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11 results on '"Jan Even Øie Nilsen"'

1. Analysis of storm surge events along the Norwegian coast

Author

Tobias Wolf, Stephen Outten, Fabio Mangini, Linling Chen, and Jan Even Øie Nilsen

Subjects
sea level, storm surge, tide gauge, flooding, compound extreme event, Science
Abstract

Observed extreme sea levels are caused by a combination of extreme astronomical tide and extreme storm surge, or by an extreme value in one of these variables and a moderate value in the other. We analyzed measurements from the Norwegian tide gauge network together with storm track data to assess cases of extreme sea level and storm surges. At most stations the highest storm surges only coincided with moderate astronomical tides and vice versa. Simultaneously the extreme storm surges often only coincided with moderate storm intensities. This opens for the possibility of flooding events, where extreme tides and storm surges co-occur, and which could exceed existing sea level records and national building standards. This study also raises the possibility to assess extreme sea level return values as a three-variable system, treating separately the astronomical tide, storm location and storm intensity, instead of the one- or two-variable approach currently used.

Published
2023
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2. Sea-level variability and change along the Norwegian coast between 2003 and 2018 from satellite altimetry, tide gauges, and hydrography

Author

Antonio Bonaduce, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Fabio Mangini, Léon Chafik, and Laurent Bertino

Subjects
Oceanography, Anomaly (natural sciences), Temperature salinity diagrams, Environmental science, Tide gauge, Pelagic zone, Altimeter, Hydrography, Annual cycle, Sea level
Abstract

Sea-level variations in coastal areas can differ significantly from those in the nearby open ocean. Monitoring coastal sea-level variations is therefore crucial to understand how climate variability can affect the densely populated coastal regions of the globe. In this paper, we study the sea-level variability along the coast of Norway by means of in situ records, satellite altimetry data, and a network of eight hydrographic stations over a period spanning 16 years (from 2003 to 2018). At first, we evaluate the performance of the ALES-reprocessed coastal altimetry dataset (1 Hz posting rate) by comparing it with the sea-level anomaly from tide gauges over a range of timescales, which include the long-term trend, the annual cycle, and the detrended and deseasoned sea-level anomaly. We find that coastal altimetry and conventional altimetry products perform similarly along the Norwegian coast. However, the agreement with tide gauges in terms of trends is on average 6 % better when we use the ALES coastal altimetry data. We later assess the steric contribution to the sea level along the Norwegian coast. While longer time series are necessary to evaluate the steric contribution to the sea-level trends, we find that the sea-level annual cycle is more affected by variations in temperature than in salinity and that both temperature and salinity give a comparable contribution to the detrended and deseasoned sea-level variability along the entire Norwegian coast. A conclusion from our study is that coastal regions poorly covered by tide gauges can benefit from our satellite-based approach to study and monitor sea-level change and variability.

Published
2022

3. Atmospheric and Climatic Drivers of Tide Gauge Sea Level Variability along the East and South Coast of South Africa

Author

Björn C. Backeberg, Bernardino J. Nhantumbo, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, and Chris J. C. Reason

Subjects
tide gauge sea level variability, atmospheric and climatic drivers, Atmospheric pressure, Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering, Mesoscale meteorology, Mode (statistics), VM1-989, Ocean Engineering, Zonal and meridional, Forcing (mathematics), GC1-1581, Oceanography, Climatology, Southern Africa sea level variability, Environmental science, Tide gauge, Indian Ocean Dipole, Sea level, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Atmospheric forcing and climate modes of variability on various timescales are important drivers of sea level variability. However, the influence of such drivers on sea level variability along the South African east and south coast has not yet been adequately investigated. Here, we determine the timescales of sea level variability and their relationships with various drivers. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) was applied to seven tide gauge records and potential forcing data for this purpose. The oscillatory modes identified by the EMD were summed to obtain physically more meaningful timescales—specifically, the sub-annual (less than 18 months) and interannual (greater than two years) scales. On the sub-annual scale, sea level responds to regional zonal and meridional winds associated with mesoscale and synoptic weather disturbances. Ekman dynamics resulting from variability in sea level pressure and alongshore winds are important for the coastal sea level on this timescale. On interannual timescales, there were connections with ENSO, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), although the results are not consistent across all the tide gauge stations and are not particularly strong. In general, El Niño and positive IOD events are coincident with high coastal sea levels and vice versa, whereas there appears to be an inverse relationship between SAM phase and sea level.

Published
2021

4. Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget, with focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation

Author

S. K. Rose, Hannes Müller Schmied, Marco Restano, Anna E. Hogg, Johnny A. Johannessen, Frank Paul, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Claire Macintosh, Heidi Randall, Christopher J. Merchant, Ben Marzeion, Hindumathi Palanisamy, K. Novotny, Karina von Schuckmann, Raymond Le Bris, Andreas Groh, Valentina R. Barletta, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Petra Döll, Andrew Shepherd, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Per Knudsen, René Forsberg, Denise Cáceres, Martin Horwath, Jérôme Benveniste, Roshin P. Raj, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Anny Cazenave, Ines Otosaka, and Florence Marti

Subjects
Drifter, Sea surface temperature, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Climatology, Greenland ice sheet, Environmental science, Climate change, Antarctic ice sheet, Glacier, Sea level, Argo
Abstract

Studies of the global sea-level budget (SLB) and the global ocean-mass budget (OMB) are essential to assess the reliability of our knowledge of sea-level change and its contributions. Here we present datasets for times series of the SLB and OMB elements developed in the framework of ESA's Climate Change Initiative. We use these datasets to assess the SLB and the OMB simultaneously, utilising a consistent framework of uncertainty characterisation. The time series, given at monthly sampling, include global mean sea-level (GMSL) anomalies from satellite altimetry; the global mean steric component from Argo drifter data with incorporation of sea surface temperature data; the ocean mass component from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravimetry; the contribution from global glacier mass changes assessed by a global glacier model; the contribution from Greenland Ice Sheet and Antarctic Ice Sheet mass changes, assessed from satellite radar altimetry and from GRACE; and the contribution from land water storage anomalies assessed by the WaterGAP global hydrological model. Over the period Jan 1993–Dec 2016 (P1, covered by the satellite altimetry records), the mean rate (linear trend) of GMSL is 3.05 ± 0.24 mm yr−1. The steric component is 1.15 ± 0.12 mm yr−1 (38 % of the GMSL trend) and the mass component is 1.75 ± 0.12 mm yr−1 (57 %). The mass component includes 0.64 ± 0.03 mm yr−1 (21 % of the GMSL trend) from glaciers outside Greenland and Antarctica, 0.60 ± 0.04 mm yr−1 (20 %) from Greenland, 0.19 ± 0.04 mm yr−1 (6 %) from Antarctica, and 0.32 ± 0.10 mm yr−1 (10 %) from changes of land water storage. In the period Jan 2003–Aug 2016 (P2, covered by GRACE and the Argo drifter system), GMSL rise is higher than in P1 at 3.64 ± 0.26 mm yr−1. This is due to an increase of the mass contributions (now about 2.22 ± 0.15 mm yr−1, 61 % of the GMSL trend), with the largest increase contributed from Greenland. The SLB of linear trends is closed for P1 and P2, that is, the GMSL trend agrees with the sum of the steric and mass components within their combined uncertainties. The OMB budget, which can be evaluated only for P2, is also closed, that is, the GRACE-based ocean-mass trend agrees with the sum of assessed mass contributions within uncertainties. Combined uncertainties (1-sigma) of the elements involved in the budgets are between 0.26 and 0.40 mm yr−1, about 10 % of GMSL rise. Interannual variations that overlie the long-term trends are coherently represented by the elements of the SLB and the OMB. Even at the level of monthly anomalies the budgets are closed within uncertainties, while also indicating possible origins of remaining misclosures.

Published
2021

5. The relationship between the eddy-driven jet stream and northern European sea level variability

Author

Erica Madonna, Laurent Bertino, Léon Chafik, Camille Li, Fabio Mangini, and Jan Even Øie Nilsen

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, eddy-driven jet stream, Continental shelf, wind forcing, GC1-1581, Jet stream, Sea level anomaly, northern european sea level, satellite altimetry, Oceanography, Satellite altimetry, Climatology, Meteorology. Climatology, Altimeter, QC851-999, Geology, Sea level, jet clusters, Wind forcing
Abstract

Wintertime sea level variability over the northern European continental shelf is largely wind-driven. Using daily gridded sea level anomaly from altimetry, we examine both the spatial and the temporal relationship between northern European sea level variability and large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns as represented by the jet cluster paradigm. The jet clusters represent different configurations of the eddy-driven jet stream and, therefore, provide a physical description of the atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic. We find that each of the four jet clusters is associated with a distinct northern European sea level anomaly pattern whose magnitudes are comparable to those of typical sea level variations on the shelf. In certain locations, such as the German Bight and the east coast of England, sea level anomalies are mainly associated with one single jet cluster. In other locations, such as the interior and the northern part of the North Sea, sea level anomalies are found to be sensitive to at least two jet configurations. Based on these regional sea level variations, we map out the locations on the shelf where each jet cluster or combination of clusters is most active before discussing the role of Ekman transport in inducing the resulting patterns. Through a multiple linear regression model, we also find that the jet clusters reconstruct up to 50% of the monthly mean sea level anomaly variance over the northern European continental shelf. The model best performs in the interior and the western part of the North Sea, suggesting that wind direction rather than wind speed plays a more prominent role over these regions. We conclude that the jet cluster approach gives valuable new insights compared to linear regression techniques for characterising wind-driven sea level variability over the northern European continental shelf. publishedVersion

Published
2021

6. Re-assessing extreme sea level events through interplay of tides and storm surges

Author

Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Tobias Wolf, Fabio Mangini, Linling Chen, and Stephen Outten

Subjects
Oceanography, Storm surge, Environmental science, Sea level
Abstract

Flooding events pose an ever increasing threat in a warming world. Safety standards for buildings and infrastructure are often based on past observations of local sea level, as measured by tide gauges and remote sensing systems. However, sea level at a given location is not an isolated property and is determined by a combination of factors. For extreme sea level events, there are two factors that of particular importance: the astronomical tide, and storm surges. In this work, we analysed measurements from 21 stations in the Norwegian tide gauge network, disentangling the factors contributing to the previously observed extreme events.By separating the observed sea level into a tidal component and a storm surge component, we found that in many cases the observed extreme sea level events were caused by an extreme storm surge coinciding with only a moderate tide, or an extreme tide coinciding with only a moderate storm surge. This raises the possibility of a ‘super-flooding’ event, where an extreme storm surge may occur with an extreme tide. Even in the short records examined in this study (less than 40 years), the combination of the highest observed tide with the highest observed storm surge would greatly exceed in the 1000-year return level event at many locations. This is often used as a national standard for critical infrastructure. We further complement the work by analysing the storm tracks close to Norway. By relating the storm surges with the individual storms giving rise to them, we found that many storm surges during extreme sea level events were related to cyclones of only moderate intensity. Combined with the previous findings, this work suggests the need to assess extreme sea level return values for future construction and infrastructure planning as the result of a multi-variable system. This is in contrast to basing such assessments on the single variable of observed sea level as it is done today.

Published
2020

7. Coastal sea levels, impacts, and adaptation

Author

Sally Brown, Thomas Wahl, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, and Ivan D. Haigh

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, Storm surge, Ocean Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, adaptation, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Oceanography, lcsh:VM1-989, coastal climate services, waves, lcsh:GC1-1581, education, impacts, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Coastal sea, education.field_of_study, mean sea level, communication, ECRA, fungi, lcsh:Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, coastal zone management, Oceanography, cross-sectorial collaboration, Environmental science, storm surges, Adaptation, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

ExcerptSea-level rise (SLR) poses a great threat to approximately 10% of the world’s population residing in low-elevation coastal zones (i.e., land located up to 10 m of present-day mean sea-level (MSL))[...]

Published
2018

8. Impact of North Atlantic Teleconnection Patterns on Northern European Sea Level

Author

Sönke Dangendorf, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, and Léon Chafik

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, atmospheric circulation, teleconnections, Ocean Engineering, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Oceanography, lcsh:VM1-989, Ekman transport, European sea level, lcsh:GC1-1581, Altimeter, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Continental shelf, lcsh:Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering, satellite altimetry, tide gauges, Oceanography, North Atlantic oscillation, Climatology, Tide gauge, Geology, Teleconnection
Abstract

Northern European sea levels show a non-stationary link to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The location of the centers of the NAO dipole, however, can be affected through the interplay with the East Atlantic (EAP) and the Scandinavian (SCAN) teleconnection patterns. Our results indicate the importance of accounting for the binary combination of the NAO with the EAP/SCAN for better understanding the non-stationary drivers inducing sea level variations along the European coasts. By combining altimetry and tide gauges, we find that anomalously high monthly sea levels along the Norwegian (North Sea) coast are predominantly governed by same positive phase NAO+/EAP+ (NAO+/SCAN+) type of atmospheric circulation, while the Newlyn and Brest tide gauges respond markedly to the opposite phase NAO−/EAP+ combination. Despite these regional differences, we find that coherent European sea level changes project onto a pattern resembling NAO+/SCAN+, which is signified by pressure anomalies over Scandinavia and southern Europe forcing winds to trace the continental slope, resulting in a pile-up of water along the European coasts through Ekman transport. We conclude that taking into consideration the interaction between these atmospheric circulation regimes is valuable and may help to understand the time-varying relationship between the NAO and European mean sea level.

Published
2017
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9. Projected 21st Century Sea-Level Changes, Observed Sea Level Extremes, and Sea Level Allowances for Norway

Author

Oda Roaldsdotter Ravndal, Matthew J. R. Simpson, Holger Steffen, Olav Vestøl, Halfdan Pascal Kierulf, Hilde Sande, and Jan Even Øie Nilsen

Subjects
ACER extreme value prediction, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, regional sea-level projections, sea level allowances, Climate change, Storm surge, Ocean Engineering, extreme sea levels, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Oceanography, lcsh:VM1-989, Norway, sea-level change, IPCC AR5, glacial isostatic adjustment, tide gauges, lcsh:GC1-1581, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Lead (sea ice), Metres above sea level, lcsh:Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering, Geodetic datum, Post-glacial rebound, Climatology, Environmental science, Tide gauge
Abstract

Changes to mean sea level and/or sea level extremes (e.g., storm surges) will lead to changes in coastal impacts. These changes represent a changing exposure or risk to our society. Here, we present 21st century sea-level projections for Norway largely based on the Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC AR5). An important component of past and present sea-level change in Norway is glacial isostatic adjustment. We therefore pay special attention to vertical land motion, which is constrained using new geodetic observations with improved spatial coverage and accuracies, and modelling work. Projected ensemble mean 21st century relative sea-level changes for Norway are, depending on location, from −0.10 to 0.30 m for emission scenario RCP2.6; 0.00 to 0.35 m for RCP 4.5; and 0.15 to 0.55 m for RCP8.5. For all RCPs, the projected ensemble mean indicates that the vast majority of the Norwegian coast will experience a rise in sea level. Norway’s official return heights for extreme sea levels are estimated using the average conditional exceedance rate (ACER) method. We adapt an approach for calculating sea level allowances for use with the ACER method. All the allowances calculated give values above the projected ensemble mean Relative Sea Level (RSL) rise, i.e., to preserve the likelihood of flooding from extreme sea levels, a height increase above the most likely RSL rise should be used in planning. We also show that the likelihood of exceeding present-day return heights will dramatically increase with sea-level rise.

Published
2017

10. Contributions to sea level variability along the Norwegian coast for 1960-2010

Author

Helge Drange, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, and K. Richter

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Nordic Seas, 14. Life underwater, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Paleontology, Land uplift, Forestry, Post-glacial rebound, Barometer, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Tide gauge, Thermohaline circulation, Hydrography, Geology
Abstract

[1] Global sea level has been rising by about 20 cm during the last century and is expected to continue to rise in the 21st century. The rise and variability is not spatially uniform. To be able to project local changes in relative sea level (RSL), it is important to identify the processes that govern regional RSL variability. In this study, we assess the importance of different contributions to RSL variability along the coast of Norway in the period 1960–2010. By using hydrographic station data at the coast, sea level pressure, and observed vertical land uplift, we compute RSL changes due to thermal expansion, haline contraction, the inverted barometer effect, and land uplift caused by glacial isostatic adjustment. The combination of these contributions is compared to RSL variability observed with tide gauges. For all but the two southernmost stations, the reconstructed RSL explains 70–85% of the observed variability of the monthly sampled time series. The inverted barometer effect is responsible for more than half of the explained variability, while thermosteric height represents the largest contribution to the linear trend. Due to land uplift, the local RSL rise is weaker and partly negative along the Norwegian coast. The residual (observed minus reconstructed) shows a positive trend ranging from 1.3 mm yr−1 to 2.3 mm yr−1. It is speculated that the reason for this is an increase of mass in the ocean due to melting of land-based ice and, to a lesser degree, the combined thermohaline expansion in the deep Nordic seas.

Published
2012

11. Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

Author

Francesco d'Ovidio, Pierre Féménias, Sean Bruinsma, Felix Perosanz, Jerome Bouffard, S. Desai, Alexandre Couhert, Tatyana V. Belonenko, Sinead L. Farrell, Masafumi Kamachi, Rémi Laxenaire, Alexei V. Kouraev, M-Isabelle Pujol, Sandrine Mulet, Ciprian Spatar, Pablo Nilo Garcia, Loren Carrere, Vinca Rosmorduc, Michel Calzas, Marcello Passaro, Francesca Cirillo, Mathieu Hamon, Enrico Ser-Giacomi, Jida Wang, Raj Kumar, Stelios P. Mertikas, Luisella Giulicchi, Eric Jeansou, Benoit Legresy, Corinne Salaün, Donald Richardson, Martin Horwath, Sujit Basu, Rosemary Morrow, Jean-Damien Desjonquères, François Barlier, Cédric Brachet, Cécile Manfredi, Yves Morel, P. K. Gupta, Nicolas Taburet, Ferran Gibert, Anny Cazenave, Sung Yong Kim, Christopher Pearson, Lin Gilbert, Brian D. Dushaw, Johnny A. Johannessen, René Forsberg, Joël Dorandeu, Luciana Fenoglio, Denis Blumstein, C. K. Shum, Debadatta Swain, Stephan Paul, Valerii Vuglinskii, Marco Meloni, Hilary Wilson, Laurent Testut, Sebatian B. Simonsen, John Moyard, Fabien Léger, Andy Shaw, Abdolnabi Abdeh Kolahchi, Andrea Scozzari, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Anna I. Bulczak, Valerio Poggiali, Rashmi Shah, John Wilkin, Steven Baker, Patrice Klein, Touati Benkouider, Claire Macintosh, Sarah T. Gille, Alexandre Guerin, Gilles Tavernier, Josh K. Willis, Jérôme Benveniste, Cedric Tourain, Emil V. Stanev, Praveen K. Thakur, Lionel Fichen, Céline Tison, Hans Ngodock, Shenfu Dong, Yuanyuan Jia, Sergey A. Lebedev, Nadia Ayoub, Constantin Mavrocordatos, Cédric H. David, Salvatore Dinardo, Yongjun Jia, Berguzar Oztunali Ozbahceci, Sara Fleury, Matthias Raynal, Yannice Faugère, Kathryn A. Kelly, Christian Schwatke, Craig Donlon, Etienne Poirier, Margaret Srinivasan, Remko Scharroo, Helena Antich, Barbara J. Ryan, Sergey V. Prants, Malcolm McMillan, Frédérique Rémy, David T. Sandwell, Annick Sylvestre-baron, Pascal Bonnefond, Fabien Blarel, Mounir Benkiran, Remi Tailleux, Marco Restano, Thierry Guinle, Stefano Vignudelli, Eric Leuliette, Madeleine Cahill, Ali Rami, Saulo Soares, Sophie Le Gac, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Claudia C. Carabajal, Veit Helm, Eva Alou-Font, Alejandro Blazquez, David Griffin, Habib B. Dieng, Prakash Chauhan, Albert Garcia-Mondejar, Christian Massari, Christopher J. Banks, Joana Fernandes, Blake A Walter, Nathalie Steunou, Karina Nielsen, Elena Zakharova, Bob Su, Stefania Camici, Frédérique Seyler, Fukai Peng, Denis L. Volkov, Wim Simons, Pieter Visser, Sophie Coutin-Faye, Lionel Gourdeau, Jesús Gómez-Enri, Andreas Schiller, Brian K. Arbic, Svetlana Karimova, Christine Gommenginger, Fanny Piras, Angélique Melet, Steve Coss, Meric Srokosz, Robert G. King, Frédéric Frappart, Fernando S. Paolo, Anna Klos, José Darrozes, Shannon Brown, Loreley Selene Lago, Susheel Adusumilli, Jay F. Shriver, Yves Quilfen, Martina Idžanović, Bernd Uebbing, Daniel Medeiros Moreira, Byron D. Tapley, R. Keith Raney, Frank G. Lemoine, Angelica Tarpanelli, Lara Díaz-Barroso, Jean-François Crétaux, Jean Tournadre, Tamlin M. Pavelsky, Sébastien Trilles, Carolina Nogueira Loddo, Léa Lasson, Stine Kildegaard Rose, Luc Lenain, Philip L. Woodworth, Marie-laure Frery, Saleh Abdalla, Bo Qiu, Stefan Hendricks, Mikhail A. Sokolovskiy, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Martin G. Scharffenberg, Per Knudsen, Andrew Shepherd, Michiel Otten, Sammie Buzzard, Philippe Schaeffer, Nicolas Picot, Luca Brocca, Michel Tsamados, Danielle De Staerke, Frederic Vivier, Nicole Bellefond, Jean-François Minster, Telmo Vieira, Brian D. Beckley, Stylianos Flampouris, Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer, Sergei Rudenko, Camille Noûs, Sabine Arnault, Frédéric Cyr, Liguang Jiang, Nicolas Bercher, Teresa K. Chereskin, Katsumi Takayama, Julienne Stroeve, Andrea Doglioli, Joanna Staneva, Stéphane Calmant, T. Moreau, Julien Le Sommer, David R. Donahue, Nadim Dayoub, Clement Ubelmann, Annie Richardson, Estelle Obligis, Laurent Brodeau, Catherine Prigent, Gérald Dibarboure, Simón Ruiz, LuAnne Thompson, Muriel Berge-Nguyen, Martina Ricko, Hugues Capdeville, Sammy Metref, Roshin P. Raj, Suchandra Aich Bhowmick, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Guillermina Paniagua, Mathilde Cancet, Eero Rinne, Sonia Ponce de León, Cédric Falco, Jianqiang Liu, Lucile Gaultier, Julia Gaudelli, Thierry Medina, Vadim Zinchenko, William Llovel, Eric P. Chassignet, Raymond Zaharia, Svetlana Y. Erofeeva, Lifeng Bao, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Emmanuel Cosme, Anna E. Hogg, Yohanes Budi Sulistioadi, Artur Gil, O. Laurain, Walter H. F. Smith, Ngan Tran, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Laura Gomez-Navarro, Adrien Paris, Thomas W. K. Armitage, Alejandro Egido, Christopher Watson, João H. Bettencourt, Giuseppe Aulicino, Philippe Escudier, Fangfang Yao, Marco Fornari, Guoqi Han, Florent Lyard, Elisabeth Remy, Lotfi Aouf, Michele Scagliola, Martin Saraceno, Paolo Filippucci, Chao Wang, Zhongxiang Zhao, Juliette Lambin, Evan Mason, Ines Otosaka, Daniele Ciani, Raúl A. Guerrero, Ralf Bennartz, Michael Ablain, Fabrice Hernandez, Xiaoli Deng, John Lillibridge, Oscar Vergara, Marina Levy, Christine Drezen, Pierre Thibaut, Ronan Fablet, Bill Townsend, David Cotton, Sabrina Speich, Clara Lázaro, R. S. Nerem, Danièle Hauser, Pierre Exertier, Yuri Cotroneo, Henryk Dobslaw, Alessandro Di Bella, Karina von Schuckmann, Saskia Esselborn, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Cecile Marie Margaretha Kittel, Rolf Koenig, Peter Bauer-Gottwein, Franck Borde, Alexander Braun, Christine Provost, Thomas Slater, Laiba Amarouche, Nikolai Maximenko, Raphael Schneider, Victor Zlotnicki, Jacques Verron, Sergei I. Badulin, Andreas Groh, Denise Dettmering, Mark R. Drinkwater, S. Cherchali, Marc Naeije, Fernando Niño, Alessio Domeneghetti, Kuo Hsin Tseng, François Boy, Rashmi Sharma, Laurent Soudarin, Peter A. E. M. Janssen, Robert Ricker, Frédéric Marin, Ananda Pascual, Eduard Makhoul Varona, Yongsheng Zhang, Pierrik Vuilleumier, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Guillaume Dodet, Pascale Ferrage, Ramiro Ferrari, Yves Du Penhoat, Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de Paiva, S. Labroue, Camila Indira Artana, Joaquín Tintoré, David Brockley, Thierry Penduff, Paolo Cipollini, Augusto Getirana, Cecile Cheymol, Edward D. Zaron, Silvia Barbetta, Pierre Brasseur, Benoit Meyssignac, Matthias Becker, Kehan Yang, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Jean Paul Boy, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWRMI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organisation (AREEO ), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Space Applications Centre [Ahmedabad] (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Météo France, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (SIO), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Department of Space and Climate Physics [UCL London], Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL)-University College of London [London] (UCL), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics [Wuhan], Chinese Academy of Sciences [Wuhan Branch], Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica [Perugia] (IRPI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), DTU Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), St Petersburg State University (SPbU), Agence Spatiale Algérienne = Algerian Space Agency (ASAL), Vanderbilt University [Nashville], European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSU Division Technique de l'INSU [Site de Brest], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], OceanNext, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences (IO-PAN), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Australian Institute of Marine Science [Townsville] (AIMS Townsville), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), NOVELTIS [Sté], Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), International Space Science Institute [Bern] (ISSI), Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), Airbus Group [Germany], Airbus [France], School of Earth Sciences [Columbus], Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Satellite Oceanographic Consultants Ltd (SATOC), Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre (NWAFC), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), School of Engineering [Callaghan], University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Civil Chemical Environmental and Materials Engineering [Bologna] (DICAM), University of Bologna, NOAA Office of Satellite and Product Operations (OSPO), NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oregon State University (OSU), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Mathematical and Electrical Engineering (IMT Atlantique - MEE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Equipe Observations Signal & Environnement (Lab-STICC_OSE), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Department of Geographical Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformationstechnik, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research [Matosinhos, Portugal] (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera (CIMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Lohrmann-Observatorium, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata [Mar del Plata] (UNMdP), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory [Daejeon] (EFML), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Kansas State University, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], Water Problems Institute (WPI), the Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow, Russia] (RAS), Portland State University [Portland] (PSU), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Group on Earth Observations (GEO), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Department of Water Resources, UT-I-ITC-WCC, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Abdalla S., Abdeh Kolahchi A., Ablain M., Adusumilli S., Aich Bhowmick S., Alou-Font E., Amarouche L., Andersen O.B., Antich H., Aouf L., Arbic B., Armitage T., Arnault S., Artana C., Aulicino G., Ayoub N., Badulin S., Baker S., Banks C., Bao L., Barbetta S., Barcelo-Llull B., Barlier F., Basu S., Bauer-Gottwein P., Becker M., Beckley B., Bellefond N., Belonenko T., Benkiran M., Benkouider T., Bennartz R., Benveniste J., Bercher N., Berge-Nguyen M., Bettencourt J., Blarel F., Blazquez A., Blumstein D., Bonnefond P., Borde F., Bouffard J., Boy F., Boy J.-P., Brachet C., Brasseur P., Braun A., Brocca L., Brockley D., Brodeau L., Brown S., Bruinsma S., Bulczak A., Buzzard S., Cahill M., Calmant S., Calzas M., Camici S., Cancet M., Capdeville H., Carabajal C.C., Carrere L., Cazenave A., Chassignet E.P., Chauhan P., Cherchali S., Chereskin T., Cheymol C., Ciani D., Cipollini P., Cirillo F., Cosme E., Coss S., Cotroneo Y., Cotton D., Couhert A., Coutin-Faye S., Cretaux J.-F., Cyr F., d'Ovidio F., Darrozes J., David C., Dayoub N., De Staerke D., Deng X., Desai S., Desjonqueres J.-D., Dettmering D., Di Bella A., Diaz-Barroso L., Dibarboure G., Dieng H.B., Dinardo S., Dobslaw H., Dodet G., Doglioli A., Domeneghetti A., Donahue D., Dong S., Donlon C., Dorandeu J., Drezen C., Drinkwater M., Du Penhoat Y., Dushaw B., Egido A., Erofeeva S., Escudier P., Esselborn S., Exertier P., Fablet R., Falco C., Farrell S.L., Faugere Y., Femenias P., Fenoglio L., Fernandes J., Fernandez J.G., Ferrage P., Ferrari R., Fichen L., Filippucci P., Flampouris S., Fleury S., Fornari M., Forsberg R., Frappart F., Frery M.-L., Garcia P., Garcia-Mondejar A., Gaudelli J., Gaultier L., Getirana A., Gibert F., Gil A., Gilbert L., Gille S., Giulicchi L., Gomez-Enri J., Gomez-Navarro L., Gommenginger C., Gourdeau L., Griffin D., Groh A., Guerin A., Guerrero R., Guinle T., Gupta P., Gutknecht B.D., Hamon M., Han G., Hauser D., Helm V., Hendricks S., Hernandez F., Hogg A., Horwath M., Idzanovic M., Janssen P., Jeansou E., Jia Y., Jiang L., Johannessen J.A., Kamachi M., Karimova S., Kelly K., Kim S.Y., King R., Kittel C.M.M., Klein P., Klos A., Knudsen P., Koenig R., Kostianoy A., Kouraev A., Kumar R., Labroue S., Lago L.S., Lambin J., Lasson L., Laurain O., Laxenaire R., Lazaro C., Le Gac S., Le Sommer J., Le Traon P.-Y., Lebedev S., Leger F., Legresy B., Lemoine F., Lenain L., Leuliette E., Levy M., Lillibridge J., Liu J., Llovel W., Lyard F., Macintosh C., Makhoul Varona E., Manfredi C., Marin F., Mason E., Massari C., Mavrocordatos C., Maximenko N., McMillan M., Medina T., Melet A., Meloni M., Mertikas S., Metref S., Meyssignac B., Minster J.-F., Moreau T., Moreira D., Morel Y., Morrow R., Moyard J., Mulet S., Naeije M., Nerem R.S., Ngodock H., Nielsen K., Nilsen J.E.O., Nino F., Nogueira Loddo C., Nous C., Obligis E., Otosaka I., Otten M., Oztunali Ozbahceci B., P. Raj R., Paiva R., Paniagua G., Paolo F., Paris A., Pascual A., Passaro M., Paul S., Pavelsky T., Pearson C., Penduff T., Peng F., Perosanz F., Picot N., Piras F., Poggiali V., Poirier E., Ponce de Leon S., Prants S., Prigent C., Provost C., Pujol M.-I., Qiu B., Quilfen Y., Rami A., Raney R.K., Raynal M., Remy E., Remy F., Restano M., Richardson A., Richardson D., Ricker R., Ricko M., Rinne E., Rose S.K., Rosmorduc V., Rudenko S., Ruiz S., Ryan B.J., Salaun C., Sanchez-Roman A., Sandberg Sorensen L., Sandwell D., Saraceno M., Scagliola M., Schaeffer P., Scharffenberg M.G., Scharroo R., Schiller A., Schneider R., Schwatke C., Scozzari A., Ser-giacomi E., Seyler F., Shah R., Sharma R., Shaw A., Shepherd A., Shriver J., Shum C.K., Simons W., Simonsen S.B., Slater T., Smith W., Soares S., Sokolovskiy M., Soudarin L., Spatar C., Speich S., Srinivasan M., Srokosz M., Stanev E., Staneva J., Steunou N., Stroeve J., Su B., Sulistioadi Y.B., Swain D., Sylvestre-baron A., Taburet N., Tailleux R., Takayama K., Tapley B., Tarpanelli A., Tavernier G., Testut L., Thakur P.K., Thibaut P., Thompson L., Tintore J., Tison C., Tourain C., Tournadre J., Townsend B., Tran N., Trilles S., Tsamados M., Tseng K.-H., Ubelmann C., Uebbing B., Vergara O., Verron J., Vieira T., Vignudelli S., Vinogradova Shiffer N., Visser P., Vivier F., Volkov D., von Schuckmann K., Vuglinskii V., Vuilleumier P., Walter B., Wang J., Wang C., Watson C., Wilkin J., Willis J., Wilson H., Woodworth P., Yang K., Yao F., Zaharia R., Zakharova E., Zaron E.D., Zhang Y., Zhao Z., Zinchenko V., Zlotnicki V., Technical University of Munich (TUM), European Space Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Lab-STICC_IMTA_CID_TOMS, Université de Brest (UBO)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Brest (UBO)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Cryospheric science, Atmospheric Science, Earth observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, UT-Hybrid-D, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Cryospheric sciences, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Aerospace & Aeronautics, Cryosphere, Satellite altimetry, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geodetic datum, ddc, Ocean surface topography, Geophysics, Section (archaeology), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Geology, Altimetria espacial, Coastal oceanography, Meteorology, Hidrologia, Aerospace Engineering, ITC-HYBRID, 0103 physical sciences, Geoid, Oceonografia, Sea level, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, Altimeter, Criosfera, Life Below Water, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mechanical Engineering, Hydrology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Climate Action, Earth system science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

International Altimetry Team., In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion., At the forefront of this support, we must obviously mention the space agencies CNES, ESA and NASA which have played and still play a decisive role in the development and launch of several prominent altimetry missions from the outset. Other agencies such as DLR, EUMETSAT, ISRO, NOAA, NSOAS and organizations such as CMEMS, also contribute significantly to developments in all forms of altimetry.

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