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This paper first presents six (6) types of benchmark amplitude design specifications, including variable low-pass specification, variable high-pass specification, variable bandpass specification, variable bandstop specification, variable notch-frequency specification, and variable notch-width specification. The design specifications can be taken as typical benchmark specifications targeted at testing as well as validating the effectiveness of various newly developed algorithms for designing various typical variable filters (VFs). Then, the paper provides a novel unity-bounded (UB) function developed for ensuring the stability of those VFs with recursive structures. Finally, a wide variety of simulation results are included for validating the design performance as well as the assured stability by using both the benchmark design specifications and the novel UB function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital notch filters are useful for removing sinusoidal signals with a single frequency or multi-frequencies. For some applications, the sinusoidal signals being processed may change frequencies, and thus the notch filter must also have a variable notch frequency. Such a digital filter with a variable notch-frequency (VNF) is called variable notch-frequency (VNF) digital filter. Generally speaking, a VNF filter has the ability to change its notch frequency continuously, and can remove sinusoidal signals with variable frequencies. To design a recursive VNF filter, guaranteeing its stability is the top-priority issue. In this paper, a recursive VNF filter is designed by utilizing the least Lp-norm criterion, and the stability is guaranteed through adopting the stability-guarantee methodology based on parameter transformations. To perform the parameter transformations, a function that meets a special condition is required, and such a function is called unity-bounded function. In this paper, various unity-bounded functions are developed for the parameter-transformation-based stability guarantee. The unity-bounded functions play a crucial role in the stability guarantee. This paper details how to design a stable VNF filter by incorporating the parameter transformations employing the unity-bounded functions into the Lp-norm minimization of the magnitude response. Theoretically, the stability of the recursive VNF filter resulting from the design is definitely guaranteed. Moreover, since the coefficients of the designed VNF are variable, changing the filter coefficients enables the user to get a VNF filter with updated notch frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a new method for the design of a recursive allpass phase-compensating system (PCS) with an arbitrarily prescribed stability margin (SM). The design methodology comes from the generalised stability-triangle (GST) that defines a closed stability region for the second-order system, and the closed stability region is described by a pair of parameterised inequalities. Since the GST is developed for the second-order recursive system, to design a high-order PCS, we first construct a high-order PCS using the cascade of a set of second-order systems (sections), and then apply the GST to each of the second-order sections. The two coefficients of each second-order section are first transformed into two new variables by employing a coefficient-transformation technique, and then all the new variables are optimised in such a way that a given phase specification is best approximated. Thanks to both the coefficient transformations and the general stability condition from the GST, the resulting high-order PCS is not only stable, but also satisfies a prescribed SM design specification. This paper includes two examples to illustrate the usefulness of the GST-based PCS design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guaranteeing the stability is one of the most critical issues in designing a variable recursive digital filter. In this paper, we first present an odd-order recursive variable model (transfer function) that is used for designing an odd-order variable-magnitude (VM) digital filter, and then we replace the original coefficients of the denominator of the odd-order transfer function with a set of new parameters. These new parameters can ensure that they can take arbitrary values without incurring instability of the designed odd-order VM filter. To make the VM filter coefficients variable, we find all the VM filter coefficients as polynomial functions of the tuning parameter, which includes two phases. The first phase designs a set of recursive digital filters with fixed coefficients (constant filters), and the second phase utilizes a curve-fitting scheme to represent each coefficient as a polynomial function. As a result, the VM filter coefficients become variable, and the proposed parameter-substitution-based denominator coefficients ensure the filter stability. This is the most important contribution of the parameter-substitution-based design scheme. This paper uses the fifth-order demonstrative example to verify the stability guarantee as well as the design accuracy of the obtained the fifth-order VM filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interpolation kernel is required in a wide variety of signal processing applications such as image interpolation and timing adjustment in digital communications. This article presents a general-form interpolation kernel called 3-3-3 interpolation kernel and derives its frequency response in a closed-form by using a simple derivation method. This closed-form formula is preliminary to designing various 3-3-3 interpolation kernels subject to a set of design constraints. The 3-3-3 interpolation kernel is formed through utilising the third-degree piecewise polynomials, and it is an even-symmetric function. Thus, it will suffice to consider only its right-hand side when deriving its frequency response. Since the right-hand side of the interpolation kernel contains three piecewise polynomials of the third degree, i.e. the degrees of the three piecewise polynomials are (3,3,3), we call it the 3-3-3 interpolation kernel. Once the general-form frequency-response formula is derived, we can systematically formulate the design of various 3-3-3 interpolation kernels subject to a set of design constraints, which are targeted for different interpolation applications. Therefore, the closed-form frequency-response expression is preliminary to the optimal design of various 3-3-3 interpolation kernels. We will use an example to show the optimal design of a 3-3-3 interpolation kernel based on the closed-form frequency-response expression. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the design of recursive digital filters, the stability of the recursive digital filters must be guaranteed. Furthermore, it is desirable to add a certain amount of margin to the stability so as to avoid the violation of stability due to some uncertain perturbations of the filter coefficients. This paper extends the well-known stability-triangle of the second-order digital filter into more general cases, which results in dented stability-triangles and generalized stability-triangle. The generalized stability-triangle can be viewed as a special case of the dented stability-triangles if the two upper bounds on the radii of the two poles are the same, which is a generalized version of the existing conventional stability-triangle and can guarantee the radii of the two poles of the second-order recursive digital filter below some prescribed upper bound. That is, it is able to provide a prescribed stability-margin in terms of the upper bound of the pole radii. As a result, the generalized stability-triangle increases the flexibility for guaranteeing a prescribed stability-margin. Since the generalized stability-triangle is parameterized by using the upper bound of pole radii, i.e., the stability-margin is parameterized as a function of the upper bound, the proposed generalized stability-triangle facilitates the stability-margin guarantee in the design of the second-order as well as high-order recursive digital filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design a variable recursive digital filter whose stability is always guaranteed, it is necessary to ensure that the stability conditions are always satisfied in the tuning process. Furthermore, it is also necessary to keep a certain margin for the stability (stability margin) in such a way that some unpredictable environmental changes and coefficient-value deviations will not cause instability. To add a stability margin to the stability of the second-order (2nd-order) recursive filter, this paper first introduces a stability trapezoid by trimming the well-known stability triangle of the 2nd-order recursive digital filter. Then, we quantitatively analyze the upper bound for the stability margin by using a stability-margin parameter. This theoretical stability-margin analysis is fundamental to the design of a variable recursive filter with an expected stability margin. Finally, we utilize a demonstrative example to verify the consistence between the theoretical upper bound of the stability margin and the computer simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although the coefficient-relation of the even-order sub-filters in the Farrow structure has been revealed and adopted in the weighted-least-squares (WLS) design of even-order finite-impulse-response (FIR) variable fractional-delay (VFD) digital filters in the literature, it has never been exploited in implementing low-complexity VFD filters. This paper aims to [(i)] propose a low-complexity implementation structure through exploiting the coefficient-relation such that the coefficient-relation is not only utilized in the design process, but also utilized in the low-complexity implementation; [(ii)] formulate the minimax design of an even-order VFD filter through exploiting the coefficient-relation; [(iii)] propose a new two-stage scheme called increase-then-decrease scheme for optimizing the sub-filter orders so as to minimize the VFD digital filter complexity. With the above three advances, an even-order VFD filter can not only be designed and but also be implemented efficiently by exploiting the coefficient-relation. We will use a design example to illustrate the low complexity and high design accuracy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This letter proposes a frequency-domain weighted least-squares (WLS) method for designing a length-6 cubic interpolation kernel constructed by connecting three piecewise polynomials of third-degree, and the optimal coefficients are found through minimizing the weighted squared error between the desired and actual frequency responses of the length-6 cubic. This frequency-domain approach can design various cubics with different frequency responses by adjusting the weighting functions in different frequency bands, and even ignore “don't care” bands. An interpolation example is given to illustrate that the length-6 cubic can achieve much higher accuracy interpolations than the other interpolators with fixed frequency characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper proposes a closed-form solution for designing variable one-dimensional (1-D) finite-impulse-response (FIR) digital filters with simultaneously tunable magnitude and tunable fractional phase-delay responses. First, each coefficient of a variable FIR filter is expressed as a two-dimensional (2-D) polynomial of a pair of parameters called spectral parameters; one is for independently tuning the cutoff frequency of the magnitude response, and the other is for independently tuning fractional phase-delay. Then, the closed-form error function between the desired and actual variable frequency responses is derived without discretizing any design parameters such as the frequency and the two spectral parameters. Finally, the optimal solution for the 2-D polynomial coefficients can be easily determined through minimizing the closed-form error function. We also show that the resulting variable FIR filter can be efficiently implemented by generalizing Farrow structure to our two-parameter case. The generalized Farrow structure requires only a small number of multiplications and additions for obtaining any new frequency characteristic, which is particularly suitable for high-speed tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]