1. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonism induces protection from lethal sepsis: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 signaling.
- Author
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Petronilho F, Vuolo F, Galant LS, Constantino L, Tomasi CD, Giombelli VR, de Souza CT, da Silva S, Barbeiro DF, Soriano FG, Streck EL, Ritter C, Zanotto-Filho A, Pasquali MA, Gelain DP, Rybarczyk-Filho JL, Moreira JC, Block NL, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G, Schally AV, and Dal-Pizzol F
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Bombesin administration & dosage, Bombesin analogs & derivatives, Bombesin pharmacology, Cell Movement drug effects, Cell Nucleus drug effects, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Chemokines metabolism, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Gastrin-Releasing Peptide blood, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Humans, Interleukin-6 blood, Lipopolysaccharides pharmacology, Lung drug effects, Lung metabolism, Lung pathology, Macrophages drug effects, Macrophages metabolism, Male, Mice, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Peptide Fragments administration & dosage, Peptide Fragments pharmacology, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Rats, Receptors, Bombesin metabolism, Sepsis blood, Sepsis metabolism, Sepsis microbiology, Toll-Like Receptor 4 genetics, Transcription Factor RelA metabolism, Receptors, Bombesin antagonists & inhibitors, Sepsis prevention & control, Signal Transduction drug effects, Toll-Like Receptor 4 metabolism
- Abstract
In sepsis, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 modulates the migration of neutrophils to infectious foci, favoring bacteremia and mortality. In experimental sepsis, organ dysfunction and cytokines released by activated macrophages can be reduced by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (GRPR) antagonist RC-3095. Here we report a link between GRPR and TLR-4 in experimental models and in sepsis patients. RAW 264.7 culture cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and RC-3095 (10 ng/mL). Male Wistar rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and RC-3095 was administered (3 mg/kg, subcutaneously); after 6 h, we removed the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, peritoneal lavage and lung. Human patients with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis received a continuous infusion with RC-3095 (3 mg/kg, intravenous) over a period of 12 h, and plasma was collected before and after RC-3095 administration and, in a different set of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, GRP plasma levels were determined. RC-3095 inhibited TLR-4, extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK)-1/2, Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and Akt and decreased activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interleukin (IL)-6 in macrophages stimulated by LPS. It also decreased IL-6 release from macrophages stimulated by TNF-α. RC-3095 treatment in CLP rats decreased lung TLR-4, reduced the migration of cells to the lung and reduced systemic cytokines and bacterial dissemination. Patients with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome have elevated plasma levels of GRP, which associates with clinical outcome in the sepsis patients. These findings highlight the role of GRPR signaling in sepsis outcome and the beneficial action of GRPR antagonists in controlling the inflammatory response in sepsis through a mechanism involving at least inhibition of TLR-4 signaling.
- Published
- 2012
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