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Background: Acute respiratory tract infections are very common and can be caused by many pathogens. The aim of this study was to understand the characteristics of multi-pathogen infections of respiratory tract infections during the seasonal changes in winter and spring in Xinjiang. Methods: Throat swab samples were collected from 2791 patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and hospitalized severe acute respiratory tract infection (SARI) in Xinjiang from January 2024 to May 2024 for multi-pathogen detection. Then, the infection frequency of pathogens and their distribution characteristics in different months, genders, regions and case classifications were analyzed. Results: The positive infection rate of pathogens in 2791 patients was 48.30% (1348/2791). The proportion of patients infected with respiratory pathogens in the 0–9 age group was the highest. Of all pathogens detected, MP was most common in positive patients (22.03%). The highest frequency of multiple infections was SPn. RSV, FluA and FluB were the main infectious pathogens in January and February. The number of RV, HPIV and MP infections showed an increasing trend from January to May. Compared to female patients, male patients are more likely to be infected with ADV and SPn. Compared with hospitalized SARI patients, outpatient and emergency ILI patients were more susceptible to infection with ADV and FluB. However, hospitalized SARI patients were more susceptible to infection with RSV and MP. The positive infected patients mainly came from northern Xinjiang (60.83%). Compared with other regions, the proportion of ADV positive patients in northern Xinjiang was higher. Conclusion: This study revealed the distribution characteristics of pathogen infection in patients with respiratory tract infections in different months, genders, regions and case classifications during the seasonal changes of winter and spring in Xinjiang for the first time, which is helpful to formulate more effective treatment strategies and preventive measures. Clinical trial number: not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study analysed 1,506 tuberculosis cases (2018–2020) in Sidi Kacem province, Morocco, to investigate environmental and geographical determinants of disease distribution. Results revealed higher prevalence in rural areas (55%) than in urban settings (45%), with significant seasonal variations. Environmental factors, including housing conditions and geographical location, strongly correlated with disease patterns. Findings emphasise the need for environment-specific interventions in tuberculosis control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of rhythmicity in host and pathogen activities dates back to the Hippocratic era, but the causes and consequences of these biological rhythms have remained poorly understood. Rhythms in infection phenotypes or traits are observed across taxonomically diverse hosts and pathogens, suggesting general evolutionary principles. Understanding these principles may enable rhythms to be leveraged in manners that improve drug and vaccine efficacy or disrupt pathogen timekeeping to reduce virulence and transmission. Explaining and exploiting rhythms in infections require an integrative and multidisciplinary approach, which is a hallmark of research within chronobiology. Many researchers are welcomed into chronobiology from other fields after observing an unexpected rhythm or time-of-day effect in their data. Such findings can launch a rich new research topic, but engaging with the concepts, approaches and dogma in a new discipline can be daunting. Fortunately, chronobiology has well-developed frameworks for interrogating rhythms that can be readily applied in novel contexts. Here, we provide a 'how to' guide for exploring unexpected daily rhythms in infectious disease research. We outline how to establish: whether the rhythm is circadian, to what extent the host and pathogen are responsible, the relevance for host–pathogen interactions, and how to explore therapeutic potential. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Circadian rhythms in infection and immunity'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are usually found in food-producing animals worldwide. Ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic, can lead to antibiotic residues in food products, posing health risks to consumers and contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Foodborne illnesses occur when adequate attention is not paid to food hygiene and safety, raising the potential for resistant bacteria to spread to humans through the food chain. This study aims to determine the presence of antibiotic-resistant organism contamination and ciprofloxacin residue in raw pork and chicken. Forty-three pork and 33 chicken meat samples were collected from fresh markets in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Antibiotic-resistant organisms were detected by microbial culture and identified by MALDITOF-MS. The antimicrobial sensitivity tests were used to confirm antibiotic resistance. The ciprofloxacin was detected by using an immunochromatographic-based test kit for screening. The results found Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae were detected at 46.51% and 9.30% in pork and 69.70% and 6.06% in chicken meat samples, respectively. Moreover, ciprofloxacin residues were detected in nine samples (11.84%). Based on this study's findings, the people who are involved in the food chain must be concerned about food safety and food hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mammals and birds, tanycytes are known to regulate thyroid hormone conversion, and this process is central to the control of seasonal reproduction. In mammals, this cell type is also implicated in retinoic acid signalling, neurogenesis, and nutritional gatekeeping, all of which have been linked to hypothalamic regulation of energy metabolism. Less is known about these potential wider roles of tanycytes in birds. To address this gap, we combined LASER capture microdissection and transcriptomics to profile the tanycytic region in male Svalbard ptarmigan, a High Arctic species with photoperiod-dependent seasonal rhythms in reproductive activation and body mass. Short photoperiod (SP) adapted birds were transferred to constant light (LL) to trigger breeding and body mass loss. After five months under LL, the development of photorefractoriness led to spontaneous re-emergence of the winter phenotype, marked by the termination of breeding and gain in body mass. The transfer from SP to LL initiated gene expression changes in both thyroid hormone and retinoic acid pathways, as described in seasonal mammals. Furthermore, transcriptomic signatures of cell differentiation and migration were observed. Comparison to data from Siberian hamsters demonstrated that a photoperiod-dependent re-organisation of the hypothalamic tanycytic region is likely a conserved feature. Conversely, the spontaneous development of photorefractoriness showed a surprisingly small number of genes that reverted in expression level, despite reversal of the reproductive and metabolic phenotype. Our data suggest general conservation of tanycyte biology between photoperiodic birds and mammals and raise questions about the mechanistic origins of the photorefractory state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher prevalence of multiple sclerosis at higher latitudes is associated with reduced sunlight during childhood. Alterations in inflammatory Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg) are associated with autoimmunity. In Hobart, Australia (latitude 42.8° south), thirteen girls (aged 12–13) and sixteen women had blood collected in the evening in daylight in February/March, (post 15 h daylight) and at the same time in the dark in August/September (post 9 h daylight). Height and weight were measured. Participants completed online surveys prior around menstruation, sleep, exercise and time outside. Proportions of Th17 (CD4 + , CXCR3–, CCR4 + , CCR6 + , CD161 +), total Treg (CD4 + , CD25 + , CD127low), naïve Treg (CD45RA + , CD4 + , CD25 + , CD127low) and memory Treg (CD45RA low, CD4 + , CD25 + , CD127low) were enumerated by flow cytometry (Cytek Aurora). Hours spent outside was greater in summer than winter (12.5 v 10.5, p = 0.0003). The %Treg/CD4 + was higher in summer than winter (7.3% vs 7%, p = 0.004) including memory Treg (3.1% vs 2.9%, p = 0.02) for all females (n = 29), and naïve Treg were 13% higher in summer in women (3.2% vs 2.8%, p = 0.0009), whereas %Th17 remained unchanged. In women, a negative correlation between the number of hours spent outside in summer and %Th17 was observed (r = – 0.53, p = 0.035). The %Th17 cells were higher in women than girls (4.9% vs 3.1%, p = 0.001), whereas girls had a higher total %Treg (7.6% vs 6.7%, p = 0.005), consisting of a higher naïve Treg (5.5% vs 3.7%, p = 0.0001) while the women had a higher %memory Treg (3.4% vs 2.6%, p = 0.0001). These light-dependent seasonal differences may influence immune development in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervids exhibit an antler cycle closely tied to environmental cues, notably photoperiod, which regulates growth, mineralization, velvet shedding, and casting stages, aligning with seasonal shifts in temperate regions. However, in a tropical country like Sri Lanka, where photoperiod variation is minimal, it remains unclear how introduced cervid species such as the hog deer (Axis porcinus) regulate their antler cycles. This study investigates the antler cycle of hog deer aging between one and five years in a tropical environment, focusing on the timing of antler development. Data collected from a captive population in Sri Lanka over five years allowed for detailed classification of antler stages by age, morphology, and season. Three primary stages -- Single Spike, Short Forked Antler, and Long Three-Spiked Antler -- were observed, with further categorization into Velvet and Hard Antler stages, each displaying distinct timing and progression aligned with resource availability. Notably, antler development in hog deer retained a seasonal structure, with the Velvet Antler phase occurring from February to March and the Hard Antler phase extending from April through January, consistent with the species' reproductive timing in its native range. These results suggest that despite a stable tropical environment, hog deer maintain seasonally adaptive antler patterns, underscoring the persistence of evolutionary traits in non-native settings. This research contributes to understanding cervid biology in tropical ecosystems and informs management strategies for hog deer in Sri Lanka, highlighting the importance of considering seasonal behaviors in conservation efforts as environmental conditions evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvesting mammals, fishes, birds, eggs, and plants underpins Inuit culture across Inuit Nunangat (Inuit homeland in Canada). Climatic and nonclimatic drivers affect Inuit access to these items and have cascading effects on social determinants of Inuit health. A holistic understanding of the diversity and seasonality of harvesting is needed to support Inuit food sovereignty and security. Our goals were (a) to develop a broader understanding of the diversity and seasonality of harvesting country food across varied geographic contexts in Arctic Canada, and (b) further document the significance and benefits of country food as part of Inuit food sovereignty and systems across a range of communities. Knowledge holders in 14 communities spanning three Inuit regions shared knowledge and perspectives surrounding species harvested seasonally and species’ significance. Results demonstrate the range of overlapping yet diverse country food systems across Inuit regions, the seasonality and temporality of harvesting, and include a “survey” of species related to Inuit culture. This study highlights the cultural significance and benefits (nutritional, medicinal, mental health, connection to culture, and language) of country food; and reinforces that harvesting, processing, sharing, and eating country food are fundamental aspects of Inuit culture, wellbeing, and food sovereignty.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the historical trends and variability of rainfall and temperature and to estimate the extent of change across various agroecological zones (AEZs) in the West Arsi Zone of south‐central Ethiopia from 1983 to 2019. Data on daily temperature and rainfall were collected from the Ethiopian Meteorological Institute. The study utilized the Mann–Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator, and descriptive statistical methods to analyze data and identify trends. The analysis revealed a significant increase in mean annual temperature (p < 0.001) with 0.045°C per annum. The lowland and midland experienced significant increases in mean annual temperature (p < 0.001) by 0.063°C and 0.094°C per year, respectively, while insignificant increase was found in the highland AEZ. Analysis of rainfall revealed high interannual and seasonal variability, with the highest rainfall variability observed in the lowland. The analysis also revealed the study area experienced a significant decrease in annual average rainfall (p < 0.01) by 3.704 mm and Belg rainfall, short rainy season from mid‐February to May (p < 0.05) by 22.46 mm per year. The annual number of rainy days (RDs >1 mm) shows a significant decreasing trend (p < 0.001). The analysis further revealed decreasing trends of rainfall in all AEZs where the midland experienced a significant decrease in annual rainfall (p < 0.01) by 8.72 mm and Belg rainfall (p < 0.05) by 4.734 mm. In the Kiremt rainfall pattern, there was a decreasing wet spell and an increasing dry spell, and the annual rainfall coefficient of variation (CV) was 17.22% in the highland, 26% in the midland, and 32.36% in the lowland. Overall, the detected alterations in rainfall patterns, coupled with their considerable variability, are expected to negatively affect rain‐fed agriculture and the environment. The results of this study are anticipated to offer crucial insights into the spatiotemporal variability and climate trends, aiding decision‐makers and development planners in crafting tailored strategies to enhance climate resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate seasonal differences in migraine onset in Japan and associated trends in the prescription of triptan. Background: The relationship between seasonal changes and the onset of migraine remains largely unknown. Methods: We combined the large‐scale medical claims data in Japan with city‐level meteorological data presented by the Japan Weather Association. The study period was from January 2018 to December 2019. We included patients aged 18–74 years and diagnosed with migraine who had been prescribed triptans in 2018. Patients were categorized into four groups according to the seasons when they were prescribed medicines: winter (January–March), spring (April–June), summer (July–September), and autumn (October–December). Migraine onsets were defined by the time of triptan prescription. The least‐square mean differences between the seasons were estimated with linear mixed‐effects models for repeated measures, adjusting for the following covariates: sex, age, acute migraine medications, and medications for migraine prevention, comorbidities that can induce migraine, other comorbidities, and the estimated age of menopause in females. Results: We analyzed data of 12,986 patients in 2019 after triptan had been prescribed (female 74.1%). The mean age was 44.1 years. The mean number of amounts of prescriptions comprised 2.12 tablets/month in spring and summer, whereas there were only 2.09 tablets/month in autumn and 2.00 tablets/month in winter. The amount of triptan prescribed in winter was lower than in spring (β = −0.117; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.169 to −0.065). Conclusion: The study results suggest that seasons can have an impact on the onset of migraine; thus, clinicians may advise patients to take preventive actions, including self‐care and drug therapies, from the winter stage. This should be done in order to reduce the number of migraine onsets in high‐risk season (spring) regardless of region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal and interannual variations in ground-level ozone across eastern China from 2014 to 2022 were strongly influenced by meteorological conditions and large-scale atmospheric circulations. We applied empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses to explore these relationships. The EOF analysis identified three primary patterns of ozone variability: a dominant seasonal cycle over most of mainland China, an anti-correlation between northern and southern China during transitional seasons, and elevated springtime ozone concentrations in coastal regions. The SVD results further demonstrated that seasonal ozone variability was primarily driven by the annual radiation cycle across much of China. In contrast, the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was linked to the relatively low summer ozone levels observed in southern China. The anti-correlation between northern and southern China was associated with western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) movement, which promoted sunny weather conditions and was conducive to ozone formation. Additionally, high springtime ozone levels in northern coastal regions were influenced by pollutant transport from continental cold high (CCH) events, while the cloud-free conditions and intense solar radiation in southern China contributed to elevated ozone concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the effect of differential food treatment on the migratory phenology of redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). Birds were divided into four groups (N = 10 each) on the basis of the food provided. Group I was fed with seeds of Setaria italica (kakuni), while group II was provided with protein-rich diet (combination of; 3 parts egg white and 1 part kakuni seeds). Likewise, group III birds received fat-rich food (i.e. 3 parts sesame seeds and 1 part kakuni seeds). Birds in group IV were provided with all three food items mentioned above separately. The experiment continued until the appearance of 7 cycles of zugunruhe. The results reveal a significant impact of food on locomotor activity and food intake behavior of birds, although the physiological response as demonstrated by a gain in body mass, fat score, and gonadal recrudescence was mainly influenced by the LHS. Besides the behavioral and physiological responses, the hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in infundibular complex (INc) was significantly high for group IV, highlighting the importance of "variety" in food intake. Thus, the present study suggests a significant role of food in influencing seasonal responses via hypothalamic NPY stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boreal winter of 2022/23 was notable as a third consecutive winter in which La Niña had an influence on the European weather. The GloSea6 seasonal forecast system predicted a blocked circulation pattern in the North Atlantic in early winter (December), and then a transition through mid‐winter (January) into a more zonal pattern in late winter (February), consistent with the canonical La Niña teleconnection pattern seen previously. The seasonal forecast for the UK was an increased likelihood of near average temperatures, and drier‐ and calmer‐than‐average conditions. Both the predicted broad‐scale circulation patterns and UK winter mean weather conditions verified well against observations, and we show that seasonal forecasts of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) over the last 10 winters show similar skill to previously reported hindcasts. Throughout the winter, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) was particularly active. On three occasions, it exhibited strong phases 6 and 7. There was also a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) that occurred on 16th February. This was followed by colder conditions and associated impacts similar to the canonical negative NAO response over the UK, although the main impact fell in March and so did not affect the winter (December–January–February) mean conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agniyar estuary in Palk Bay on the southeast coast of India, is an important estuary bordering Point Calimere Key Biodiversity Area. Information on the fish diversity and guild dynamics of this typical tropical estuary is lacking. Hence, the present study provided an account of fish diversity and guild dynamics. The study collected 2342 fish specimens from 18 orders, representing 76 species from 32 families. The predominant order and family were Eupercaria and Sciaenidae, respectively. Thryssa mystax (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), T. malabarica (Bloch, 1795), and Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, 1848) were the most dominant species in terms of abundance. The study recorded seasonal variations in temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen, with the summer exhibiting the highest temperature and salinity. The Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in the nutrient concentrations (nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate). The redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation explained the significant relationship between species abundance and environmental conditions. Diversity indices and dominance/diversity patterns during the pre-monsoon were more dominant and diverse, whereas the summer recorded the lowest diversity. Cluster analysis and similarity profile (SIMPROF) revealed a high level of similarity and a lack of distinct differentiation among the seasonal clusters. The analysis of guild dynamics indicated seasonal fluctuations in ecological, feeding, vertical distributional, and reproductive guilds. The seasonal occurrence of the IUCN Red List category of fishes was presented, and their vulnerability to seasonal changes was elucidated. Significant information on the fish community structure, dynamics, and conservation measures was provided to protect the Agniyar estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall in the central highlands of Abbay Basin using the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG-06) dataset. Parameters on onset and cessation dates, dry spells, Coefficient of Variation (CV%), and Standardized Rainfall Anomalies were utilized to evaluate rainfall variability and seasonality. Trend analysis was carried out using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. The results highlighted a consistent pattern of late onset and early cessation of rainfall. The CV values for annual (10.7%), kiremt (11.7%), and belg (10.6%) seasons rainfall indicate moderate variability, while bega (22.6%) rainfall showed higher variability. SRA findings reveal episodic fluctuations between wet and dry years. The trend analysis demonstrates a statistically significant increasing trend in annual (9.14 mm/year) and belg seasons (6.94 mm/year) rainfall. However, kiremt season exhibited statistically non-significant (p > 0.05) decreasing trend. The temporal variability in rainfall onset, cessation dates and duration significantly impacts agricultural processes such as tillage and planting operations, affecting crop production. While the study area holds potential for agricultural activities, climate variability may reduce productivity. Therefore, the study findings are valuable for agricultural developers, planners and water resource managers. Including additional weather elements is crucial to enhance the precision and reliability of these findings for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arylalkylamine-N-acetyl-transferase (AA-NAT) is one of several genes that influence sheep reproduction. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate whether genetic variability within the AA-NAT gene influenced the reproductive performance of Awassi and Hamdani ewes. A total of 99 twin and 101 single-progeny ewes were analyzed for genomic DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to produce amplicons of 300, 313, and 287 bp from exons 1, 2, and 3 of the AA-NAT gene. A 300-bp amplicon was genotyped, resulting in two genotypes: GG and GA. Through sequence analysis, a mutation 203 G > A was identified in the GA genotype. The statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 203 G > A and reproductive performance. Ewes carrying this mutation showed significantly increased litter sizes, twinning rates, lambing rates, and fewer days to lambing compared to those carrying GG. These findings demonstrate that the presence of the 203 G > A SNP variant has a significant positive impact on litter sizes and enhances the fertility of Awassi and Hamdani sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish invasions can damage the ecological environment of invaded areas, causing negative effects such as monotony of ecological types in invaded waters and endangerment of native species. It is important to monitor their presence and spread in invaded areas. This study aims to update the available data on non-native fish species in the inland waters of Guangxi and to determine their seasonal and spatial distribution in this region. Taking the inland waters of Guangxi as the study area, 34 sampling sites were set up in the major river systems, and systematic sampling was conducted in four seasons in 2023. The data showed that a total of 7690 non-native fish were collected from 23 species, belonging to 7 orders, 13 families, and 20 genera. Of the non-native fish species, 19 species were introduced for aquaculture purposes, and three species were introduced for ornamental purposes. The most non-native fish species were found in summer with 21 species, which were followed by 20 species in winter, 18 species in spring, and only 15 species in autumn. However, the distribution composition was similar in each season, with Coptodon zillii being dominant in each season, which was followed by Oreochromis niloticus. The Hongshuihe River had the highest number of non-native fish species with 16 species, followed by the Xunjiang River with 14 species, the Qianjiang River with 13 species, and the Npanjiang River had the lowest number of non-native fish species with 7 species. In addition, the Xunjiang River and the Qianjiang River showed significant separation in the PCoA results, and the overall test showed significant differences in non-native fish composition among the river system. The main reasons for the differences in their spatial distribution are geographical location and temperature. O. niloticus and C. zillii were found in all river systems and have become the main invasive non-native fish species in the inland waters of Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this study was driven by the significant increase in cases of allergic dermatitis in dogs, the dependence of its manifestation on geographical regions, and the conflicting and incomplete data regarding the prevalence of this condition. The study aimed to identify the aetiological, breed, age, and seasonal predispositions to allergic dermatitis in dogs in Vinnytsia (Ukraine). Contemporary methods were employed to examine 6,230 patient records with dermatological conditions from the "Vet House" Veterinary Centre over a threeyear period. The availability of comprehensive data for each patient in the ENOTE database enabled a thorough investigation of the prevalence of allergic dermatitis among dogs in this geographical area during the 2021-2023 timeframe. The results of the analysis indicated a high incidence of allergic dermatitis in dogs, with no significant correlation to sex. It was found that allergic dermatitis was most frequently diagnosed in dogs aged 1 to 3 years, with acral dermatitis being more prevalent in those aged 3 to 7 years. It was established that the incidence of allergic dermatitis increased sharply during the summer. The most prevalent conditions in dogs during warmer months were atopic and flea dermatitis, while acral dermatitis was more common in colder seasons. Dogs of certain breeds, including Yorkshire Terrier, German Shepherd, Maltese, American Cocker Spaniel, and their crossbreeds, were found to be the most susceptible to flea dermatitis. A higher predisposition to atopic dermatitis was identified in French Bulldogs, Labradors, Pugs, and American Cocker Spaniels, while Labradors and Drahthaars were more prone to acral dermatitis. The findings of this study are of practical significance for general practice veterinary clinicians and dermatologists, who can benefit from incorporating the observed patterns of aetiological, breed, age, and seasonal predispositions, as well as the influence of various factors, into their approach to diagnosing and managing allergic dermatitis in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tritium content in the surface water of the Suifen River in China was measured using an ultra low-level liquid scintillation spectrometer. In August and October, a total of 30 samples were collected (15 per month) The measured 3H activity concentration ranged from 5.08 to 9.75 Bq L−1, and the annual effective dose ranged from 0.07 to 0.13 μSv. These values are below WHO's recommendations, indicating no risk to human health. Although the 3H activity concentration was higher in October than in August, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the two months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected for 34 months in Pretoria, South Africa from 18 April 2017 to 28 February 2020. The average total PM2.5 concentration was 23.2 ± 17.3 µg.m3 (0.69–139 µg.m−3), with the highest mean recorded during winter and the lowest during summer (p < 0.05). The sources were determined by means of cross referencing the US EPA PMF 5.0 program and the NOAA HYsplit model. The sources of the total PM2.5 were mining (33%), resuspended dust (24%), industry (15%), general exhaust (12%), vehicular emissions (12%) and biomass burning (4%). Sources of air pollutants are both ubiquitous and seasonal. Highlights: In central Pretoria, the largest contributing sources of PM2.5 are resuspended dust matrix and mining from surrounding areas; A winter analysis was run where As, Se and Pb was included in the dataset, confirming biomass burning sources which were typically higher during the winter season; and Air quality management policies should address both ubiquitous and seasonal sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to determine the serum levels of vitamin D in captive pachyderms in Europe, and whether there were any seasonal differences. For some species, comparing the temperature and UVB irradiation of the current captive locations with the wild-ranging areas, the required conditions may be met in summer. In contrast, for other species, this might not be the case. Therefore, the animals may be unable to endogenously produce vitamin D, leading to calcium and phosphorus imbalances that were only reported in captive pachyderms. For some of the pachyderms, it is known that they can absorb cholecalciferol from the digestive tract, but this is not the case for all studied pachyderms. Tapirs had very low vitamin D levels, similar to horses. The higher vitamin D levels of elephants and rhinoceroses could indicate that they are capable of producing vitamin D or absorb more cholecalciferol from their diet. When comparing both rhinoceros and elephant species in this study, differences with regard to their capability in endogenous production of vitamin D were shown. Indian rhinoceroses seem capable of producing enough endogenous vitamin D year-round, while both elephant species and the black rhinoceros are not. This study aimed to detect seasonal and species differences in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations during summer and winter months in captive pachyderms in Europe. Both elephant species had low 25(OH)D while African elephants did not show a seasonal variation. Asian elephants had significantly higher 25(OH)D compared to their African counterparts but also did not show a seasonal difference. Both rhinoceros species investigated had higher 25(OH)D compared to both elephant species; the Indian rhinoceros had high circulating levels year-round, while the black rhinoceroses showed significantly lower 25(OH)D in winter. Malayan tapirs have very low 25(OH)D, comparable to horses. The higher 25(OH)D of elephants and rhinoceroses could indicate that elephants and rhinoceroses are capable of producing vitamin D. This might indicate that the Indian rhinoceroses are capable of producing enough endogenous vitamin D year-round at latitudes around 52° N, while both elephant species and the black rhinoceros are not. This study also showed that it is likely that both elephant species and rhinoceros species are capable of absorbing cholecalciferol from the digestive tract, according to the existing literature, while tapirs may not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our study will analyze patients' clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and complications with deep neck infection (DNI) using their medical records for five years. Methods: The present study included 111 patients diagnosed with DNI in our clinic between January 2018 and March 2023. The patients' complaints at admission, sociodemographic characteristics, season of diagnosis, findings from laboratory tests, radiological imaging performed at the time of first diagnosis, abscess localization, medical and surgical treatment methods used, and complications developing during follow‐up were retrospectively examined. Results: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 38.51 ± 16.92 (6–87 years). There was a significant correlation between chronic disease, smoking behaviours, oral hygiene, and DNI among patients based on their sociodemographic characteristics and medical history (p <.005). DNI development did not differ by season (p >.005). Physical examination findings predominantly revealed neck masses (39.6%) and peritonsillar abscesses (32.4%), and patients with peritonsillar abscesses had a shorter length of hospital stay than those with other localizations. No severe complications occurred during the clinical follow‐up. Conclusion: Chronic diseases, smoking, and poor oral hygiene are the primary risk factors for developing DNIs. If an abscess is located in a critical area, it may require extended hospitalization and surgery under general anesthesia. Therefore, addressing these risk factors and encouraging good oral hygiene practices are crucial to preventing DNIs and reducing the need for intensive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango hopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is serious and widespread monophagous pests of mango, Mangifera indica L. in tropical and sub-tropical region of India. The present investigation was carried out for weekly data interval of 20 consecutive years (1998–2017) to understand the population dynamics of mango hoppers and developed good fit time series prediction model for better management of hoppers in humid agro-climatic conditions. The relationship between weather parameters and mango hopper population showed that maximum temperature and relative humidity had significant effect on mango hopper population dynamics. Time series seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model was fitted from several plausible SARIMA models for forecasting the mango hoppers population. A best-fit SARIMA (1, 0, 2) × (1, 1, 1)52 model within tolerable errors with fitted comparative performance parameters in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), MSE, mean absolute error (MAE) and MA percentage error (MAPE) parameters were observed. Forecasting model develop in this study will predict mango hopper well in advance which can be used for timely better management of hoppers in mango agro-ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East African "short rains" from October–December (OND) are crucial for the region's cultural and agricultural landscape. Traditional climate studies have often treated these rains as a single mode, representing the average rainfall across the region. This approach, however, fails to capture the complex geographical variations in seasonal rainfall. In our study, we analyse 4200 reforecasts from a seasonal prediction system spanning 1981–2022, identifying distinct clusters that represent different geographical patterns of the short rains. We explore the influence of tropical sea‐surface temperature patterns, upper‐level tropospheric flow, and low‐level moisture fluxes on these clusters. A key revelation of our research is the limited predictability of certain geographical rainfall structures based on large‐scale climatic drivers. This finding highlights a gap in current forecasting methodologies, emphasising the necessity for further research to understand and predict these intricate patterns. Our study illuminates the complexities of regional rainfall variability in East Africa, underlining the importance of continued investigation to improve climate resilience strategies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Onychostoma macrolepis have a unique survival strategy, overwintering in caves and returning to the river for reproduction in summer. The current knowledge on the developmental status of its testes during winter and summer is still undiscovered. We performed RNA-seq analysis on O. macrolepis testes between January and June, using the published genome (NCBI, ASM1243209v1). Through KEGG and GO enrichment analysis, we were able to identify 2111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and demonstrate their functions in signaling networks associated with the development of organism. At the genomic level, we found that during the overwintering phase, genes associated with cell proliferation (ccnb1, spag5, hdac7) were downregulated while genes linked to testicular fat metabolism (slc27a2, scd, pltp) were upregulated. This indicates suppression of both mitosis and meiosis, thereby inhibiting energy expenditure through genetic regulation of testicular degeneration. Furthermore, in January, we observed the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis (becn1, casp13), which may have the function of protecting reproductive organs and ensuring their maturity for the breeding season. The results provide a basis for the development of specialized feed formulations to regulate the expression of specific genes, or editing of genes during the fish egg stage, to ensure that the testes of O. macrolepis can mature more efficiently after overwintering, thereby enhancing reproductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zooplanktons are microscopic organisms that play a crucial role in the aquatic food web and greatly increase the productivity of freshwater environments. The fundamental food supply for fish and other aquatic animals in any aquatic habitat is plankton. They have transitioned to converting detritus matter into consumable animal food and are operating at the second trophic level in the energy cycle. In this work, we attempted to evaluate the evenness, diversity, and richness of zooplankton species and to forecast the fresh water aquatic ecosystem of entire West Bengal condition based on physico-chemical factors. Due to their acute sensitivity to environmental changes and quick response to water quality changes, zooplanktons are excellent indicators of changes in water quality. Between phytoplankton and fish, zooplanktons act as a mediator. Therefore, zooplankton research, both qualitative and quantitative, is very important. In this review, we offer quantitative data on the seasonal fluctuations of zooplankton and a few physico-chemical variables from different fresh water ecosystems located in several regions of West Bengal. Present review study focused on the physico-chemical parameters like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and also eutrophication level of fresh water ecosystem of West Bengal. A total of 58 species of zooplanktons have been identified, including 16 species of Rotifer, 4 species of Copepod, 16 species of Cladocera, 16 species of Protozoa, and 6 species of Ostracoda. Zooplankton population showed positive significant co-relation with physico-chemical parameters like water temperature and dissolve oxygen level, whereas negatively correlated with pH and eutrophication level. Seasonal variations in zooplanktons were also observed. The physico-chemical parameters of fresh water ecosystem of West Bengal were suitable for the growth of aquatic biota and represent a resource for scientific management of aquaculture practices and composite fish culture by taking some precautions and also maintain the healthy biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems in West Bengal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the coastal plains of southeastern United States, blackwater streams are relatively common. In South Carolina, many naturally occurring blackwater streams have been identified over decades of water monitoring, particularly when they fail to meet water chemistry expectations originally set based on non-blackwater streams. The South Carolina Department of Environmental Services has collected extensive, often monthly, water chemistry data from both blackwater and non-blackwater systems throughout the Southeastern Plains (SEP) and Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (MACP) ecoregions. Using these data, we compared seasonal patterns in water chemistry parameters between blackwater and non-blackwater streams. Examining monthly patterns between ecoregions and between site types (blackwater vs. non-blackwater), we observed that pH, total alkalinity, and total phosphorus often differed by both ecoregion and site type. For many parameters, however, differences between ecoregions were stronger than any differences by site type. This work has identified certain parameters that can distinguish blackwater from non-blackwater streams, but it has also shown that blackwater streams, even within one state, are not a monolith. They vary based on the underlying characteristics of the broader region in which they are located. The results of this research are relevant to the entire SEP and MACP ecoregions which jointly include parts of 11 U.S. states. Results are likely relevant to other blackwater rivers and streams in the contiguous United States and other blackwater systems globally, but the extent of relevance will require additional research. From a management perspective, this research has demonstrated that the Omernik Level III ecoregions offer a scale-appropriate means of grouping relatively similar blackwater systems conducive to management. The framework of ecoregions also supports collaborative exchange of information across political boundaries. This includes the exchange of information globally among entities with homologous ecoregions.

PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII (PTPN VIII) is a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN). It operates in the plantation sector. The leading commodity is tea. The demand for tea produced by PTPN VIII is increasing. Thus, planning tea production is necessary. One of the production planning efforts is through forecasting based on previous data. Tea production data is time-series data. It contains seasonal elements and is dependent on other locations. We will analyze data with these criteria using space-time models, one of which is vector autoregressive (VAR). VAR models the relationship between observations on certain variables at one time. It also models the observation of the variable itself at previous times. Additionally, VAR models the relationship between observations and other variables at previous times. This paper explains how to forecast tea production. It uses the reconstituted VAR and Seasonal Autoregressive Moving Average (SARIMA) models. The results showed that the reconstituted VAR model was better than the SARIMA model in predicting tea production. The tea production prediction was at the Sedep and Santosa plantations in Bandung Regency.

Abstract İstanbul is the largest city located in the Mediterranean Basin and has a medium to high risk of climate change and future climate risks. Changes in temperature and other weather variables have had significant impacts on İstanbul. In this context, there is a need for studies on the issues of climate monitoring and climate change vulnerability to reduce the adverse impacts. The aim of this study is to investigate the temperature trends of synoptic weather station in İstanbul Atatürk Airport between 1973 and 2023 to have a general idea about how the temperature has changed over the last half-century and to establish statistically whether a trend is significant or not. The values of minimum (Tmin), maximum (Tmax) and mean (Tmean) temperature related parameters were estimated. Annual, monthly and seasonal temperature trends are also analyzed. The findings of this study indicate a significant (p

Introduction: Tidal marsh wetlands provide essential and valuable services to the wider interconnected marine and coastal environment, although the complex intertwined processes in morphological evolution remain insufficiently understood owing to synchronized data scarcity, limiting the development of numerical models and management strategies. Methods: This study investigated the hydrodynamic, biological, sediment and morphological processes on the Doulong tidal wetlands, Jiangsu, China, using a one-year field dataset that captured spatial and seasonal variations. Results and discussion: Our results indicate that biophysical interactions among multiple processes could result in some overlooked sedimentary behaviours and bio-morphological patterns in tidal marsh wetlands. Firstly, the dominance of alongshore currents caused a rapid alongshore expansion of saltmarsh patches, by which the marsh edge achieved seaward advancing, markedly different from the widely reported cross-shore expansion. Secondly, results showed that the particle size of sediment near the marsh edge coarsened when plants withered and then fined when plants grew, indicating that the seasonal variation trend of sediment grain size in saltmarshes was opposite to the trend of vegetation biomass. Thirdly, the interaction between vegetation and stranded marine debris formed banded debris zones within the saltmarsh, where debris bands could cause a biomass reduction of up to 58%, disrupting the commonlyobserved parabolic biomass-elevation relationship. Meanwhile, the seasonal variation of vegetation and hydrodynamics could alter the debris positions and hence result in the formation of multiple parallel debris bands. Overall, this study provides a synchronized dataset and elucidates specific bio-morphological relationships and processes that have thus far not been systematically documented, enhancing the comprehensive understanding of tidal marsh wetland evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flashiness refers to the rapidity and frequency of fluctuations in river flow. It can provide insights into flooding, by capturing dramatic increases in river flow, as well as contaminant transport, relating to concentrations of diffuse pollution. Despite a very well gauged river system, there is limited research in Great Britain targeting this component of river flow. This study addresses that gap in knowledge, with a detailed spatio-temporal analysis of river flashiness in Great Britain. Using 513 gauging stations, with historical records of at least 30 years, the average Richards–Baker flashiness index ( R B I ¯ ) was calculated for 1990–2020, showing an overall west- (0.6–0.8) to east-coast (0.1–0.2) gradient, being higher in the west (with the exception of some gauges in the south-east). Employing random forest models, the main predictor for flashiness was found to be soil composition, with some additional region-specific predictors. These include flood attenuation by reservoirs and catchment areas, affecting flashiness in the north and west of Great Britain. Additionally, using a subset of 208 gauging stations with data recorded from 1970 to 2020, a temporal analysis examined significant breakpoints and/or trends in yearly flashiness, using the Pettitt test and Mann–Kendall trend test, respectively. Increases in flashiness were found mainly in the north-east and south-west of Great Britain, with implications in flooding and river health. On a seasonal scale, and using a monthly R B I ¯ , the timing of flashy events was found to oscillate between autumn and spring over the 50 years, gravitating around winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate seasonal heat acclimatization in active adolescents following summer. Fifteen (5 females) active adolescents (14.6 ± 1.0 y) completed a 45-min heat response test (HRT) walking at 60% $\dot {\rm V}$ V ˙ O2peak in 40°C and 30% relative humidity before and after summer (i.e. November 2022 and March 2023). During the HRT, gastro-intestinal temperature (Tgi), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate, local sweat rate (LSR) and whole-body sweat loss (WBSL) were recorded. Carbon monoxide rebreathing and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans determined resting hematological measures and body composition. Participants completed physical activity (PA) diaries and wore an accelerometer for two one-week periods (pre- and post-summer). Daytime wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was calculated for each summer day. Data are presented as posterior mean and 90% credible intervals. Participants reported 7 ± 4 h·wk−1 of outdoor PA, and daytime WBGT was 21.2 ± 4.6°C. Following summer, resting Tgi and heart rate were reduced by 0.2°C [−0.3, −0.1; probability of direction = 99%] and 7 beats·min−1 [−10, −3; 100%], respectively. During the HRT, there was an earlier onset of sweating (−0.2°C [−0.3, −0.0; 98%]), an attenuated rise of Tgi (0.2°C [−0.5, 0.0; 92%]) and mean Tsk changed by −0.2°C [−0.5, 0.1; 86%]. There was minimal evidence for heat adaptations in LSR or WBSL, hematological parameters or perceptual measures. This is the first study to demonstrate seasonal heat adaptations in active adolescents. Reductions in resting Tgi and exercising Tsk and a lower Tgi at the onset of sweating were associated with a smaller rise in Tgi during the HRT following summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting precipitation δ18O accurately is crucial for understanding water cycles, paleoclimates, and hydrological applications. Yet forecasting its spatio-temporal distribution remains challenging due to complex climate interactions and extreme events. We developed a method combining spatio-temporal clustering and deep learning neural networks to improve multi-site, multi-year precipitation δ18O predictions. Using a comprehensive dataset from 33 German sites (1978–2012), our model considers precipitation δ18O and its controlling factors, including precipitation and temperature distribution. We applied the K-means ++ method for classification and divided data into training and prediction sets. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model extracted spatial features, while the bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model focused on temporal features. Spatio-temporal clustering using K-means ++ improved forecast accuracy and reduced errors. This study highlights the potential of deep learning and clustering techniques for forecasting complex spatio-temporal data and offers insights for future research on isotope distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along‐shelf wind stresses drive substantial along‐coast variations in sea level that result in significant along‐coast pressure gradients in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) at time scales from days to years. Forty years of sea‐level data and reanalysis wind stresses are examined to determine the characteristics and dynamics of pressure gradients along the New England and Central MAB coasts. Along‐coast dynamic sea level (pressure) gradients often exceed 5 cm/100 km at daily time scales, 2 cm/100 km at monthly time scales and 0.2 cm/100 km at yearly time scales. Along‐shelf wind stresses account for more than 50% of the along‐coast pressure gradient variance at daily and monthly time scales and more than 25% at yearly time scales. Pressure gradients along the New England coast are primarily driven by local wind stresses along the New England shelf, while pressure gradients along the Central MAB shelf are driven by both local wind stresses along the Central MAB shelf and remote wind stresses along the New England shelf. A steady depth‐average model (Csanady, 1978, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0485(1978)008<0047:tatw>2.0.co;2) accurately reproduces the wind‐driven along‐coast pressure gradients in both regions. The along‐coast pressure gradients typically oppose the local wind stress and, in the along‐shelf momentum balance, are 50%–80% of the along‐shelf wind stress over the inner shelf (water depth 15 m). Plain Language Summary: Along‐coast variations in the wind‐driven set up or set down of coastal sea level results in along‐coast pressure gradients that are an important part of the dynamics that establish currents over the continental shelf. Coastal sea level from tide gauges along the East Coast of the United States from North Carolina to Massachusetts for the 40 year period from 1982 to 2021 are used to estimate the along‐coast pressure gradients and investigate their characteristics. The established along‐coast pressure gradients tend to oppose the local wind stress and consequently reduce the strength of the resulting along‐shelf currents. However, along‐coast pressure gradients are also driven by winds to the north and east of the tide gauge because of a tendency for sea level variations to preferentially spread along the coast from the northeast toward the southwest. This component of the along‐coast pressure gradient forces along‐shelf currents caused by remote wind forcing. A simple, wind‐forced, model that includes this remote forcing accurately reproduces the observed coastal pressure gradients. Key Points: Along‐shelf wind stresses setup substantial along‐coast pressure gradients in the Middle Atlantic Bight at time scales from days to yearsThe along‐coast pressure gradients tend to oppose the wind stress and are driven by both local and remote wind stressesA steady, depth‐averaged, barotropic model proposed by Csanady (1978) accurately reproduces the observed along‐coast pressure gradients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variation in the quality of water from River Wupa, Abuja, Nigeria was studied by collecting sixty water samples in both dry and wet seasons which were analyzed using standard methods. The respective results for in dry and wet seasons were pH (7.13±0.09, 7.31±0.06), temperature (21.51±0.51, 27.66±0.49 °C), EC (247.19±46.21, 152.43±17.76 µS/cm), TDS (156.80±39.74, 75.39±9.23 mg/dm³), TSS (33.38±14.12, 333.85±43.45 mg/dm³), turbidity (26.20±13.04, 361.51±52.89 NTU), alkalinity (34.49±4.12, 29.31±3.78 mg/dm³), DO (7.73±0.29, 8.95±0.87 mg/dm³), BOD (17.00±4.90, 15.70±2.98 mg/dm³), COD (40.36±14.01, 28.28±8.18 mg/dm³), hardness (33.74±2.10, 34.82±3.82 mg/dm³), sulphate (41.09±1.01, 28.82±1.05 mg/dm³), nitrate (12.12±2.02, 12.23±1.78 mg/dm³), nitrite (0.08±0.02, 0.06±0.02 mg/dm³), phosphate (2.09±0.33, 2.15±0.35 mg/dm³) and chloride (40.96±3.53, 32.23±3.82 mg/dm³). Correlation results shows that during the dry season there is a strong and positive correlation between (EC and TDC, r =0.910), (TSS and Turbidity, r = 0.976), (TSS and BOD, r = 0.945), (TSS and COD, r = 0.912), (Turb and BOD, r = 0.868), (Turbidity and COD, r = 0.820), (BOD and COD, r = 0.979), (pH and nitrite, r = 0.750) (pH and Cl, r = 0.737), (TSS and Cl, r = 0.748) and (Turb and Cl, r = 0.761). During the wet season strong and positive correlation is between (EC and TDS, r = 0.879), (BOD and COD, r = 0.756) and (Turbidity and sulpate, r = 0.730). Results for all parameters were below the limits recommended by NSDWQ except for turbidity, DO and phosphate, also in both seasons there was no significant difference for all parameters except for turbidity and COD. It is concluded that the variation in these two parameters is attributable to runoffs from farmlands and direct discharge of domestic and industrial effluent during the wet season and the strong and positive correlation indicates that the pollutants that affect water quality parameters come from the same sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding visitors’ park experience in urban tourist destinations to enhance their satisfaction is crucial for effective park management and urban planning. Through a topic modelling analysis using user-generated data from TripAdvisor and employing the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm, 20 attributes of urban park experience are identified and grouped into three categories and five dimensions. Besides confirming some of the attributes of park experience identified in previous research, this study also uncovers new attributes that provide insights into visitors’ urban park experience related to the historical and cultural aspects (e.g. filming location, carriage rides and rickshaws). Furthermore, positive and negative effects of each attribute on visitor satisfaction are identified. Findings also suggest significant seasonal difference in attributes of visitors’ urban park experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic sea ice extent has been persistently low since late 2016, possibly owing to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. However, the relative contributions of the ocean, the atmosphere and the underlying mechanisms by which they have affected sea ice remain uncertain. To investigate possible causes for this sea‐ice decrease, we establish a seasonal timeline of sea ice changes following 2016, using remote sensing observations. Anomalies in the timing of sea ice retreat and advance are examined along with their spatial and interannual relations with various indicators of seasonal sea ice and oceanic changes. They include anomalies in winter ice thickness, spring ice removal rate due to ice melt and transport, and summer sea surface temperature. We find that the ice season has shortened at an unprecedented rate and magnitude, due to earlier retreat and later advance. We attribute this shortening to a winter ice thinning, in line with ice‐albedo feedback processes, with ice transport playing a smaller role. Reduced ice thickness has accelerated spring ice area removal as thinner sea ice requires less time to melt. The consequent earlier sea ice retreat has in turn increased ocean solar heat uptake in summer, ultimately delaying sea ice advance. We speculate that the observed winter sea ice thinning is consistent with previous evidence of subsurface warming of the Southern Ocean. Plain Language Summary: Following 2016, the Antarctic sea ice cover has been persistently low. To understand why, we retrace the seasonal timeline of sea ice and oceanic changes, using satellite observations. We find that the sea ice season has been significantly shorter following 2016, due to a later start and an earlier end. This shortening is likely caused by thinner sea ice in winter, accelerating sea ice melt in spring and causing sea ice to disappear earlier. In turn, this has caused the ice‐free ocean to absorb more solar heat in summer, and to take longer to cool down in the fall, ultimately delaying the ice season onset. Warmer waters beneath the Southern Ocean's surface, as evidenced by previous studies, could be a plausible cause of the observed thinning, by increasing the heat supply to sea ice. Key Points: The Antarctic sea ice season duration has undergone an unprecedented shortening since 2016The changes include thinner ice, faster melt, earlier retreat, larger ocean heat uptake, later advance, in line with the ice‐albedo feedbackThe near‐circumpolar ice thinning suggests a possible increase in sensible heat supply by the ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of 40 years of tide gauge data and reanalysis wind stresses from the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) indicate that along‐shelf wind stresses are a dominant driver of coastal dynamic sea level (sea level plus atmospheric pressure) variability at daily to yearly time scales. The sea‐level response to along‐shelf wind stress varies substantially along the coast and is accurately reproduced by a steady, barotropic, depth‐averaged model (Csanady, 1978, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0485(1978)008<0047:tatw>2.0.co;2, Arrested Topographic Wave). The model indicates that the sea‐level response in the MAB depends primarily on the along‐shelf distribution of the along‐shelf wind stress, the Coriolis frequency, the bottom drag coefficient, and the cross‐shelf bottom slope. The along‐shelf wind stress varies along the MAB shelf due primarily to changes in the shelf orientation. The sea‐level response depends on both the local and upstream (in the sense of Kelvin wave propagation) along‐shelf wind stresses. Consequently, sea‐level variability at daily, monthly and yearly time scales along much of the central MAB coast is more strongly driven by upstream winds along the southern New England shelf than by local winds along the central MAB shelf. The residual coastal sea‐level variability, after removing the wind‐driven response and the trend, is roughly uniform along the MAB coast. The along‐coast average of the residual sea level at monthly and yearly time scales is caused by variations in shelf water densities primarily associated with the large annual cycle in water temperature and interannual variations in salinity. Plain Language Summary: Winds parallel to the coast (along‐shelf) are an important driver of coastal sea level variability that contributes to coastal flooding and erosion. This study examines the relationship between along‐shelf winds and coastal sea level along the East Coast of the United States from North Carolina to Massachusetts from tide gauges for the 40 year period from 1982 to 2021. The along‐shelf winds vary in this region due to changes in the coastline orientation. The sea level variability at a given tide gauge depends not only on the local winds, but also winds to the north and east of the tide gauge because of a tendency for sea level variations to preferentially spread along the coast from the northeast toward the southwest. A simple, wind‐forced, model that includes this preferential along‐coast spreading accurately reproduces the observed coastal sea level variations in this region. Key Points: Along‐shelf wind stress is a major driver of coastal sea‐level variability in the Middle Atlantic Bight at daily to yearly time scalesThe sea‐level response varies along the coast and depends on both local and remote along‐shelf wind stressesA steady, barotropic, depth‐averaged model proposed by Csanady, 1978, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0485(1978)008<0047:tatw>2.0.co;2 accurately reproduces the observed sea level response [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İstanbul is the largest city located in the Mediterranean Basin and has a medium to high risk of climate change and future climate risks. Changes in temperature and other weather variables have had significant impacts on İstanbul. In this context, there is a need for studies on the issues of climate monitoring and climate change vulnerability to reduce the adverse impacts. The aim of this study is to investigate the temperature trends of synoptic weather station in İstanbul Atatürk Airport between 1973 and 2023 to have a general idea about how the temperature has changed over the last half-century and to establish statistically whether a trend is significant or not. The values of minimum (Tmin), maximum (Tmax) and mean (Tmean) temperature related parameters were estimated. Annual, monthly and seasonal temperature trends are also analyzed. The findings of this study indicate a significant (p < 0.001) rise in the mean air temperature (Tmean) of İstanbul over the past 51 years (1973–2023), with an annual warming trend of 0.06 °C. The strongest increasing trend in seasonal mean air temperatures has been observed in the summer season, with an increase of 0.08 °C per year. The trend analysis also shows a statistically non-significant increase in yearly average minimum temperature (Tmin) between 1973 and 2023, with a rate of 0.04 °C per year. However, the annual maximum temperature (Tmax) has shown no changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall variability over Australia is revisited from the viewpoint of the atmospheric moisture budgets in three regions: the extratropics, Subtropics, and Tropics. The budgets are calculated using three‐hourly European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) and ERA5‐Land data between 1979 and 2022. The use of the moisture budget at short time‐scales enables the investigation of the relationship between synoptic weather‐scale processes and the longer term variability of the rainfall climate. The total variability in the vertically integrated moisture flux divergence (VIMD) is significantly larger than the evaporation minus precipitation (E − P), to a large extent due to the sub‐daily time‐scales. E − P is related more closely to moisture flux convergence in winter (summer) over south (north) Australia, suggesting a clear seasonality in the relationship between the two budget terms. The E − P–VIMD relationship is nearly in phase in the Tropics, whereas VIMD leads E − P by 9–15 hr with eastward‐propagating signals in the extratropics and Subtropics. Such seasonal and regional discrepancies in the relationship are attributed to the background state of moisture availability and temperature as represented by relative humidity and lifting condensation levels. The variability of the budget imbalance and its seasonality are dominated by the variability in VIMD. The imbalance reduces rapidly with temporal smoothing, with the storage term approaching zero at approximately 20 days, which can be thought of as making a transition time‐scale from high‐frequency weather‐related variability into slow‐varying background conditions. Weather‐related variability (cyclones, fronts, and thunderstorms) dominates the overall E − P variability in the extratropics and Subtropics, whereas slow‐varying background conditions contribute equally to the total variability in the Tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]