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Lignocellulosic materials are widely used for food packaging due to their renewable and biodegradable nature. However, their porous and absorptive properties can lead to the uptake and retention of bacteria during food processing, transportation, and storage, which pose a potential risk for outbreaks of foodborne disease. Thus, it is of great importance to understand how bacteria proliferate and survive on lignocellulosic surfaces. The aim of this research was to compare the growth and survivability of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria innocua on bleached and unbleached paper packaging materials. Two different paper materials were fabricated to simulate linerboard from fully bleached and unbleached market pulps and inoculated with each bacterium at high bacterial loads (107 CFU). The bacteria propagated during the first 48 h of incubation and persisted at very high levels (>107 CFU/cm2) for 40 days for all paper and bacterium types. However, the unbleached paper allowed for a greater degree of bacterial growth to occur compared to bleached paper, suspected to be due to the more hydrophobic nature of the unbleached, lignin-containing fibers. Several other considerations may also alter the behavior of bacteria on lignocellulosic materials, such as storage conditions, nutrient availability, and chemical composition of the fibers.

El desarrollo y la investigación de nuevos productos que puedan sustituir parcial o completamente materias primas empleadas para la producción de energía, productos químicos de alto valor añadido e incluso la fabricación de papel, ha permitido que el cáñamo industrial (Cannabis sativa L.) se vuelva atractivo como principal materia prima en la reactivación de una economía de base biológica con altas condiciones y capacidades de producción. A partir de lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo investigativo es profundizar sobre el potencial del uso de fibra de cáñamo en la industria del papel, soportado por estudios realizados por el Estado Colombiano en lo referente a las disponibilidad de cultivos forestales con fines comercialesque inicialmente se destinan para la siembra y producción de recursos madereros como el pino y eucalipto. Se ha considerado de importancia demostrar que el cáñamo, como fuente de producción primaria, brinda ventajas competitivas económicas, ambientales y sociales frente a los cultivos tradicionales, incluso para las nuevas fuentes de investigación de base biológica.

This research aims to evaluate the suitability of cryptocurrency as money from the Islamic perspective. Money, in the Islamic perspective, has specific characteristics and requirements, such as stability and is based on assets. Cryptocurrency may not fulfil this as it has queries as money from the Islamic perspective. The research method applied data of 23 cryptocurrency prices and related information. The result shows that cryptocurrency is hugely volatile and has limits to being called ‘money,’ as it is limited and used for speculation, which is prohibited in Islam. The research implies that Muslims would be reluctant to use cryptocurrency as money, as a currency of transaction. This reason raise an expectation that the cryptocurrency will not develop rapidly in Muslim countries.

Thailand has an increasing demand for housing and infrastructure. This leads to increased amounts of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes. Most of the C&D wastes are reusable and recyclable. However, without proper waste management these wastes are mostly dumped into landfills without being sorted. This study utilizes a system dynamics (SD) approach to examine the feasibility of the reverse logistics implementation in C&D waste management in the long term. The focus material is paper waste, as it is one of the major wastes that can be recycled and remanufactured. The dynamic model consists of three reverse logistics options, including landfill, recycled, and remanufactured options. Costs involved in the implementation are labor, transportation, landfilling, recycling, and remanufacturing costs. Benefits, on the other hand, include sales of recycled and remanufactured products, energy savings, and green image savings. The simulation results reveal that the reverse logistics program should be implemented for at least three years to achieve positive net profit. The implementation should also be continued until the end of year 9 to be worth the investment, with the internal rate of return exceeding 12%.It is also suggested that the recycling and remanufacturing options should be promoted in long term in order to save landfill space and promote green image of the industry

We examined changes in the number of authors per paper for science and technology papers (agricultural sciences, engineering and technologies, medical sciences, and natural sciences) in Korea. We employed the Scopus database to examine the change in the number of authors in papers, which were published from 2000 to 2015 in the 234 Korean academic journals indexed on Scopus. We found that the global trend of growth in the number of authors per paper is evident in Korea as well. While there was little evidence of a correlation with the citation per paper, a positive correlation was found between with the field-weighted citation impact, another measure of a paper’s impact, in medical and natural science papers. In terms of the type of collaboration, we found that international collaboration papers had the highest number of authors, followed by national and institutional collaborations. The number of authors per paper was highest for those published in the top 10% journals by Source Normalized Impact per Paper, followed by Scopus-indexed journals, while papers published in Korea Citation Index had the lowest number of authors per paper. We propose that the rise in the number of authors per paper in Korean papers may be ascribed to many Korean research programs encouraging group research and the widespread availability of the internet, which has stimulated joint research efforts and encouraged international collaboration.

Abstract Biodeterioration of paper and parchment in ancient books and documents represents a cause of great concern for libraries and archives all over the world. The degradation processes occurring in paper, typically occur over extended timescales (~20 to >200 years). The study of the mechanisms underlying the microbiological attack of historical materials has been widely practiced and still represents one of the main focuses of those institutions and laboratories that are involved in cultural heritage conservation. A total of seventy historical manuscripts stored in different public and personal libraries were sampled for isolation and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria. The age of the manuscripts varied from 170-1030 years old. The characterization of the bacterial isolates was based on colony morphology, biochemical test and their ability to hydrolyze cellulose. Fourty nine bacterial isolates including 46 gram positive rods and 3 gram positive cocci were purified for further characterization. Fourty six gram positive isolates were sporeformers belonging to the genus Bacillus. Iodine solution was used to detect cellulolytic activity on CMC agar.. Results have shown that 16% of the isolates were weak producers, 53% moderate, 21% high and 10% v. high producers. Keywords: cellulolytic bacteria, historic documents,paper, deterioration. Corresponding author E-mail: shababa_bahjat@yahoo.com

A análise morfométrica das fibras das folhas de Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart. revelou que as fibras do pecíolo apresentaram comprimento e espessura da parede superiores às regiões da ráquis e folíolo, com médias variando de 1.266,09 µm a 3.270,56 µm e 5,56 µm a 10,67 µm, respectivamente. Em relação ao índice de Runckel e coeficiente de flexibilidade, as regiões pecíolo e ráquis obtiveram valores considerados favoráveis para sua utilização na indústria papeleira e, o índice de enfeltramento demonstrou que provavelmente as fibras dessas regiões apresentarão uma boa resistência ao rasgo quando submetidas às avaliações físico-mecânicas. Diante dos resultados, a espécie se revela promissora como fonte alternativa de matéria-prima para a produção de papel, sendo necessários, entretanto, estudos de resistências físico-mecânicas a consolidação deste pré-diagnóstico.The analysis morphometric of the leaf fibers of Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart. demonstrated that the petiole's fibers had presented length and wall thickness superiors than the rachis and leaflets, with yours means varying of 1.266,09 µm to 3.270,56 µm and 5,56 µm to 10,67 µm, respectively. In relation the index of Runckel and flexibility's coefficient the petiole and rachis had gotten values considered favorable for its use in the paper industry and, the felting index it probably demonstrated that the fibers of these regions will present good crash resistance when submitted to the evaluations physical-mechanical. therefore, the results show the species is a alternative source of raw material to produce paper, but its necessary to do physical-mechanical resistance studies to consolidate this pre diagnostic.