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Nineteen ichnotaxa, together with algal and invertebrate remains, and various pseudo-traces and sedimentary structures are described from the Torneträsk Formation exposed near Lake Torneträsk, Lapland, Sweden, representing a marked increase in the diversity of biotic traces recorded from this unit. The "lower siltstone" interval of the Torneträsk Formation contains mostly simple pascichnia, fodinichnia and domichnia burrows and trails of low-energy shoreface to intertidal settings. The assemblage has very few forms characteristic of high-energy, soft-sediment, foreshore or upper shoreface environments (representative of the Skolithos ichnofacies). Uranium-lead (U-Pb) LA-ICPMS analysis of zircon from a thin claystone layer within the "lower siltstone" interval yielded a maximum depositional age of 584 ± 13 Ma, mid-Ediacaran. Most of the zircon is represented by rounded detrital grains that yield dates between 3.3 and 1.0 Ga. Although the age of the basal sandstone-dominated interval of the Torneträsk Formation remains elusive owing to the absence of fossils, the ichnofossil suite from the overlying "lower siltstone" interval lacks deep arthropod trackways, such as Rusophycus and Cruziana, and is suggestive of a very early (Terreneuvian, possibly Fortunian) Cambrian age. The ichnofauna is otherwise similar to early Cambrian trace fossil assemblages from other parts of Baltica, regions further south in modern Europe, and from Greenland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Here we describe ∼ 563 Ma pseudofossils that mimic metazoan trace fossils. • Pseudofossils are identified as tectographs and their tectonic origin is confirmed. • Further criteria are raised to refine the early animal trace fossil record. Simple and horizontal trace fossils from the Ediacaran Period (635–538.8 Ma) compose some of the oldest evidence for the presence of metazoans in the Proterozoic fossil record. Unfortunately, various abiotic processes may produce similar structures on sedimentary beds. One of the oldest records of the Ediacaran biota from Western Gondwana is preserved in the Itajaí Basin (SE Brazil), a peripheral foreland basin related to the Dom Feliciano Belt. The fossil assemblage in the Itajaí Basin consists of Aspidella , Nimbia , microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS), and problematic taxa, including filamentous body fossils. Moreover, foreland basins are characterized by thrust-related fold belts, a result from their compressive tectonic settings. Here we report a new occurrence of enigmatic repeated horizontal markings. These structures exhibit linear to looping markings that are strikingly similar to simple horizontal animal trace fossils. However, the repetitive, preferentially oriented morphologies, and direct association with clasts show that they are tectographs, a rare pseudofossil interpreted to be formed by tectonically-induced bed-to-bed shearing. Indeed, their preferential alignment (NW-SE), following the original tectonic stress field associated with the development of the Itajaí Basin, strongly supports this interpretation. Considering the tectographs from North Carolina slate belt and Kupferschiefer of Germany, the Itajaí Basin structures are the third occurrence worldwide of such pseudofossils and the first case for Ediacaran successions, exhibiting a clear relationship to the tectonic setting associated with Western Gondwana assembly. Hence, some criteria to evaluate putative trace fossils are proposed, and we suggest that caution is needed when dealing with sedimentary structures that are candidates to be produced by metazoan activity in the deep time. This cautionary tale is valuable for Precambrian and Paleozoic paleontologists and geologists with implications for future astrobiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]