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In this study, we evaluated the clinical, biochemical, and pathological changes induced by oral administration of Acacia nilotica aqueous extract (ANAE) in broilers. A total of 71day-old broilers were separated into one control group and six groups of 10 broiler chicks, which were subjected to a challenge. Various amounts of ANAE (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 g/kg b.wt) were given orally to broilers. Over a period of 10 days, indicators such as consumption of feed, alterations in body weight, and occurrences of poisoning or death were monitored. Blood samples were taken on day 5 after treatment for the purpose of evaluating biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination was performed on liver and kidney samples taken. The group that received ANAE at a dose of 15 g/kg showed decreased appetite, decreased locomotion, and increased hypersensitivity to touch, ultimately resulting in 100% mortality. The major lesions of histological liver tissue were cholestasis and adipose changes associated with significant increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); Indicating liver impairment. Renal tissues exhibit marked inflammation, accompanied by glomerular atrophy and changes in urea levels. Based on the above data, Acacia nilotica is toxic to broilers only at 15 g/kg, demonstrating the safety profile of ANAE in broilers.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of Vanillin (VA) against Diclofenac sodium (DFNa)-induced liver toxicity and enteropathy. A total of sixty male rats were divided into six groups; a control group received only saline, a DFNa-group received DFNa (9 mg/kg), 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups received DFNa along with escalated doses of VA (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). After five days of treatment, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. According to our findings, administration of DFNa led to a substantial decrease in the final body weight and a considerable deterioration of hematologic parameters. Regarding biochemically, DFNa-induced a significant elevation in liver enzyme activities with a significant decrease in total protein and albumin levels, indicating liver intoxication. VA maintained normalized body weight and prevented DFNainduced adverse effects on hematologic and liver parameters. Additionally, histopathological examinations revealed that DFNa showed perivascular inflammation and cellular infiltration, along with congestion and dilation of the central vein and induction of both types of cell death (necrosis and apoptosis). In the intestinal sections, DFNa resulted in necrotic enteritis, desquamation, and sloughing of the mucosa, as well as considerable congestion and dilation of the blood vessels with prominent submucosal edema. It is intriguing to note that the VA-treated animals demonstrated a significant protective effect against the deleterious effects of the DFNa on the liver and intestine. As a result of our study, VA could be used as an adjuvant agent as part of various regimens containing DFNa.

Eimeria tenella is one of the most important species of Eimeria that infect domestic fowl, causing coccidiosis in the poultry industry associated with drastic economic loss. Alternative treatment options are often necessary since anticoccidial drugs are prohibitively expensive, have serious side effects, or develop resistance. The role that herbal therapy plays in basic healthcare has been rediscovered worldwide. Consequently, our research assessed the in vitro inhibitory effect of escalated concentrations (6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg/ml) of Acacia nilotica aqueous extract (ANAE) on Eimeria tenella sporulation. Statistical analysis revealed that ANAE decreased the percentage of oocyst sporulation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ANAE showed abnormal sporulation and morphological deterioration of E. tenella oocytes. Area Under the Curve (AUC) calculation was used to determine the efficacy of ANAE and revealed that ANAE concentrations significantly reduced the coccidial score index. At 100 mg/ml, ANAE completely suppressed the sporulation of E. tenella oocysts, with obvious changes to their morphology and size. The phytochemical analysis of ANAE has shown that ANAE contains several active principles that possess anthelmintic activities. These compounds include tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, which can be attributed to the anticoccidial activity of ANAE. Considering our findings, we recommend that ANAE be used to prevent and control Eimeria.

The presence of inflammation is one of the key factors in the onset and progression of various medical disorders and diseases, making it a crucial challenge for treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Vinpocetine, using acute models of inflammation; Xylene-, Carrageenan (CGN)-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced vascularpermeability in mice were used. We also employed molecular docking approach to verify the underlying mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of Vinpocetine. In a current investigation, Vinpocetine showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on Xylene- and CGN-induced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Vinpocetine reduced inflammatory edema and restored antioxidant tissue balance, probably via suppression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MDA and MPO activity, and also through increased non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) levels in paw tissue. Histopathological examination showed that Vinpocetine restored normal skin architecture with significant inhibition of tissue edema, congestion, and cellular infiltration in CGN-challenged paw. Mechanistically, Vinpocetine showed downregulation the expression of COX-2 protein, in western blot assessment, that was associated with significant decrease in the level of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2) levels; a major metabolic product of COX-2 enzyme. Interestingly, Silico study showed that Vinpocetine has strong affinity to COX-2, similar to diclofenac, suggested possible mechanism of downregulation of COX2 expression. Therefore, Vinpocetine showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses might, in part, due to inhibition of COX-2/PGE 2 pathway.