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Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying a plasmid encoding the PirAvp and PirBvp toxins is the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in penaeid shrimps. In the Pacific white shrimp farming industry, one possible strategy to reduce economic loss due to AHPND is the development of a shrimp line resistant to the disease. In this study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Litopenaeus vannamei anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 1 (nLvALF1) and penaeidin 2-1 (PEN2-1) genes, and we analyzed the associations between these SNPs and resistance/susceptibility to V. parahaemolyticus infection in the Pacific white shrimp. Postlarvae (PL20) shrimp from a local hatchery in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province were challenged with an isolate of VPAHPND and mortality was observed for 14 days. DNA was extracted from susceptible (died within 6 days) and resistant (survived the challenge) shrimp (45 individuals/group) and used for PCR amplifications of nLvALF1 (397 bp) and PEN2-1 (637 bp) gene fragments. PCR products were sequenced by direct sequencing and SNPs were identified from sequencing chromatograms. Nine and seven SNPs were identified in nLvALF1 and PEN2-1 gene fragments, respectively. Analyses of allele frequencies in susceptible and resistant samples using Chi-square tests revealed that four and six SNPs in nLvALF1 and PEN2-1, respectively, were associated with resistance/susceptibility to V. parahaemolyticus infection (P

Highlight Research Indicated that white feces at Vanammei appeared along with the appearance of the disease besides its main trigger that is Vibrio sp. Increase the availability of carbon for photosynthesis process of phytoplankton. Clinical symptom of shrimp attacked by white feces disease is indicated by a change in intestine. Abstract Shrimp disease that currently causes economic loss to shrimp farmers is White Feces Disease (WFD). This disease appeared due to several factors, such as poor pond management, unhealthy shrimp seed, and poor water quality which resulted in the appearance of Vibrio sp. bacteria and Dinoflagellate. This study aimed to analyze the cause of WFD outbreak in vannamei shrimp pond. The study method through direct experiment was applied in shrimp pond. Sampling was performed three times in each feeding tray to collect ten shrimps. Overall, sampling was performed twice a week. The Sample Survey Method was used to collect sample in this study. Result of study showed that clinical symptom was observed through changes in pattern and behavior of vannamei shrimp during culture. However, this observation resulted in insignificant data. Vannamei shrimp infected WFD tended to swim slower and often rose to the surface with body color turned red. Moreover, total organic matter (TOM) increased on week-7 along with the increasing growth of plankton, particularly from the Dinoflagellate group. However, bacterial growth of Vibrio sp. on week-7 was insignificant, yet many shrimps were found dead with white feces during that period. The result of analysis indicated that white feces disease was caused by Dinoflagellate besides the main trigger, namely, Vibrio sp.

The study investigated the dietary effects of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) substituting fish meal on the growth, intestinal histology, serum immune indexes and transcriptome of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were designed as the control diet (CON) containing 560 g/kg fish meal, and three fish meal-substituted diets in which 30% (CAP-30), 45% (CAP-45) and 70% (CAP-70) fish meal were replaced with CAP, respectively. The four diets were fed to shrimp with initial body weight of 2.78 ± 0.13 g for 8 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain, feed intake, survival and intestinal villus height in CAP-45 and CAP-70 groups were lower than those of the control and CAP-30 groups (P

Diseases caused by Vibrio harveyi in shrimps have gradually become one group of the most serious threats to shrimp production, while related molecular mechanisms of infections with Vibrio harveyi are still not known well in shrimps. Here, we performed proteomic sequencing of hepatopancreas in whiteleg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with exogenous Vibrio harveyi, and subsequent functional annotation and calculation of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in this study. A total of 145 DEPs were obtained, among them 36 were up-regulated and 109 were down-regulated after the infection. Meanwhile, our results showed that after the infection of Vibrio harveyi, expression levels of a variety of C-type lectins (CTLs) were changed significantly. In-depth functional domain analysis and spatial structure prediction of these CTLs revealed that amino acid sequences and spatial structures of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) shared by the CTL-S and IML proteins were variant, suggesting differential functions between the two CTLs. In summary, various members of the CTL family have different epidemic responses to Vibrio harveyi infection, which provides a theoretical guidance for deep-going investigations on practical immunity reactions and pathogen infections in shrimps.

Background: Aquatic organisms are considered to be an important source of bioactive peptides with a high antioxidant and antihypertensive capacity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to hydrolyse peptide fractions from white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) muscle by Alcalase and Protamex and to evaluate the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and the antioxidant activities. Methods: Protein hydrolysates of White shrimp were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using Alcalase and Protamex until the degree of hydrolysis reached 10% and 20%. Peptide fractions were obtained from White shrimp protein hydrolysates by ultrafiltration using membranes with sizes of 10 and 3 kDa. The antioxidant activity was evaluated for the three peptide fractions (F1: >10 kDa, F2: 3-10 kDa and F3: Results: The fractions obtained with Alcalase showed greater inhibitory effects on the ACE. In general, the molecular weight of the fractions influenced the antioxidant activity, with fractions smaller than 3 kDa having a high capacity for sequestering the DPPH radical, while peptide fractions with a size greater than 10 kDa presented higher reducing power. However, in capturing the ABTS radical, a high antioxidant capacity was observed for both fractions. Conclusion: The results suggest white shrimp would be an attractive raw material for the manufacture of antioxidant and anti-hypertensive nutraceutical ingredients.

Intensive shrimp production is a potential pathway to increasing export quantity and meeting Vietnamese national export targets set for the 2020–2030 period. Vietnamese farmers need to efficiently manage their shrimp farming to compete in global markets. This study aims to investigate input- and output-specific technical and scale inefficiencies in Vietnamese shrimp farming practice and their determinants. The research used a survey among 200 shrimp farmers from Ca Mau, Kien Giang, and Soc Trang provinces in Vietnam, and applied a two-stage approach with a Russell-type (input–output) directional distance function for measuring input- and output-specific technical inefficiency, and a bootstrap truncated regression for exploring the determinants of inefficiencies. Results show that main drivers of technical inefficiencies in Vietnamese intensive white-leg shrimp farms are inappropriate management of energy (inefficiency of 32%), seed (inefficiency of 22%) and shrimp yield production (88%). Furthermore, male farmers experienced in shrimp farming, with proper training and applied plastic-lined ponds are generally better in managing pond areas, use of seed, feed, and labor. Technological innovations, better post larvae quality and their stocking management can help to improve shrimp farming performance.

The present study investigated the effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSF) on haemolymph biochemical indicators, muscle metabolites as well as the lipid and glucose metabolism of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four diets were formulated in which the control diet contained 25 % of fishmeal (FM) and 10 % (BSF10), 20 % (BSF20), and 30 % (BSF30) of FM protein were replaced with BSF. Four hundred and eighty shrimp (0·88 ± 0·00 g) were distributed to four groups of three replicates and fed for 7 weeks. Results showed that growth performance of shrimp fed BSF30 significantly decreased compared with those fed FM, but there was no significant difference in survival among groups. The whole shrimp crude lipid content, haemolymph TAG and total cholesterol were decreased with the increasing BSF inclusion. The results of metabolomics showed that the metabolite patterns of shrimp fed different diets were altered, with significant changes in metabolites related to lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism as well as TCA cycle. The mRNA expressions of hk, pfk, pk, pepck, ampk, mcd, cpt-1 and scd1 in hepatopancreas were downregulated in shrimp fed BSF30, but mRNA expression of acc1 was upregulated. Unlike BSF30, the mRNA expressions of fas, cpt-1, fbp and 6pgd in hepatopancreas were upregulated in shrimp fed BSF20. This study indicates that BSF20 diet promoted lipid synthesis and lipolysis, while BSF30 diet weakened β-oxidation and glycolysis as well as affected the unsaturated fatty acids synthesis, which may affect the growth performance and body composition of shrimp.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important pathogen causing high mortality in the shrimp industry in aquaculture, yet there is no treatment available to date. In order to find a treatment against WSSV infection, this study examined the anti-WSSV activity of eight natural compounds using shrimp larvae as a model. Among the eight compounds, paeoniflorin showed the most obvious anti-WSSV effect, with a maximum protection efficiency of WSSV-infected shrimp >60% at 100 μM. Furthermore, pretreatment and post-treatment experiments revealed that paeoniflorin could prevent and treat WSSV infection in shrimp. The antiviral activity of paeoniflorin in aquaculture water decreased rapidly with time, and the results showed that the stable anti-WSSV activity of paeoniflorin could only remain in water for 1 day. Thus, the dosing pattern of continuous medication changes was evaluated. Obviously, in the model of continuous change of paeoniflorin, WSSV copy numbers in the virus-treated shrimp group still progressively increased, while the virus content in WSSVpaeoniflorin -treated group continued to decrease. Interestingly, paeoniflorin inhibited horizontal transmission of WSSV to a certain extent. Notably, paeoniflorin significantly increased the expression of antimicrobial peptides of shrimp to resist WSSV. In conclusion, paeoniflorin has the potential to protect shrimp against WSSV.

In the hatchery of white shrimp larvae, there are some problems, such as a decreased water quality and diseases caused by bacteria which cause a decrease in shrimp growth. The solution to reduce these problems is by applying synbiotics. This research aimed to make an innovative synbiotic formula for the absolute length growth and survival rate of white shrimp larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei) as well as the total number of bacteria and the number of Vibrio sp. In this study, there were four treatments, as follows: C-: negative control (without synbiotic application) C+: positive control (commercial synbiotic) P: probiotic 2.5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 1,5 ppm Q: probiotic 5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 1 ppm R: probiotic 7,5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 0,5 ppm S: probiotic 106 cfu/ml and prebiotic 2 ppm, each treatment with four repetitions. This research was set up in a completely randomized design experiment using twenty-four plastic tanks with 50 L total volume filled with 20 L sterile sea water and stocked with 4,000 nauplii in the PT. Citra Larva Cemerlang hatchery, Kalianda, Lampung. Variables observed in this research were survival rate, absolute length growth, total bacterial and Vibrio sp. counts, and water quality in the white shrimp larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei). The results showed that the best survival rate is in treatment S (probiotic 106 cfu/ml and prebiotic 2 ppm) (87.7%), the highest absolute length growth is in treatment P (3.8 mm), the highest total bacteria was in treatment S (11.1 log cfu/ml), and the best total Vibrio sp. is in treatment S (3.5 log cfu/ml). Water quality of the six treatments shows results that are still in normal conditions following Indonesian National Standard SNI 7311: 2009.

This study evaluated the protein requirement of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae during the initial rearing phase in a biofloc system. Five different diets were evaluated with increasing concentrations of crude protein: 31.28, 36.29, 41.57, 46.34, and 51.74 g 100 g-1 CP. Post-larvae (0.16 ± 0.01 g) were stocked at a density of 450 PL m-3 in 400 L tanks. Water quality parameters were maintained within the limits recommended for shrimp farming. After 38 days, a regression analysis revealed that levels of CP content (65.29 í 72.83%), EE (10.45 í 11.65%) and body N (10.45 í 11.64%) increased with increasing protein levels in the diet. A similar trend was observed in the biofloc sludge with respect to CP and N. Survival exceeded 80%, and the shrimp with diets containing 31.28 to 46.34g 100 g-1 CP presented an increase in final weight (1.52 í 2.61 g), productivity (0.69 í 1.10 Kg m-3), weight gain (1.38 í 2.44 g), and feeding efficiency (77.28 í 101.68%), whereas these indices decreased to51.74 g 100 g-1 CP. Crude protein content from 44.26 to 47.12 g 100 g-1 provided the best growth performance during the initial rearing phase of Pacific white shrimp in a biofloc system.

Asian Pacific Shrimp is an invertebrate that the most culture in aquaculture. But the high demand for shrimp makes farmers cultivate a high density. There are several ways to increase the density of shrimp culture, usually called geomembrane plastic and concrete ponds. The ponds are located in the Laboratory of Brackishwater and Seawater Fisheries, Probolinggo and Lucky Windu, Situbondo. Day of Culture (DOC) on Laboratory of Brackishwater and Seawater Fisheries in Probolinggo pond is 85 days both, while in Lucky Windu Situbondo is 81 days on pond 2, and pond 3B 133 days. The study aimed to evaluate correlations of VLPs towards geomembrane and concrete ponds. The research method has two observations: 1. Periodic observations; nitrite, ammonium, and shrimp were observed; 2. Last observation; sampling water for analysis VLPs was observed. Data of sampling water in the different ponds were then analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis to look for the level of tightness and direction of the relationship. The results have obtained that geomembrane VLPs and concrete VLPs has a very strong relationship, while the type of geomembrane and concrete was close to 1 > 0.5 and the result is 0.90, 0.96, 0.69, and 0.82. Water quality showed pH 8.1 at geomembrane, nitrite 0.2mg.L -1 at geomembrane, and ammonium of 0.44 mg.L -1 at concrete. The pond area in geomembrane pond 1 and 2 was 1600 m 2 , meanwhile in concrete both is 4300 m 2 , which mean in concrete ponds more the existence of VLPs is because due to the different pond area factors and indicates from detections of WSSV that the result was positive that makes environment factor in abundances VLPs. But VLPs have no effect on the growth of shrimp vaname during the cultivated process. Keywords: Asian Shrimp Pasific (L. vannamei ), Virus-Like Particles (VLPs), Water Quality, and WSSV.

Phytoplankton plays an important role in Litopenaeus vannamei cultivation. It plays a role as natural feed, water quality control, and indicator of shrimp cultivation success. The community structure of phytoplankton can be influenced by organic matter concentration in ponds. On the other hand, water quality and phytoplankton community structure also influence the productivity of shrimp cultivation. The research aimed to analyze the phytoplankton structure community, cultivation performance and the water quality in one of vananmei shrimp cultivation located in Muncar District. The research used the descriptive method. The research was conducted in two shrimp intensive system ponds in Tembokrejo Village, Muncar District, Banyuwangi, on February-March 2020. Parameters observed were composition, diversity, and density of phytoplankton, water quality parameters, and production performance in each pond. Based on the results, five phytoplankton classes was found: Bacillariophyceae (12 genera), Chlorophyceae (4 genera), Cyanophyceae (8 genera), Dinophyceae (2 genera), and Euglenophyceae (1 genus). Based on the density, Cyclotella and Chlorella were dominated in both ponds. Diversity index values on ponds 1 and ponds 2 were 1.64 and 1.71, respectively. The productivity of both ponds was 10.794 kg.ha -1 and 11.698 kg.ha -1 , FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) were 0.99 and 1.18, and ADG (Average Daily Growth) on both ponds were 0.16 g.day -1 . Water quality parameters in both ponds showed an optimal range for vannamei cultivation, except phosphate, which is quite high. Overall, the cultivation performance of both ponds in our research showed good results. However, cultivation performance obtained in this research was not on its best performance yet due to Infectious Myonecrosis (IMNV) infection. Keywords : Cultivation performance , Litopenaeus vannamei, muncar, phytoplankton.

Utilisation of plant proteins to replace fish meal in shrimp feeds has become an important consideration because fish meal is becoming more expensive due to increasing demand worldwide. The potential use of palm kernel meal (PKM) in this study to substitute fish meal in the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets was evaluated by conducting a 90-day feeding trial. Shrimp juveniles with an initial average weight of 0.5 g, protein content of 10.74±0.70% were randomly distributed into five treatments in triplicates. Four isonitrogenous (approximately 35% protein) diets were formulated to contain 0% (D0), 25% (D25), 50% (D50) and 75% (D75) of PKM replacement and a commercial feed served as control treatment (Control). Results from this study revealed that shrimps fed D25 were comparable with those fed with Control as there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) between the groups. However, PKM inclusions above 50% showed detrimental effects on the growth performance. The highest total protein percent was observed in shrimp tissues fed with D25 (67.59±0.87%) and D75 showed the lowest protein among the treatments (57.4±0.63%) (p

This study aimed to evaluate the integrated culture of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the West Indian pointed venus (Anomalocardia flexuosa) reared in a biofloc system. The performance of both species and the phytoplankton community were evaluated. Shrimp monoculture and three stocking densities of West Indian pointed venus (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 Kg m-3) were evaluated in 0.05 m3 tanks. First of all, the addition of A. brasiliana did not affect the water quality parameters of the culture. Regarding the phytoplankton community, 13 taxa were found: 5 cyanobacteria, 4 dinoflagellates, 3 diatoms and 1 green algae. Although diatoms were dominant at the beginning of cultivation, in the middle and at the end a cyanobacterial dominance was observed (proven by ANOSIM and nMDS). The taxa that most contributed to the abundance of cyanobacteria were Aphanocapsa sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. Regarding the performance of the shrimp, all integrated treatments present the higher growth performances (final weight, yield and survival) when compared to shrimp monoculture. Moreover, gradual mortalities of A. brasiliana were observed, probably due to the high concentration of cyanobacteria. Thus, it can be observed that the integration of molluscs in shrimp culture can reduce the concentration of harmful algae and improve the zootechnical performance of the shrimp.

This study investigated the treatment effect of curry leaves extract (CLE) and moringa leaves extract (MLE) on the melanosis of Pacific white shrimp during 15 days of chilled storage. These extract...

Shrimp has become a popular seafood delicacy across the world. Shrimp is one of the widely traded seafood items and shrimp farming has created huge employment opportunities and gives foreign exchange to developing Nations. Shrimp exports have grown substantially with the introduction of Litopenaeus vannamei in India. The study analyses the economics of shrimp production and the constraints faced by the shrimp farmers in Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. The economic analysis indicated that shrimp farmers have realized average gross returns of Rs.24,48,000 per hectare and average net return of Rs.8,71,038.58 per hectare. Disease problem and high feed cost were the major constraints faced by the farmers in the shrimp production.The results would help the policy makers in formulating suitable programs and devising strategies for increasing production of shrimp in Tamil Nadu.

Cell survival is based on the stability of intracellular state. It was well known that biochemical reactions in cells require specific intracellular environments, such as pH and calcium concentration. While the mechanism of stabilizing the intracellular environment is complex and far from clear. In this study, a Sma and Mad related protein 5 gene (LvSmad5) of Litopenaeus vannamei was cloned. LvSmad5 was located to both cytoplasm and nucleus. And subcellular localization of LvSmad5 was responsed to the changing of cells internal and external environment. Besides, it was found that subcellular localization of LvSmad5 was also regulated by unfolded protein response. Moreover, it was proved that nucleic localization of LvSmad5 could significantly increase the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp, and knockdown expression of LvSmad5 decreased the cumulative mortality of WSSV infection shrimp. Further investigation revealed that cytoplasm LvSmad5 could interplay with shrimp hexokinase 1, and contribute to glycolysis. These results indicated that LvSmad5 played a role in L. vannamei environmental stress response, and was used by WSSV for its replication.

Vannamei shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei), also known as white leg shrimps are widely cultivated and consumed by many people. However, most consumers have removed the shrimp’s head which integrates with its digestive tract. The digestive tract of white leg shrimp contains digestive enzymes, including amylase. This study aimed to determine the protein content and amylase activity from Vannamei shrimps’ digestive tract using the size exclusion chromatography method. The protein isolation of size exclusion chromatography was prepared in three steps, namely; centrifugation, precipitation, and dialysis. The protein from the dialysis step was purified by using gel filtration chromatography. Each obtained fraction was determined the protein content and amylase activity by using spectrophotometer UV-Vis method. The results showed that the fraction of 108th had the highest protein content and amylase activity with a value of 0.85 mg/ml and 25.66U/ml respectively. @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-language:IN; mso-fareast-language:IN;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}

Udang yang potensial untuk dibudidayakan dalam tambak adalah Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) dan Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Adapun keunggulan dari udang vaname ini yaitu tahan dari penyakit, pertumbuhannya yang cepat dengan masa pemeliharaannya relatif singkat kisaran 100-110 hari, sintasan selama pemeliharaan tinggi dan nilai konversi pakan (FCR) rendah (1:1,3). Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengevaluasi kinerja budidaya udang vaname, mengidentifikasi masalah dan rekomendasi usulan intervensi pada budidaya udang vaname, menganalisis pendapatan berkaitan dengan produktivitas budidaya untuk menegtahui tingkat keuntungan. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Maret – Mei 2021 di PT. Hasil Nusantara Mandiri Kelurahan Sungai Bulan Kecamatan Singkawang Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pendekatan deskriptif dengan mengamati indikator produktivitas, SR, FCR, dan kualitas air sebagai data pendukung, identifikasi masalah digunakan Root Cause Analysis dan Fishbone Analysis. Hasil menunjukan produktivitas yang di peroleh 24.233,48 kg yang mana terget perusahaan untuk 4 kolam yaitu 48.000 kg. Pendapatan atau keuntungan yaitu sebesar Rp. 106.199.842.

Highlight Research Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder on pellet water stability in shrimp diet. Evaluation of squid oil attractant on feed palatability. The quality of water after inclusion of CMC binder and squid oil in pellet. CMC and squid oil improved dry matter retention and feeding responses in shrimp. Abstract Pellet water stability and feeding attractant are the crucial factors to be considered in the formulation of shrimp feed to minimize nutrient leaching and improve food palatability, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the binding effect of supplementation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) during pellet manufacturing, and feeding responses with the inclusion of squid oil in pellet. Both experiments were conducted separately in five feed formulations ranged from 0.00% to 3.00% of CMC and squid oil. All T 0 was referred as control with no CMC or squid oil. Experiment was conducted using 30 shrimps/treatment with triplicates. The dry matter retention up to 120 min of immersion and the feeding response test were evaluated in pellet supplemented with CMC and squid oil, respectively. Results showed the percentage of dry matter retentions increased with the increase of CMC, over time. The CMC containing pellets at 2.00% and 3.00% had minimal disintegration in water and possessed high water stability after 120 min immersion. The addition of 3.00% squid oil in feed exhibited a significant result (p

Problems currently plaguing the production of fresh and frozen shrimp food items include high cost and textural issues. In this study, fresh Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Alaska pollock surimi were combined in various ratios to create a combined fish-and-shrimp product that is economical to produce and possesses desirable qualities from both ingredients. The mixture was evaluated for brittleness, elasticity, color, degree of cross-linking, water holding capacity, and rheology. A 4:6 (mass) mixture ratio of pollock-to-shrimp exhibited the best gel properties, the highest degree of whiteness, significant protein denaturation, and the greatest structural stability. This study demonstrates a method for reducing the production cost of shrimp surimi products and reports an optimal ingredient ratio for new products.

Shrimp farming is one profitable sector of aquaculture and the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is the most cultivated species worldwide. Nutrition is considered as one of the greatest challenges in shrimp farming due to its dependence on fishmeal (FM) as an ingredient in the feed. The main goal of the present work was to analyse if the substitution of FM by yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal (TM) influences digestive enzyme expression, haemolymph parameters or the intestinal microbiota of shrimp juveniles. Shrimps (average initial weight 4.42±0.02 g) were fed five experimental diets where FM protein was gradually substituted by TM protein (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The shrimps were fed four times per day with an amount equivalent to approximately 6% of their biomass for 42 days. The total haemocyte count, protein concentration and prophenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph were not significantly altered (P>0.05) when FM was substituted by TM. However, the agglutinating activity of shrimp serum determined against dog erythrocytes was higher in the shrimp group fed 25% TM. The absolute and specific activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, α-amylase and the patterns of proteolytic activities were not affected by the dietary treatments. The shrimp gut bacterial microbiota profile was similar with the genera Pseudoalteromonas, Rubritalea, Ruegeria, Tenacibaculum, and Vibrio detected. These results show that TM is viable alternative for the replacement of FM, without any deleterious effects on expression of key digestive enzymes, gut microbiota or the immune system of the Pacific white shrimp.

An ammonia stress experiment was conducted by adjusting the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) to 20 mg/L using ammonium chloride. The shrimp without ammonia stress was set as the control group. A total of 300 shrimp were randomly divided into six circular fiberglass tanks, each tank containing 50 shrimp. Antioxidant and immunological enzyme activities were investigated at five time points: 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h. The shrimp sampled at the initial time point were set as the control group. The samples used for intestinal microbiota determination were taken at two time points: 0 h and 96 h. All of the enzyme activities showed an initial increase followed by a decreasing trend. The enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, LZM, ACP, AKP) generally were higher at 12 h and 24 h compared to the control group, and then decreased some at 48 h and 96 h. The richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota decreased under ammonia stress. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominated in both the control and the 96-h group. Principal component analysis indicated a relatively small alteration of the microbiota by ammonia. Chitinophagaceae and Chloroflexi were the main species in the 96-h group, while Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Paracoccus were the main species in the control group. Our findings suggest that ammonia exposure suppressed the antioxidant and immunological defenses of Litopenaeus vannamei. Ammonia exposure induced variation in the expression of intestinal microbiota abundance and composition, but the changes were unremarkable.

Shrimp are a globally traded aquaculture commodity that accounts for a large proportion of the monetary value of aquaculture. There are concerns among consumers about seafood labeling fraud and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the geographic origin of shrimp from retail stores was investigated with trace element profiling. 94 shrimp samples were collected from grocery stores across the USA, UK, and EU in 70 different grocery stores. The results of 24 elements are reported. Shrimp samples were from Thailand, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Ecuador were shown to have 15 elements that were statistically different across labeled country of origin, with Ecuador having unique post hoc group membership in 5 of the elements. Based on a classification procedure, shrimp were classified to labeled country of origin with an overall accuracy of 71.2%. Overall, the results suggest that elemental profiling could be a traceability tool for classifying samples of shrimp from retail stores., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Frozen Shrimp samples were obtained from grocery stores in the EU and USA. • Samples were analyzed for element concentrations in 42 elements. • 24 elements were detectable and presented here. • Samples from Ecuador shown property of having a unique elemental profile. • Samples were classified to country of origin with reasonable accuracy (71%).

The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is a key consideration for health management in shrimp aquaculture. In this study, the probiotic potential in shrimp aquaculture of Pediococcus pentosaceus MR001, isolated from Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was investigated by means of feeding trial and genetic characterization. In the feeding trial, dietary supplementation with P. pentosaceus MR001 significantly increased weight gain and digestive enzyme activity (p Litopenaeus vannamei. The intestinal histology showed that shrimp given the probiotic diet had healthier guts than the control group. Also, the immune gene expression and the survival rate in the treatment group were significantly increased when compared with the control group. The genetic characteristics of P. pentosaceus strain MR001 were explored by performing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using the HiSeq 2500 platform and PacBio system, revealing the complete circular genome of 1,804,896 bp. We also identified 1789 coding genes and subsequently characterized genes related to the biosynthesis of bacteriocins, stress resistance, and bile tolerance. Our findings suggest that insights in the functional and genetic characteristics of P. pentosaceus strain MR001 could provide opportunities for applications of such strain in shrimp diet supplementation.

As a maritime country with vast waters, Indonesia has many opportunities to utilize marine resources as a source of bioactive compounds that have the potential as active medicinal ingredients. One of the marine biotas that potentially contains the active compounds is the Vannamei shrimp's shell (Litopenaeus vannamei), which is commonly found as waste along the coast of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. The shrimp’s shell contains astaxanthin, a potential source of antioxidants for the health industry. The purpose of this study was to compare the astaxanthin extraction yield from L. vannamei shrimp shells using sunflower oil and 70% ethanol. The Astaxanthin extraction used sunflower oil and ethanol 70% as solvents and was done by maceration method, while the phytochemical test and Astaxanthin profiling used Thin Layer Chromatography and Spectrophotometer with Kelly and Harmon (1972) [5] calculations as well as pure Astaxanthin standards. The extraction yield of the 70% ethanol extraction was further processed by column chromatography using ether: ethanol (8: 2) as mobile phase. The highest Astaxanthin yield (220 mg / g of shrimp powder) was obtained from the extraction with sunflower oil compared to the 70% ethanol solvent, while the fractionation result with a chromatographic column from a crude extract of ethanol 70% showed high astaxanthin yield of 220.77 mg. / g fraction. The results of the fraction test on rat neutrophils, the best percentage reduction was at a concentration of 150 mg / g bw of rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on growth, intestine digestive, antioxidant and metabolic capacity, intestine short-chain fatty acids content, and intestine microbiota composition of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In total 2700 shrimp (initial weight 2.5 ± 0.1 g/shrimp) were randomly distributed into six tanks (450 shrimp/500-L tank) and fed at 28 ± 0.5 ℃ for 35 days (four times/day) with control diet and experimental diet supplemented with 108 CFU/g B. licheniformis, followed by an acute nitrite stress for 10 days. At the end of the feeding trial, shrimp dietary B. licheniformis showed improved weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate after nitrite stress, and decreased feed conversion rate compared to control group. And acetic acid and butyric acid content in the intestine of shrimp dietary B. licheniformis increased significantly except for propionic acid content. In addition, activities of amylase, lipase, and trypsin and activities of glutamine synthetase, hexokinase, and malate dehydrogenase increased significantly compared to control group. After shrimp were exposed to nitrite stress for 10 days, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase levels were still higher in dietary B. licheniformis-shrimp, which showed that B. licheniformis enhanced the resistance to environmental stressor such as nitrite from the level of immune. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that B. licheniformis increased diversity and abundance of some bacteria. In particular, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes decreased, and the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased. These results revealed that B. licheniformis could improve the growth performance, increased intestine short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) content, change intestine digestive and metabolic enzyme activity, and regulated microbiota composition, so enhance the intestine antioxidant ability of shrimp subjected to nitrite stress, which is beneficial for shrimp aquaculture.

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of two Bacillus spp. on digestibility, growth performance, innate immunity, and water ammonia level of Litopenaeus vannamei. A control diet was made without the probiotic supplementation, and four other diets were prepared by including B. subtilis (BS) alone (0.1 × 1010 and 0.2 × 1010) or a mixture of BS and B. pumilus (BP) (0.1 × 1010 and 0.2 × 1010). Quadruplicate groups of shrimp (0.14 g) were hand-fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Shrimp fed diets containing Bacillus spp. showed significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and dry matter than shrimp fed the control diet. The growth performance was significantly improved in shrimp fed higher dose (0.2 × 1010) of the Bacillus spp. compared to the control group. Innate immunity of shrimp fed the probiotic diets was significantly enhanced compared to the control group. In a water ammonia test, culture water of the probiotic diets had lower total ammonia concentration than that of the control diet. The results in this study suggest that Bacillus spp. can positively affect digestibility, growth performance, feed efficiency, innate immunity, and water quality for L. vannamei.

In the present study, the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus subtilis IS02 in order to improve the larval survival rate. Various experimental groups including control (no probiotic in the rearing water), 106, 107, and 108 CFU mL–1 of the probiotic supplemented samples were added to the salt water once every 3 days during the 21 days of breeding. The stress tolerance and immune status were then evaluated. It was shown that the larval development stages and survival rate were significantly improved following application of the 108 CFU mL−1 of the probiotic. Total bacterial and presumptive Vibrio counts were numerically reduced. The stress test revealed a considerable increase in the postlarvae vitality. Moreover, a significant decrease in the cumulative mortality of postlarvae exposed to the probiotic at the level of 108 CFU mL−1 was recorded after a sudden transfer to 300 mg L−1 nitrite-N, compared to that of the control. The analysis of immune-related gene expressions showed the overexpression of the genes prophenoloxidase (proPO) and peroxinectin (PE) in the shrimp fed with water containing 108 CFU mL−1 of probiotic. These findings demonstrate the effects of the administration of B. subtilis IS02 on improving growth and enhancing the immune response, thus increasing resistance to bacterial pathogens.

The Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is an important fisheries resource in China. To investigate the differences in nutritional quality among strains, we analyzed and compared the basic muscle nutritional components, amino acid (hydrolyzed and free) compositions, and fatty acid compositions among four L. vannamei strains (Universal, KH‐1, Syaqua, and common). The result showed that under an efficiency aquaculture model, all four strains had high protein (21.1%‐22.3%) and low fat (0.8%‐1.1%). The Universal strain was highest in protein and fat as well as essential amino acid score (147.97). The Syaqua strain had the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (44.88%). The KH‐1 strain had the highest free amino acid content (2.68%), which contributes to the taste. Our findings revealed that strain‐specific variability exists in chemical composition of the shrimp L. vannamei under controlled condition, which may provide buying reference for consumers.

VP28 is an envelope protein of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), which has been shown in previous studies to induce a high immune response in shrimp. VP28 has been produced in some host systems such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pichia pastoris as free protein. Here we showed a new strategy of anchoring VP28 on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast surface and using the yeast cell extract combined with probiotic as an oral vaccine for shrimp farming. We have successfully constructed a recombinant yeast cell capable of expressing VP28 on the cell surface. The feeding diet combined with VP28 anchored yeast cell extract provided significant assurance to Litopenaeus vannamei, challenged by WSSV, resulting in a relative percent survival (RPS) of 87.10 ± 2.15%. Interestingly, the utilization of VP28 anchored yeast cell extract could enhance the efficiency of probiotic strains like Lactobacillus and Bacillus on shrimp farming. The results in both laboratory scales and field trials using extract of VP28 displaying Saccharomyces showed a growth-promoting effect in shrimp, assessed through average shrimp weight. Taken together, our results in this study demonstrated a new successful strategy of using yeast cell surface as a tool to produce VP28-based oral vaccine for shrimp aquaculture. • A new strategy of using VP28 antigen as anchored protein on S. cerevisiae yeast cell surface (S. cerevisiae::VP28) • The utilization of VP28 antigen and yeast as S. cerevisiae::VP28 extract enhanced potential protection of Litopenaeus vannamei against White Spot Syndrome Virus (RPS 87.10%) • The use of S. cerevisiae::VP28 extract increased efficiency of probiotic on shrimp growth-promoting effect either lab-scale or field trial.

The present survey was performed to evaluate the effects of Colpomeni sinousa (C. sinousa) on melanosis, quality and lipid oxidation of Western Pacific shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during the storage on ice. Shrimp samples were classified into four groups [Control, C. sinousa treatments (1 and 10%) and 3% sodium metabisulfite], packed and stored on ice for 20 days. Quality properties of shrimp samples were assessed daily. Sensory properties of fried shrimp samples were assessed at the end of the experiment. Peroxide, anisidine and TBA contents of shrimp samples were measured at days 0, 10 and 20 of the experiment using standard techniques. The highest qualitative scores were given to shrimp samples treated with sodium metabisulfite(3%), followed by C. sinousa extract (10%). Peroxide, anisidine and TBA contents of shrimp samples were significantly increase during the storage period (P

Phytoplankton can be used to estimate the potential for vannamei shrimp production. It can be used as a provider of nutrient sources and has an important role in improving water quality. This study aims to analyze the phytoplankton community structure on the productivity of intensive vannamei shrimp ponds. The research was conducted in Jatisari Village, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Carried out parameters were the calculation of density, phytoplankton diversity index, culture performance (SR, FCR, ADG), and water quality (temperature, water transparency, salinity, pH, DO, NO2, NO3, PO4, NH4). The results showed that there were six classes and 33 genera from both ponds, Chlorophyceae (10 genera), Bacillariophyceae (8 genera), Cyanophyceae (9 genera), Dinophyceae (3 genera), Euglonophyceae (1 genus), Criptophyceae (1 genus). The index value of the two ponds shows moderate diversity, H 'pond 1 is 1.76, and pond 2 is 2.02. The two plots' cultivation performance was SR 92% and 80%, FCR 1.08 and 1.13, ADG 0.31 g.day-1 and 0.35 g.day-1, respectively. The physical and chemical parameters of the research showed a good enough value for the life of vannamei shrimp and phytoplankton. Keywords: Cultivation performance, Phytoplankton, Vannamei shrimp.

This study aims to apply the appication of cinnamon leaf flour in feeding to the meat quality of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The concentrations of cinnamon leaf flour given were 0%, 0,5%, 1,0% and 1,5%. The vannamei shrimp used had an average weight of 10,06 ± 0,15 g/tail which was kept in an aquarium for 60 days. The quality test result showed that on 1,5% treatment, the shrimp meat had the lowest fat content on 1,46% and the highest HDL content on 96,75%. The results of organoleptic test on the quality of shrimp meat showed no difference in aroma, color, taste and texture that could be detected by the panelists (p>0,05). The average responses were: aroma 4,43, 4,31, 4,45; color 4,67, 4,67, 4,60; texture 4,52, 4,67, 4,52 and taste 4,48, 4,38, 4,52. From the results of the organoleptic test, all parameters showed a number above 4, where the value of 4 indicated that tested parameters were as good as the control (0%).

Vaname is one type of shrimp that is often cultivated in Indonesia. The shrimp farming system model consists of an extensive system (traditional) and an intensive system. This study aims to compare the abundance of plankton, water conditions, growth performance of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in intensive and extensive aquaculture systems in the waters of Banyuwangi Regency. Parameters measured include physical and chemical parameters, namely temperature, brightness, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, ammonia, and alkalinity, type and abundance of plankton. The research method used is descriptive method. The method of analysis is the abundance of plankton, and analysis of productivity, SR, FCR and growth of vannamei shrimp. The results showed that plankton in intensive pond waters were identified as many as 4 classes, namely phytoplankton class Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Chrysophyta, while zooplankton class Protozoa. In traditional ponds, it is not much different, only the Crpytophyta class as an additional identification result. The abundance of plankton in intensive ponds reaches 27,595 individuals per liter, while for extensive ponds the abundance of plankton reaches 37,641 individuals per liter. While the survival rate of shrimp in intensive ponds is around 86%, while in extensive ponds is 67%. The FCR value for extensive ponds is 1.02, while the FCR value for intensive ponds is 1.17. The final average weight of shrimp in intensive ponds was 11.76 g/head and 8.33 g/head in extensive ponds.Keyword : Vaname Shrimp, Intensive Cultivation, Extensive