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An extended cell transmission model is proposed to simulate bi-directional pedestrian flow in the corridor. In the model, the walking space is discretized into regular hexagonal cells. Three walking preferences of pedestrians are taken into account, including walking on the right-hand side, following front people in the same direction, and avoiding conflicts with ones in the opposite direction. An implementation of the model with periodic boundary condition is then presented. Furthermore, by simulation experiments, we show the effects of the model parameters on flow distributions and fundamental diagrams. The model is also calibrated through comparing the flow-density relationships from empirical data and model simulations. In addition, the model can successfully reproduce typical self-organization phenomena in bi-directional pedestrian flow, e.g., two-lane formation and multi-lane formation, although it is not a microscopic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We develop a cellular automata model with finer discretization of space and higher walking velocities more than one cell. The model is used to simulate the evacuation process of pedestrians from a room with an exit. By simulation experiments, we find subtle effects of the discretization degree and walking velocities on the shape of the crowd near the exit, the evacuation time of each individual at different locations, and the evacuation efficiency of pedestrians formulated by two time indicators. We also investigate the relations between the exit flow and the exit width, formulated by the model, and compare the flow–width relations with those obtained by laboratory experiments in the existing literatures. This study is helpful for the validation and calibration of microscopic pedestrian models with discrete space representation and further narrowing the gap between these models’ theory and their application to engineering. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We study a class of pedestrian evacuation process in rooms without visibility by analytical and simulative methods. First, the moving distance of pedestrians for leaving the rooms is analyzed using the mean and variance theory. A microscopic pedestrian model is then extended to simulate pedestrian evacuation in the rooms. By numerical examples, the distributions of single individual’s evacuation efficiency in the rooms and the improvement by increasing the number of exits for the individual’s evacuation efficiency are demonstrated. Pedestrians’ moving distances obtained by analytical and simulative methods are also compared. The study is helpful for assessing the efficiency of evacuation and the safety of buildings under conditions of invisibility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In this paper, a microscopic pedestrian model is developed for simulating pedestrian flow through walkways with not only perpendicular corners. These developments mainly include the determination of desired direction of pedestrians in the walkways, the action of pedestrians encountering walls around corner, and the generation of pedestrians in the walkways at the initial time of each simulation. Using the developed model, the effects, which the walkway corner and pedestrian preference to inside routes have on the pedestrian queue, trajectory and flow-density relation, are investigated by numerical simulations. Simulation results indicate that, under certain conditions, increasing the turning degree of corner has negative impact on the pedestrian queues; the effects of the pedestrian preference to inside routes on the pedestrian queues and flows are not still positive; the flow-density relation of pedestrian flow through walkways with corners, compared with that of pedestrian flow through bottleneck, is more complex, and in different region partition in the walkways, different relation of flow to initial density can be shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We develop a microscopic pedestrian-simulation model in which pedestrian positions are updated at discrete time steps. At each time step, each pedestrian probabilistically selects a direction of movement from a predetermined set according to a logit-type function that considers the dynamics of other pedestrians around, and then selects a step size that satisfies a certain distribution. We perform a number of field experiments on real intersecting pedestrian flows with four different angles. We then validate and calibrate the model using sample data on the deviation angles, step velocities, and velocity–density relations obtained from the experiments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]