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Rivers are important links between continents and oceans by transporting terrestrial particulate organic matter (POM) to continental shelf regions through estuaries or deltas and the Mediterranean basin is a good example of this strong linkage. In the vicinity of river mouths, an important fraction of the terrestrial POM settles on the seafloor, sometimes mixed with marine POM, where both can be recycled or buried. In the Rhone River prodelta, previous studies have investigated the origin of the POM in the sediments. They pointed at the large fraction of terrestrial POM in the sediments and the transition to older POM fractions in offshore direction. These studies suggested that terrestrial POM could be an important food source for benthic heterotrophic organisms in this area. In this study, the δ 13 C and Δ 14 C signatures of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and DIC:NH 4 + ratio in sediment pore water have been measured along a nearshore-offshore transect. The data were compared with available datasets concerning isotopic signature and C:N of the POM in bottom waters and suspended particles from the Rhone River and sediments from its delta, in order to determine which fraction of the POM is actually mineralized. Our results show that a fraction of terrestrial POM corresponding to riverine plankton is preferentially mineralized. Indeed, 13 C-depleted riverine POM (δ 13 C = −25 to −27‰) which is enriched with 14 C (Δ 14 C = +400 to +500‰) and shows a C:N < 8 gets mostly mineralized. This isotopic signature differs from that of sediment POM which highlights the selective mineralization already observed in other river deltas. In the Mediterranean context with large human influence in river watersheds such as dam building, our results highlight the importance of riverine primary production versus eroded organic matter in coastal carbon budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Total modeled carbon cycling at disturbed sites is lower than at reference sites. • Projected microbial loop functioning is reduced 26 years after sediment disturbance. • Estimated faunal respiration has recovered from sediment disturbance. • Estimated microbial respiration has not recovered from the sediment disturbance. Due to the predicted future demand for critical metals, abyssal plains covered with polymetallic nodules are currently being prospected for deep-seabed mining. Deep-seabed mining will lead to significant sediment disturbance over large spatial scales and for extended periods of time. The environmental impact of a small-scale sediment disturbance was studied during the 'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) experiment in the Peru Basin in 1989 when 10.8 km2 of seafloor were ploughed with a plough harrow. Here, we present a detailed description of carbon-based food-web models constructed from various datasets collected in 2015, 26 years after the experiment. Detailed observations of the benthic food web were made at three distinct sites: inside 26-year old plough tracks (IPT, subjected to direct impact from ploughing), outside the plough tracks (OPT, exposed to settling of resuspended sediment), and at reference sites (REF, no impact). The observations were used to develop highly-resolved food-web models for each site that quantified the carbon (C) fluxes between biotic (ranging from prokaryotes to various functional groups in meio-, macro-, and megafauna) and abiotic (e.g. detritus) compartments. The model outputs were used to estimate total system throughput, i.e., the sum of all C flows in the food web (the 'ecological size' of the system), and microbial loop functioning, i.e., the C-cycling through the prokaryotic compartment for each site. Both the estimated total system throughput and the microbial loop cycling were significantly reduced (by 16% and 35%, respectively) inside the plough tracks compared to the other two sites. Site differences in modelled faunal respiration varied among the different faunal compartments. Overall, modelled faunal respiration appeared to have recovered to, or exceeded reference values after 26-years. The model results indicate that food-web functioning, and especially the microbial loop, have not recovered from the disturbance that was inflicted on the abyssal site 26 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]