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Abstract This study presents a biosensor working at a frequency of 3.5 GHz, which is designed as a square ring metamaterial resonator. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of blood amount on the metamaterial-based resonator sensor’s sensitivity. The structure was constructed using Rogers-RT5880 material, with an overall area of 85.71 mm × 85.71 mm2. The simulation of the design involved modelling the blood samples using Debye 1st-order equations. The empirical results observed a noticeable shift towards a lower frequency range in the response and changes in the magnitude, corresponding to an increase in the blood sample’s glucose concentration and thickness. Following this, the experiment was designed to corroborate the simulated results. The sensor achieved the highest sensitivity of 0.23 dB per 100 mg/dl change in glucose level when the thickness of blood was 0.1 mm. It was concluded from the results that the increase in the volume of blood increases the sensor’s sensitivity. However, a trade-off mark is necessary in which an optimum sensitivity is achieved with blood volume as minimum as possible so that a noninvasive biosensor can be designed.

This study presents a biosensor working at a frequency of 3.5 GHz, which is designed as a square ring metamaterial resonator. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of blood amount on the metamaterial-based resonator sensor's sensitivity. The structure was constructed using Rogers-RT5880 material, with an overall area of 85.71 mm × 85.71 mm2. The simulation of the design involved modelling the blood samples using Debye 1st-order equations. The empirical results observed a noticeable shift towards a lower frequency range in the response and changes in the magnitude, corresponding to an increase in the blood sample's glucose concentration and thickness. Following this, the experiment was designed to corroborate the simulated results. The sensor achieved the highest sensitivity of 0.23 dB per 100 mg/dl change in glucose level when the thickness of blood was 0.1 mm. It was concluded from the results that the increase in the volume of blood increases the sensor's sensitivity. However, a trade-off mark is necessary in which an optimum sensitivity is achieved with blood volume as minimum as possible so that a noninvasive biosensor can be designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metamaterial-based resonator is presented in this paper for liquid-sensing applications. The designed sensor operates at millimetre-wave (mm-w) frequencies, and it can characterise the samples that may possess identical characteristics. This paper relies on the extracted permittivity of the structure in the characterisation of the samples, mainly liquids. The sensor requires a very small amount of samples for sensing and it is used in distinguishing oil, ethanol, methanol, glycerol and water. A shift in the resonance frequency of about 200 MHz per unit increase in the epsilon value of samples was achieved. The oil sample showed the lowest value in the extracted permittivity value, while water showed the nearest to zero extracted permittivity. This relationship of variation in extracted permittivity parameter with the change in the sample's epsilon value is found to be linear and reliable regardless of the change in thickness of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]