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Self-assessment is a core skill that enables students to engage in self-regulated learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Self-assessment Practice Scale and to depict the characteristics of self-assessment practices of Hong Kong secondary students using this newly developed instrument. A total of 6,125 students from 10 Hong Kong secondary schools completed the survey. Both Rasch and factor analyses revealed a two-dimension scale structure (i.e., Self-directed Feedback Seeking and Self-reflection). The two subscales demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties and suggestions for further improvement were proposed. The findings regarding self-assessment practices of secondary students indicated that, in general, students were quite used to engaging in self-reflection based on available feedback, but they were less disposed to taking the initiative to seek feedback on their own performance. Key demographic variables, e.g., gender and year level, played important roles in students' self-assessment practices. Girls had significantly higher self-assessment measures on both scales than did boys. Junior students had higher measures on both scales than did their senior counterparts. Implications and directions for future research were discussed.

It has been suggested for many years that students who are able to judge their own performance should do well in academic assessments. Despite the increasing number of empirical studies investigating the effect of self-assessment on academic performance, there has not been a recent synthesis of findings in the higher education context. The current meta-analysis aims to synthesise the effects of self-assessment on academic performance. In particular, it examines the difference between situations in which the process of self-assessment is revealed or observable (explicit) or not revealed or unobservable (implicit). A total of 98 effect sizes from 26 studies either reported a comparison between a group with self-assessment interventions and a control group (n = 20, k = 88) or a pre-post comparison (n = 6, k = 10). The overall effect of such interventions was significant (g =.455). Self-assessment interventions involving explicit feedback from others on students' performance had a significantly larger effect size (g =.664) than those without explicit feedback (g =.213). There were no other significant moderators identified for either the overall effect or the effect of interventions involving explicit feedback. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.2012644. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both student feedback literacy and self-assessment are crucial for developing self-regulated and lifelong learning in higher education. The relationship between these two concepts is important but as yet understudied. Using self-assessment to develop students' feedback literacy has been mentioned in relevant literature, but how feedback literacy can facilitate self-assessment practice remains unclear. The purpose of this conceptual article is twofold. First, we articulate the interplay between feedback literacy and self-assessment based on a reframing and integration of the two concepts. Secondly, we unfold the self-assessment process into three steps: (1) determining and applying assessment criteria, (2) self-reflection, and (3) self-assessment judgement and calibration. For each step, we propose a pedagogical principle and recommend feedback practices that facilitate meaningful self-assessment. Implications for learning and teaching in both face-to-face and online learning environments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity is an important 21st Century skill that enhances students' ability to see new opportunities, confront new challenges, and adapt flexibly to the changing study, work and life situations. To nurture students with strong self-efficacy in creative thinking is as important as the contexts and strategies involved in its application. But how to develop sustainable interventions (without generating excessive workload for teachers) to promote students' self-efficacy in creativity is a long-lasting challenge. This study presents a simple and relatively cost-effective instructional intervention, i.e., self-assessment mind maps, and examines its effect on students' self-efficacy in creativity, self-efficacy in learning English, and academic performance in English language tests. A pretest-posttest non-equivalent design was adopted for the experimental and control groups of students in a Hong Kong primary school in 2021/22 Spring semester. The results show that students from the experimental group significantly outperformed those from the control group on self-efficacy in creativity after the intervention. However, the intervention did not improve students' self-efficacy and test performance in English learning. The findings demonstrate the potential of self-assessment mind maps as an effective and sustainable instruction intervention to promote students' higher-order abilities. This study sheds light on designing sustainable instructional strategies for empowerment in creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although students who self-assess effectively often learn better, creating effective, low-cost interventions to help them do so is a critical challenge. This study examined the effects of a self-assessment diary intervention on 74 Form 1 (Mage = 12.2 years) students' academic achievement, self-regulation, and motivation. After each homework assignment, students in the experimental group (n = 37) completed a standardised self-assessment diary, while students in the control group (n = 37) did no additional work. Difference-in-differences analyses showed that self-assessment diaries significantly enhanced students' academic achievement, self-efficacy, and intrinsic value. Students with lower past achievement benefited more than other students from the intervention. The intervention had no significant impact on effort regulation and self-reflection. Furthermore, effort-regulation, self-reflection, self-efficacy, and intrinsic value all did not mediate the link between self-assessment diaries and academic achievement. The findings can inform researchers and educators aiming to help students self-assess effectively to improve their learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores factors that predict students' self-assessment intentions and practices using a framework based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). A total of 1425 Hong Kong students (Primary 4 to Secondary 3) participated in this study. Students' intentions and practices pertaining to self-assessment and the predictors of their intentions and practices were assessed with 11 self-report scales aligned to the TPB constructs. The psychometric properties of scales were examined with Rasch analysis and the relations among the variables were investigated with path analysis based on Rasch-calibrated person measures. The results showed that attitude, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and perceived controllability were statistically significant predictors on intention to self-assess, while self-efficacy and intention had significant influence on self-assessment practice. Psychological safety was also found to have relatively weak but significant impact on both self-assessment intention and practice. This study lays a foundation for future investigations on how to promote meaningful self-assessment behaviour which is crucial for self-regulated and life-long learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the theoretical argument and empirical evidence regarding the impact of self- assessment on academic achievement and self-regulated learning (SRL), the mechanism for this impact is understudied. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of self-assessment practices at different SRL phases and its relationship with academic achievement. Using a course assignment as the learning task, sixty-three students enrolled in a one-year master programme in a teacher education institute responded to an instrument assessing their self-assessment practices (including four self-assessment actions) at the SRL Preparatory, Performance and Appraisal phases of the task. Their final scores of the assignment were also collected. The results showed that self-assessment is a fundamental skill for SRL and occurs at each SRL phase with different patterns. Autoregressive relationships were found for all self-assessment actions between different SRL phases. Self-reflection at Performance phase was found to influence feedback seeking at Appraisal phase. Self-directed feedback seeking through monitoring at Performance phase was the strongest and positive predictor of academic achievement; and achievement had negative impact on all self-assessment actions at Appraisal phase. This study may assist educators and researchers to better understand the complexity of self-assessment in relation to learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the key demographic variables of gender, school level and goal orientation on students’ self-assessment practices, including self-directed feedback seeking (SDFS) and self-reflection (SR). A total of 8843 Hong Kong students were surveyed, ranging from Primary 4 to Secondary 6. The results showed that female students demonstrated higher levels of self-assessment practices than male students, including both SDFS and SR. School level was also significantly associated with secondary students’ engagement in SR. Mastery goal orientation (MGO) was a significant and positive predictor of self-assessment practice including both SDFS and SR, while performance goal orientation (PGO) was a significantly negative predictor. Students with a higher level of MGO, or a lower level of PGO, were more likely to conduct self-assessment. The educational implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While significant progress has been made on understanding the effects of student self-assessment, the processes by which these effects occur are much less studied. The present research identified the actions involved in a cyclical self-assessment process. In this qualitative study, 17 undergraduate students from a teacher education institute took part in in-depth interviews focusing on the common actions students normally undertake to self-assess. The findings identified the following three actions that are commonly undertaken in the self-assessment process: (1) determining the performance criteria, (2) self-directed feedback seeking and (3) self-reflection. The paper discusses the implications of the findings and concludes with suggestions for promoting student self-assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how 192 trainees' self-assessment practices and personal attributes related to their success in an online interview training program. Performance was measured pre- and post-training by evaluating the use of open-ended questions and positive interviewing behaviors. Personal data and a pre-training survey on self-assessment practices (i.e., SEFI, seeking external feedback through inquiry; SEFM, seeking external feedback through monitoring; SIF, seeking internal feedback ; and SR, self-reflection) were also collected. Trainees with higher levels of SEFI had larger learning gains from the training, whereas trainees with higher levels of SEFM or SIF had smaller learning gains. Trainees with lower interviewing skills before the training, and those from policing backgrounds, demonstrated larger learning gains. Younger trainees evidenced a larger increase in the use of open-ended questions, while older trainees showed greater changes in prevalence of positive interviewing behaviors. The implications of the findings for the development of training programs are discussed. • Four types of self-assessment practices were related to training effectiveness. • Trainees who seek feedback via inquiry showed greater skill change after training. • Trainees who seek feedback via monitoring showed smaller skill change. • Trainees who rely on internal feedback showed smaller skill change. • Younger and older trainees showed different patterns in learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis examined the effects of self-assessment (SA) and/or peer-assessment (PA) interventions on academic performance. The synthesis included 626 effect sizes from 175 independent studies, either using an experimental/quasi-experimental design or a repeated measures design, and involved 19,383 participants in total. Results indicated that SA (g = 0.585), PA (g = 0.606), and SA + PA (mixed) intervention (g = 0.448) had meaningful effects on academic performance. The difference between the effects of SA and PA interventions, conducted on different groups within the same study, was not statistically significant. The use of online technology increased the effect of PA interventions but not for SA. Participants with a higher mean age had more performance gains from the SA + PA (mixed) intervention. For both SA and PA, the studies that used a repeated measures design generated larger effect sizes than those with an experimental/quasi-experimental design. Overall, the findings from this meta-analysis demonstrated the benefits of SA and PA interventions on academic performance in different contexts. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed. • Included 626 effect sizes from 175 independent studies involving 19,383 participants. • SA, PA, and SA + PA interventions had meaningful effects on academic performance. • There was no significant difference between the effects of SA and PA interventions. • The use of online technology increased the effect of PA interventions but not for SA. • Studies without control groups had larger effect sizes than those with control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]