observed and measured by several authors, because of its connection with mass burning rate and heat transfer between flame and fuel. The pyrolysis region of non-spreading flames is not uniform in space and changes in shape with time. On the contrary, for moving flames experiments showed that the competition between surface regression and spread rate causes the pyrolysis region to assume a steady-state geometry. In particular, the declination of the pyrolysis surface is constant for given burning conditions, although it is highly influenced by their variations. The geometry of the pyrolysis region is characterised by the surface declination angle, called burn angle, which can be used to study the relation between mass burning rates and flame spread rates. Despite the amount of experimental work in literature, a theoretical description of the burn angle and its dependence on burning parameters such as flow velocity is still missing. The scale analysis in this work shows an alternative approach to predict the qualitative behaviour of the burn angle and therefore of the average mass burning rate, qualitatively describing its dependence on burning conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially distributed nitrate reactivity was estimated for the alluvial aquifer system within the Ruamāhanga catchment in New Zealand, according to the groundwater redox status, integrating machine learning and physically based modelling approaches. Redox classification was carried out for sampled groundwater, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to spatially discriminate between three redox classes across the catchment, using mappable physical parameters as predictive variables. The LDA model predictive uncertainty was used to quantify the spatially distributed geochemical uncertainty of the denitrification potential. Nitrate reduction was simulated as first order irreversible reaction using MT3DMS. Using a Monte Carlo approach, where random redox status realizations were aggregated to various model spatial discretization scales and each transport model realization was re-calibrated, we assessed the relationship between lower order nitrate reduction parameter statistics and aggregation scale. Our results indicate that both the average nitrate reduction parameter values and their standard deviations increase with increased spatial scale. This suggests that the parameters used to model denitrification as first-order reduction in geochemically heterogeneous environments, depend on the geochemical heterogeneity scale. This can have implications when knowledge gained at local scales needs to be applied for basin-scale assessment of effects. Similar were our findings with regards to the parameter-scale dependency on the model predictive uncertainty. Even though the average nitrate reduction across the model domain did not vary with redox scale, the standard deviation around the average almost doubled between the 250 and 5000 m scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the thermal impact induced by the environment on the hydrodynamics of heavy oil transport in pipelines is analyzed. Here, the thermal dependence of the dynamic viscosity of heavy oils, in addition to the mechanical heating caused by viscous dissipation are taken into account; therefore, the mathematical models that represent the flow and temperature fields of the heavy oil have to be solved in a coupled manner. Moreover, given that the pipeline is protected by a thermal insulation (soil), the domain of study defines a conjugate system between the heavy oil, the pipeline and the soil, which indicates that before knowing the temperature in the fluid region, temperatures in the other two zones must be calculated. To define properly how thermal energy is transferred and generated during the crude oil transport, the analysis is carried out in dimensionless form, solving the conjugate mathematical model by using numerical approaches and simplified asymptotic approximations. The main results reveal that the transport of heavy oils is seriously affected by a small reduction in temperature, increasing substantially the dynamic viscosity and the flow rate is reduced significantly in comparison with the case of a full thermal insulation condition. Then, we can infer that when the losses of thermal energy and its effects on the hydrodynamics are controlled, an efficient transport process is obtained. Employing the asymptotic analysis, results show that such a condition can be achieved by two ways: the first one by improving the thermal insulation, and the second one by optimizing the ratio of the internal radius to the length of the pipeline or increasing the volumetric flow rate, which indicates that the conjugate phenomenon is a modified version of the Graetz-Nusselt problem. • Results obtained through the conjugate thermal-hydrodynamic model show important difference in comparison with other models reported in the literature. • The definition of the Nusselt number and the analysis was extended to evaluate the conjugate heat transfer phenomenon. • A modified version of the Graetz-Nusselt problem based on a non-isothermal hydrodynamic flow was determined. • A simple evaluation of the Graetz-Nusselt relationship can reveal if the heavy oil transport process is carried out efficiently. • The relevance of the analysis is based on the fact that for several renewable and non-renewable energy systems, heat and mass transfer occur through viscous fluids highly sensitive to temperature. Conjugate thermal-hydrodynamic model (modified Graetz-Nusselt problem). Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]