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Ras El Hekma area is a part of the NW coast of Egypt. It is located on the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast, approximately 220 km West of Alexandria City. It is shaped as a triangle with its headland extending into the Mediterranean sea for about 15 km, and is occupied by sedimentary rocks belonging to the Tertiary and Quaternary Eras. Its western coastline consists of Pleistocene Oolitic limestone ridges with separated steep scarps, while the eastern coastline consists of sandy beaches, coastal spits, coastal bars, tombolos and bays. The objective of this paper is to define some geomorphological and geoarchaelological indicators of The Holocene sea-level changes in the study area, especially the geomorphic landforms such as: marine notches, cliffs, sea caves and benches. This is to add to some archaeological remains that have been discovered by the paper's author under the current sea level. These remains include: submerged ruins of Greek and Roman harbors, wells and fish tanks near the coastline (Leuke Akte, Hermaea, Phoinikous and Zygris), in addition to an ancient Roman harbor used during the World War II in Tell El Zaytun area (Site #6). Evaluations of the discovered archaeological remains help our understanding of the evolution of the sea level during the Holocene. This study is based on observation of the relative sea-level curves drawn of the Holocene, detailed geomorphological and Geoarchaelogical surveying, sampling, dating and mapping as well as satellite image interpretation and GIS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some boulder fields were deposited by the sea waves during winter storms or by paleo tsunami mega waves and most of these boulders were uprooted from the marine platform and distributed within 90 m of the shoreline, are found up to 4 m above present mean sea level. The objective of this work is defining systematic characterisation of the high-energy depositional contexts working by storms or paleo tsunami deposit, and to reconstruct the history of mega block deposition along the study area, depends upon extensive field surveying and geomorphic mapping by using GIS and GPS techniques as well as statistical analysis of boulders in order to determine both extreme events using the significant wave height and period of maximum observed storms and historical tsunamis along the study area, as well as geomorphic hazard mapping and samples dating. The results show that both possible processes (storm and tsunami waves) can deposit these boulders, it attested at Alexandria for example by the archaeological excavations and historical sources. Tsunami waves and storms cause the displacement of huge boulders from sea bottom and submersible marine terraces (platforms) to the beach due to its major power and ability of carving and graving it is also capable of pulling other boulders from the land and redeposit it on the beach or coastline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which examined the link between archaeological structures and biological paleo-sea levels in Italy and Egypt. Marine molluscs fixed to archaeological remains were used as sea-level index points. Results of the study showed that sea-level highstands in Pozzuoli were at seven meters during the fifth century AD, the early Middle Ages and before 1538. It also observed dense human occupation around the shores of Nile during the Hellenistic period.