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Er3+/Yb3+ doped LiNbO 3 (LN) single crystal films with varying Yb3+ doping level were grown on z -cut LiTaO 3 bulk single crystals via using e-beam evaporation method. The crystallographic orientation, elemental distribution, fluorescence properties, ionic valence states, Er3+ concentration, Yb3+ concentration and Li 2 O content of films were carefully studied. Results from XRD, SEM and Raman scattering conclude that the predominant phase of these films is LN and they are oriented along (006). The results of energy dispersive spectroscopy indicate that constituent elements are uniformly distributed over the entirety of the films. The visible and near-infrared luminescence intensities rise with increasing Yb3+-doping concentration. The Li 2 O content of films remains constant at 48.8 mol% with growing Yb3+-doping level based on the optical birefringence method, which is consistent with the Raman results. XPS results suggest that the Er3+ and Yb3+ concentrations in the films are lower than that in the polycrystalline powder since e-beam evaporation has a low efficiency of heavy Er3+ and Yb3+ ions. • The Er3+, Yb3+ doped LiNbO 3 single crystal thin films were grown by the e-beam evaporation method. • The fluorescence properties enhance clearly with a rise in Yb3+-doping concentration. • The accurate Li 2 O content have been evaluated by the birefringence method. • The Er3+ and Yb3+ concentration in the films have been calculated by the XPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutual influence of co-diffused Ti and Sc in LiNbO single-crystal was studied. Sc/Ti co-doped LN plates were prepared by annealing (at 1060 °C in wet O) Z-cut congruent LiNbO substrates coated with stacked ScO and Ti films, which have different thicknesses and coating sequences. After the annealing, the refractive index and composition at the undoped and Sc-only doped surface parts were characterized by prism coupling technique. The Sc and Ti profiles were analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results show that the Sc-doping has little contribution to the LiNbO refractive index. LiO out-diffusion is not measurable. In the only diffusion case, the Sc diffuses five times slower than the Ti. In the Sc/Ti co-diffusion case, the Ti assists and controls the Sc diffusion. The Sc diffusivity increases linearly with the initial Ti-metal thickness. In contrast, the Sc affects the Ti diffusion little. Neither the ScO film thickness nor the coating sequence influences the diffusivity of the two ions. The co-diffusion features are explained. A model for the co-diffusion system is suggested and verified experimentally. The Ti:Sc:LiNbO planar and strip waveguide are optically characterized. The results show that the Sc presence does not affect the waveguide characteristics and the waveguide is optical-damage-resistant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report that potassium meta-phosphate (KPO3) is an adequate solvent for high-temperature fluxing salt of LiNbO3 crystal. As the KPO3 is used as the solvent, the solubility of LiNbO3 is as high as 3 g g−1 at 1050 °C. The dissolving is fast. Neither solute nor solvent evaporates from the melt during the dissolving procedure. A clear solution is obtained and verified valid for crystal composition analysis using chemical method of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. To help for understanding the dissolving mechanism, the obtained fluxing melt product was further characterized using X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The results show that the melt is amorphous. The P ion in the melt is in the form of low condensation and the Nb ion is likely in the form of Lindqvist ion. Finally, the dissolving mechanism is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Influence of factors on growth ofoff-congruent LiNbO3single-crystal by Li-rich/Li-poorchemical vapor transport equilibration(VTE) was studied. These factors include the molar ratio of raw materialsLi2CO3and Nb2O5for preparingtwo-phase crucible, the hollow space volume for VTE growth, and theperiod of use of two-phase crucible. To achieve the goal, a numberof off-congruent LiNbO3plates were grown by Li-rich/Li-poorVTE technique using four two-phase crucibles having different molarratios of raw materials, hollow space volumes, and periods of use.The VTE-induced crystal composition alteration was characterized bymeasurement of birefringence. A comparison of results of differentcrucibles shows that in the Li-rich VTE case the first factor hasless effect, while the latter two may cause a difference of Li2O content as much as 0.4 mol %. Larger hollow space volumeand older crucible tend to degrade the VTE growth efficiency. Instead,the growth by Li-poor VTE is less affected by the three factors becauseof much lower Li2O gas pressure and hence slow growth ratein comparison with that by Li-rich VTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence and absorption spectra at 530 nm (2H11/2→4I15/2), 560 nm (4S3/2→4I15/2), 660 nm (4F9/2→4I15/2), 980 nm (4I11/2→4I15/2), 1530 nm (4I13/2→4I15/2), and 2710 nm (4I11/2→4I13/2) of Er3+ in Gd3Ga5O12 single‐crystal codoped with Pr3+ have been measured. Judd‐Ofelt analysis yields the intensity parameters Ω2 = (0.68 ± 0.03) × 10−20 cm2, Ω4 = (0.60 ± 0.07) × 10−20 cm2, and Ω6 = (0.90 ± 0.17) × 10−20 cm2. A comparison with previously reported values of Er3+‐only doping case shows that Pr3+‐codoping causes slight change of both Ω2 and Ω4, while onefold increase of Ω6. From calculated radiative rates and measured fluorescence spectra, Er3+ emission cross‐section spectra were calibrated at first. Then, the absorption cross‐section spectra were calculated using McCumber relation. In parallel, the absorption cross‐section spectra were also obtained from the measured absorption spectrum, and compared with those obtained from the McCumber relation. The comparison shows that both methods give consistent result of absorption cross‐section spectrum. Further comparison with Er3+‐only doping case shows that Pr3+‐codoping causes considerable change of Er3+ cross‐section value. In spectrally mixing regions of Er3+ and Pr3+, Pr3+ emission affects little the determination of Er3+ emission cross‐section as Pr3+ fluorescence is much weaker than Er3+ fluorescence due to low Pr3+ concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Optical and spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Pr3+-codoped Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 single-crystal grown by Czochralski method have been studied. Absorption spectrum of the crystal was measured at room temperature and Er3+ absorption cross-section spectral distributions were calibrated from it. The Er3+ spectroscopic properties were analyzed on the basis of the Judd-Ofelt theory. Fundamental spectroscopic parameters were obtained that include absorption coefficient, cross-section spectral distribution, electronic transition oscillator strength, Judd-Ofelt parameters, fluorescence branch ratio, transition probability, radiative and fluorescence lifetimes, and quantum efficiency as well. Study shows that Pr3+-codoping results in substantial change of Er3+ spectroscopic properties, in qualitative consistent with the previous fluorescence studying result. In addition, refractive index of the crystal was measured at different wavelengths using prism coupling method, and the Sellmeier equation reported previously for Er3+-only doped Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 crystal is corrected. Highlights • Juud-Ofelt spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Pr3+:Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 crystal were studied. • Pr codoping results in substantial increase of the Judd-Ofelt parameters. • Pr codoping induces shortening of Er3+ 2.7 and 1.5 μm lifetimes from ms to sub-ms. • The effect is related to two resonant energy transfers from Er3+ to Pr3+. • Different efficiencies of the two transfers enable to realize 2.7 μm lasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Er3+‐doped strontium gadolinium gallium garnet (SrGdGa3O7) single‐crystal was grown by Czochralski method. The Er3+ concentration in the crystal was determined as 4.2 × 1021 ions/cm3 by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectroscopy. Refractive index of the crystal was measured at the wavelengths of 633, 1311 and 1553 nm by prism coupling technique. The results show that the crystal is a positive uniaxial crystal with a birefringence of ~0.01, and the Sellmeier equation reported previously for the crystal doped with Nd3+ is also valid for the one doped with Er3+. Unpolarized absorption spectrum of the crystal was measured at room temperature and the Er3+ absorption cross‐section spectrum was calibrated from it. The Er3+ spectroscopic properties were studied by Judd‐Ofelt theory. Some fundamental spectroscopic parameters were obtained that include absorption coefficient and cross‐section spectral distributions, electronic transition oscillator strength, Judd‐Ofelt parameters, fluorescence branch ratio, transition probability, radiative and fluorescence lifetimes, and quantum efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Under 980 nm wavelength excitation, 530 and 550 nm green upconversion emission spectra of erbium-doped gadolinium gallium garnet single-crystal were measured in the temperature range of 298–423 K for ratiometric thermometry based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR). The crystal shows strong emission intensity, highly efficient ratiometric thermometric performance, as well as thermally stable emission spectral structure, it is thus a promising luminescent material for ratiometric thermometry. A multiple ratiometric thermometry is proposed and demonstrated in comparison with the usually adopted ratiometric thermometry based on integrated emission intensity. The multiple ratiometric thermometry considers six FIRs involving two component peaks of the 530 nm emission band and three component peaks of the 550 nm emission band, which result from an electronic transition from one Stark sublevel of the 2H 11/2 or 4S 3/2 state to another of the ground state 4I 15/2 of Er3+. All the six FIR schemes show highly efficient sensing performances with slightly different temperature characteristics. The temperature is overall determined by the six FIR schemes, largely increasing the reliability of temperature measurement. Graphical abstract We have studied ratiometric thermometry based on six fluorescence intensity ratios (FIR) involving two component peaks of 530 nm emission band and three component peaks of 550 nm emission band of erbium-doped gadolinium gallium garnet single-crystal. All the six EIR schemes display higher, slightly different relative sensitivities and thermal resolutions. The temperature is overall and reliably determined by the six EIR schemes. In addition, the crystal shows strong green upconversion emissions and thermally stable spectral structure, it is thus a promising material for the ratiometric thermometry. The multiple ratiometric thermometry based on the material has highly efficient performance, and is thus promising for reliable temperature detection in electromagnetically and/or thermally harsh environments and some industrial processes. fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a simple, low-cost and highly efficient optical temperature sensor based on intensity ratio of down-conversion green fluorescence of Er 3+ ions doped in SrGdGa 3 O 7 single crystal. The sensor consists simply of a 384 nm light emitting diode, two narrow-band interference filters, two Si-photocells and two multimeters, without use of a monochromator or spectrometer or focusing lens. It has a simple, compact structure and is low-cost. The experimental results show that the device displays highly efficient sensing performance with good signal-to-noise ratio and high thermal resolution and temperature sensitivity, which has a value of (5.5-102.1) × 10 −3 K −1 in the considered temperature range of 100–430 K. In addition, the experiments were repeated using a spectrometer and consistent results are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured fluorescence spectra of visible and infrared electronic transitions at 530 (2H 11/2 → 4I 15/2), 560 (4S 3/2 → 4I 15/2), 670 (4F 9/2 → 4I 15/2), 980 (4I 11/2 → 4I 15/2), 1530 (4I 13/2 → 4I 15/2) and 2700 nm (4I 11/2 → 4I 13/2) of Er3+ in Gd 3 (Al 0.4 Ga 0.6) 5 O 12 garnet single-crystal excited at the wavelength 520 nm (for the 980 nm emission) or 980 nm (for other emissions). From measured fluorescence spectrum, Er3+ emission cross-section spectrum was calibrated for each transition. Absorption cross-section spectra were further derived on the basis of McCumber equation, and compared with those spectra obtained from measured absorption spectrum on the basis of the Beer-Lambert law. The comparison showed that the results given by two methods can be regarded as same within the error. The transient features of visible and infrared emissions were also studied under pulse excitation. The results showed that, while the three IR emissions at 980, 1530 and 2700 nm all follow a mono-exponential function, both green and red 980-nm-upconverted emissions at 560 and 670 nm exhibit non-mono-exponentially decaying feature, and each decaying trace can be fitted by a sum of two exponential functions. The non-mono-exponential feature is related to cross relaxation caused by non-radiative short-distance energy transfer between clustered Er3+ sites. • Cross-section spectra of Er3+ ions in Gd 3 (Al,Ga) 5 O 12 garnet crystal were studied. • Emission cross-section spectra are computed from measured fluorescence spectra. • Absorption cross-section spectra are derived by two ways and results are same. • 980-nm-upconverted visible emissions show non-mono-exponential transient feature. • It is caused by non-radiative energy transfer between clustered Er3+ sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of singly Er 3+ -doped and doubly In 3+ /Er 3+ -doped congruent LiNbO 3 crystals were grown by Czochralski method. The Er 3+ -only doped crystals were grown from the growth melts doped with different concentrations of Er 2 O 3 up to 1 mol%, and the In 3+ /Er 3+ -codoped crystals from the melts doped with fixed 0.5 mol% Er 2 O 3 while varied In 2 O 3 contents of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mol%. The electro-optic coefficients γ 13 and γ 33 of these doped crystals were measured by Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Both clamped and unclamped coefficients were measured. The results show that both γ 13 and γ 33 reveal small Er 3+ and In 3+ doping effects. In the Er 3+ -only doping case, γ 13 almost does not change within the experimental error of 3%, γ 33 reveals a degradation tendency with a rise in Er 3+ doping level, but the degradation is no more than 5% in the considered Er 3+ concentration range 0–3.0 mol% (in crystal). In the In 3+ /Er 3+ -codoping case, both γ 13 and γ 33 can be regarded as unchanged in the studied In 3+ concentration range of 0–2.6 mol% (in crystal) within the error. The small Er 3+ or In 3+ doping effect is desired in light of electro-optic application of these crystals. It is qualitatively explained on the basis of EO coefficient model and doping effect on defect structure of LiNbO 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous paper [J. Lumin. 177 (2016) 219] has studied Judd-Ofelt spectroscopic properties of Er3+ (0.5 at%)-doped Gd 3 (Al, Ga) 5 O 12 garnet single-crystal, and reported the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω 2 = 1.47 × 10−20 cm2, Ω 4 = 1.38 × 10−20 cm2 and Ω 6 = 1.19 × 10−20 cm2. We have performed a re-study on the Judd-Ofelt spectroscopic properties of a similar garnet single-crystal Er3+(20 at%)-doped Gd 3 (Al 0.4 Ga 0.6) 5 O 12 , and obtained quite different values of Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω 2 = (0.34 ± 0.11) × 10−20 cm2, Ω 4 = (0.48 ± 0.16) × 10−20 cm2 and Ω 6 = (1.05 ± 0.17) × 10−20 cm2. The quite different Ω t values given by two studies are mainly due to remarkably different absorption characteristics of Er3+ in the crystals employed in two studies, and factors that lead to quite different absorption characteristics are discussed. Another reason is that the hypersensitive transition at 380 nm was excluded from the Judd-Ofelt calculation in that paper, resulting in deviation of their result. Instead, all of the Er3+ absorption bands were included in our calculation, allowing to obtain more accurate Ω t values. Quite different Ω t values lead to considerable differences of relevant spectroscopic parameters, such as radiative rates and lifetimes of typical Er3+ emissions, for which the difference from each other is as much as three times. In addition, visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared fluorescence spectra and lifetimes of Er3+ in the studied crystal were measured, and the emission characteristics are discussed. • Er:Gd 3 (Al,Ga) 5 O 12 crystal was grown and its spectroscopic properties are studied. • Judd-Ofelt analysis was done and the result is compared with previously reported. • The Judd-Ofelt data obtained show large differences from the previously reported. • Main reason is large difference of Er3+ absorption features in two studies. • Sellmeier equation, lattice constant and segregation coefficient are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]