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Purpose: The cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is controversial, local hypoxia and inflammation being the main two possibilities proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and BPH., Methods: The study cohort comprised men from January 2016 to December 2020 in our Sleep Center. These patients were classified into four groups (no, mild, moderate, severe OSA) by apnea-hypopnea indexes (AHI). Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for BPH, after which participants were stratified into younger (age ≤ 40 years) and older groups (age > 40 years) for further analysis., Results: The study cohort comprised 467 patients including 135 younger subjects and 332 older subjects. The prevalence of BPH in the above listed AHI categories was 37.5%, 55.0%, 62.9%, and 52.3%, respectively (p = 0.075). Logistic regression analysis of all patients identified age as a risk factor for BPH (p < 0.001). Stratified analysis according to AHI category found a prevalence of BPH of 0.0%, 13.0%, 33.3%, and 43.9%, respectively, in younger group (p = 0.006), and 52.2%, 71.9%, 71.1%, and 56.3%, respectively, in older group (p = 0.038). Logistic regression analysis found age and AHI were independent risk factors for BPH in younger group (both p < 0.05), whereas only age was identified as a risk factor for BPH in older group (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Age is an independent risk factor for BPH in men with OSA. AHI is also an independent risk factor for BPH in younger men, suggesting that OSA may affect development of BPH in younger men., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients during sleep may have an effect on bone metabolism. Few data regarding evaluation of bone metabolism in young individuals diagnosed with OSA. In this study, we aim to identify the association between bone mineral density and OSA in young men (≤ 40 years old of age)., Methods: Consecutive male subjects who underwent polysomnography were enrolled. Serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3, β-isomerized form C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, osteocalcin and procollagen type 1 N-propeptide were measured in all participants, and bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck and hip total were determined by dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA)., Results: The population consisted of 85 subjects (mean age 35.53 years). The BMD at lumbar spine (L1-L4) in moderate OSA patients was higher than control and severe OSA group significantly (p = 0.036). After adjustment for confounding factors, stepwise multiple linear regression analyses showed LaSO 2 (β = 0.340, p = 0.008) as an independent explanatory variable for Lumbar L1-L4 BMD, LaSO 2 (β = 0.304, p = 0.037), BMI (β = 0.393, p = 0.008) for femur neck BMD and BMI (β = 0.720, p = 0.002) for hip total BMD., Conclusions: Our finding indicated that there was a relationship between OSA and bone metabolism in younger men, and moderate OSA-related hypoxia positively related with BMD. This study also showed that different degrees of recurrent hypoxia had different effects on bone metabolism, a finding that required further investigation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the current gold-standard treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and upper airway anatomy plays an increasingly important role in evaluating the efficacy of CPAP therapy. The aim of this observational study was to investigate the influence of upper airway anatomy on CPAP titration in OSA patients assessed by computed tomography (CT) during Müller's maneuver., Methods: Consecutive patients under investigation for OSA by undergoing polysomnography and CT scan of the upper airway while awake were enrolled. Successful full-night manual titration was performed to determine the optimal CPAP pressure level for OSA patients in supine position using a nasal mask., Results: A total of 157 subjects (134 males and 23 females) were included. Both apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and LaSO2 significantly correlated with CPAP titration level, upper airway length (UAL), distance from mandibular plane to hyoid bone (MPH), and neck circumference (all p < 0.05). There were significant positive correlations between CPAP titration level and UAL (r = 0.348, p = 0.000) and MPH (r = 0.313, p = 0.002). Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the independent predictors of AHI, LaSO2, and CPAP titration level. CPAP titration level was identified as an independent explanatory variable for AHI and LaSO2 after adjustment for confounders. Multiple linear regression analyses also indicated that body mass index (BMI) and UAL were independently associated with CPAP titration level (all p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Upper airway abnormalities combined with anthropometric parameters play important roles in CPAP titration for OSA patients, providing additional insight into the factors influencing OSA treatment strategies. UAL and BMI should be taken into consideration when choosing CPAP titration level to improve CPAP compliance., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Purpose: Growing evidence has revealed that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess the association between glycometabolism and NAFLD in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)., Methods: Patients with suspected OSA were enrolled consecutively and then underwent polysomnography, liver ultrasound, and biochemical measurements. Logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with NAFLD., Results: In total, 415 patients were included. The prevalence of NAFLD in the non-OSA, mild OSA, moderate OSA, and severe OSA groups was 37.21%, 69.09%, 68.34%, and 78.08%, respectively. Stepwise logistic regression suggested that percentage of total sleep time spent with oxygen saturation of < 90% (TS90), lowest oxygen saturation (LaSO 2 ), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were independently associated with NAFLD in all subjects, after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio [OR] = 1.037, p = 0.014; OR = 1.056, p = 0.004; OR = 0.732, p = 0.009; respectively). TS90, LaSO 2 , and HOMA-IR were also independent predictors for NAFLD in patients with mild and moderate OSA, whereas TS90, LaSO 2 , and ODI were independent predictors for NAFLD in patients with severe OSA., Conclusions: There is a relationship between OSA and NAFLD, and the combination of disordered glycometabolism and intermittent hypoxia may act as a "two hit" mechanism to promote the development of NAFLD. Furthermore, intermittent hypoxia alone was an independent predictor for NAFLD in severe OSA patients.

Purpose: The aim of this observational study was to investigate the influence of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on arterial blood gas and venous lactate, markers of tissue hypoxia, among obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients, and determine the risk factor of serum lactate and hydrogen ion concentration (PH) in OSAS patients., Materials and Methods: One-hundred and nine patients with newly diagnosed OSAS were enrolled in the study. All individuals were treated with CPAP for one night. Venous lactate and arterial blood gas were gathered from all subjects in the morning at the end of polysomnography and the next morning after CPAP treatment., Results: Of the 109 selected subjects, the average lactate level was 2.23 ± 0.59 mmol/L, and the mean PH, PaO 2 , and PaCO 2 were 7.380 ± 0.23, 88.14 ± 17.83 mmHg, and 38.70 ± 4.28 mmHg, respectively. Compared to baseline, lactic acid significantly decreased (2.10 ± 0.50 mmol/L, p = 0.03), while PH increased (7.388 ± 0.27, p < 0.05) after CPAP treatment. In addition, neck circumference and the polysomnographic parameters, including apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index (ODI), mean oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), and the percentage of sleep time with SpO 2 <90 % (TS90 %), positively correlated with lactate, while age correlated negatively with lactate (all p < 0.05). Significantly positive associations were found between age, neck circumference, and PH; furthermore, a negative correlation was found between ODI and PH. Finally, after adjusting for confounding factors, TS90 % was the major contributing predictor for elevated lactate (p < 0.05), and age was a predictor for an increase in PH (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The results indicated that CPAP treatment could reduce serum lactate and increase PH in OSAS patients and might alleviate acid-base balance disorders in OSAS. Furthermore, TS90 % was a risk factor for elevated lactate, and age was independently associated with PH.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is reported to have an association with bone mineral density (BMD). However, the underlying mechanism is far from clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between OSAS, bone turnover markers, and BMD and to evaluate the effect of adiponectin on BMD in patients with OSAS., Methods: Seventy-one male patients with OSAS and 13 male control subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum adiponectin, calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3, β-isomerized form C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, osteocalcin, and procollagen type 1 N-propeptide were measured in all subjects, and BMD was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in the lumbar spine (L1-L4), the femoral neck, and the hip total., Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the studied groups in terms of demographic data and bone turnover markers. Serum adiponectin significantly decreased with the aggravation of OSAS. Compared with subjects without OSAS, those with OSAS had a higher hip total BMD and t scores (p = 0.027 and p = 0.028). The significant negative association was found between serum adiponectin levels and hip total BMD. After adjusting for confounders, adiponectin as well as oxygen desaturation index (ODI) significantly predicted the hip total BMD (β = -0.232, p = 0.005 and β = 0.226, p = 0.037)., Conclusions: In male subjects, the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with higher bone mineral density of the hip. These findings suggest that serum adiponectin may be an underlying mediator for BMD in OSAS.

Background: The purpose of this observational study was to investigate the relationship between upper-airway configuration assessed by CT imaging during the Müller maneuver state and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)., Methods: A total of 358 snoring subjects who underwent standard polysomnography and upper-airway configuration by using CT imaging were enrolled. According to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), subjects were classified into 4 groups: snoring group (simple snoring), AHI < 5; mild OSAS, 5 ≤ AHI < 15; moderate OSAS, 15 ≤ AHI < 30; and severe OSAS, AHI ≥ 30. We also divided the upper airway into 3 parts, named the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx, from the CT scan and evaluated the minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA) and the shape of each airway level and calculated upper-airway length and distance from mandibular plane to hyoid bone (MPH)., Results: Multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis identified body mass index (BMI), mCSA of nasopharynx, upper-airway length, and MPH as risk factors for the severity of OSAS. When subdivided for BMI and sex, upper-airway length was a risk factor for OSAS in non-obese (BMI < 27 kg/m 2 ) and male subjects, and MPH was a risk factor only in obese (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m 2 ) subjects. Meanwhile, mCSA of nasopharynx was significantly associated with the severity of OSAS independent of BMI., Conclusions: Subjects with severe OSAS have more significant abnormalities of the upper airway. Obesity, mCSA of nasopharynx, upper-airway length, and MPH may contribute to the severity of OSAS. Obesity and sex should be taken into account when evaluating the abnormalities of upper-airway anatomy in snorers and patients with OSAS., (Copyright © 2016 by Daedalus Enterprises.)

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), which is commonly considered a cardinal sign of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), may lead to an increased rate of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the role of EDS in MetS and its components by researching severe OSA patients., Methods: The records of 175 consecutive patients who underwent standard polysomnography and diagnosed severe OSA were included. Subjective daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Fasting glucose, lipids, insulin and polysomnography parameters were measured. A metabolic score was counted as the total number of the positive diagnostic criteria of MetS for each subject, which indicated the level of metabolic disorder., Results: The prevalence of central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and MetS (78.2% vs 28.6%) was significantly higher among EDS group compared with control group. Compared with non-EDS patients, patients with EDS showed significantly higher metabolic score (3.22 ± 0.94 vs 1.96 ± 1.06). After adjustment for confounders, ESS score, log insulin and age significantly predicted the metabolic score (β = 0.567, P = 0.000; β = 0.197, P = 0.001 and β = 0.118, P = 0.048, respectively)., Conclusion: EDS was independently correlated with the sum of metabolic components in severe OSA patients. Our study suggested that EDS might be a potentially useful clinical marker to identify patients with severe OSA at risk of MetS., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background and Objectives: The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is gaining increased attention. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of OSA with NAFLD defined by an elevated fatty liver index (FLI)., Materials and Methods: A total of 319 consecutive patients who underwent standard polysomnography were enrolled. Fasting blood samples were obtained from all patients for biological profile measurements, and demographic data were collected. Values of FLI were determined and assessed as predictors of the presence of NAFLD, as measured by ultrasound. The discriminative ability of FLI was estimated on the basis of the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve., Results: An FLI of 60 achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy and yielded an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.822 (95% confidence interval: 0.729-0.916) in the detection of NAFLD. Patients with an FLI of 60 or higher had a significantly lower lowest O2 saturation (73 vs. 83%, P<0.001), a lower mean nocturnal oxygen saturation (93 vs. 95%, P<0.001), a higher apnea-hypopnea index (39.7 vs. 18.4, P<0.001), a higher oxygen desaturation index (39 vs. 10.6, P<0.001), and a higher percentage of sleep time spent with SpO2 less than 90% (4.63 vs. 0.92%, P<0.001) compared with those with FLI less than 60. In multivariate analysis, the presence of OSA was independently associated with elevated FLI after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio: 5.141, 95% confidence interval: 1.414-18.696, P=0.013)., Conclusion: Our results suggest a positive association between the severity of OSA and NAFLD defined by an elevated FLI, which may serve as a good biomarker for detecting NAFLD in OSA patients.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is closely related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), though the mechanism is not conclusive as obesity is a confounder. The objective of this observational study was to investigate the correlation between these disorders in nonobese subjects., Methods: We consecutively enrolled nonobese individuals undergoing polysomnography and abdominal ultrasonography and analyzed differences in NAFLD patients grouped by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and in OSA patients according to the presence or absence of NAFLD. Multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent risks of NAFLD in OSA patients., Results: A total of 175 participants were included. The 106 ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD patients were classified into four groups by AHI. There were no significant differences in triglycerides (TG), serum aminotransferase levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with worsening OSA. In both OSA patients with NAFLD and those without NAFLD, body mass index (BMI), the lowest oxygen saturation (LaSO2), HOMA-IR, and TG were significantly associated. Additionally, BMI, LaSO2, and TG independently predicted the development of NAFLD after adjustments (odds ratio [OR] = 1.562, p = 0.003; OR = 0.960, p = 0.03; OR = 3.410, p < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: In nonobese subjects, OSA itself does not appear to induce significant changes in liver enzymes. With reference to lipid metabolism, weight control and OSA-related hypoxemia are key factors in reducing the risk of NAFLD in OSA patients. Additional large-scale, prospective studies are warranted to investigate the impact of OSA on liver injury in nonobese adults.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is severely affected by visceral adiposity (VA) that correlates to another disorder-metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, little is known concerning the relation of visceral adiposity index (VAI)-a novel and simple indicator of VA, with OSA and MetS. The objective of the study was to analyze the association of VAI with both disorders and applicability to identify OSA patients at risk of MetS., Methods: Consecutive individuals undergoing polysomnography and biochemical tests were enrolled, and differences in all subjects grouped by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were analyzed. Spearman correlation was performed for assessing the relationship between VAI, OSA-related indices and metabolic score-total number of the positive diagnostic criteria of MetS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to obtain a cut-off value of VAI for predicting incident MetS by sex. Then, the risk of MetS in OSA patients according to the cut-offs was attained by logistic regression., Results: A total of 411 individuals were enrolled. Of whom, 361 subjects were diagnosed OSA (mild in 67 patients, moderate in 89 and severe in 205, respectively). A significant increasing trend based on AHI was observed in the variables of blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, incident MetS, metabolic score and VAI (all p < 0.05). Irrespective of gender, VAI was all significantly correlated with PSG characteristics as AHI, mean nocturnal oxygen saturation, the lowest oxygen saturation, metabolic score(all p < 0.05). A VAI of 2.282, 2.105, 2.511 (for all subjects, males and females, separately) were calculated to determine the occurrence of MetS. According to the cut-offs, OSA patients tended to suffer from greater risk in MetS (odds ratio [OR] = 10.237, p = 0.000; OR = 13.556, p = 0.000; OR = 21.458, p = 0.000)., Conclusions: The present study suggested that VAI was significantly associated with MetS and OSA. As a simple and alternative approach obtained in everyday practice, it may offer a powerful tool to identify patients with OSA at risk of MetS.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suggested as a potential risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanism is still far from clear. The aim of this observational study was to investigate the influence of OSA-related hypoxia on severity of liver injury in patients with NAFLD., Methods: Consecutive patients with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD who underwent standard polysomnography were enrolled. Fasting blood samples were obtained from all patients for biological profile measurements, and demographic data were collected. Subjects were divided into control, moderate, and severe groups., Results: A total of 85 subjects with 73 males and 12 females were included (mean age, 44.67 ± 1.28 years; mean body mass index, 27.28 ± 0.33 kg/m(2)). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT/AST, gamma glutamyltransferase, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, fasting glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein significantly increased with the aggravation of OSA. In multivariate analysis, oxygen desaturation index was the major contributing factor for elevated ALT (β = 0.435, p = 0.000), average O2 saturation was the major independent predictor of elevated AST (β = -0.269, p = 0.020)., Conclusions: OSA-related hypoxia was independently associated with the biochemical evidence of liver injury in the presence of NAFLD.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in non-obese patients., Methods: A total of 65 patients with suspected OSAHS were recruited. Those with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and smoking were excluded. All subjects were examined by polysomnography. Subjects with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 were considered to have OSAHS. They were divided into mild, moderate and severe OSAHS groups and those with an AHI < 5 were accepted into the control group. The serum level of hs-CRP, a biomarker for cardiovascular disease, was measured with peripheral venous blood samples., Results: There were 53 males and 12 females with a mean age 44.3 ± 12.2 years and a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m(2). The serum levels of hs-CRP were significantly higher in OSAHS patients than those of the controls (geometric mean [95% confidence interval] 0.416 [0.288-0.600] vs 0.749 [0.559-1.003] mg/L, P < 0.05). Mean levels of hs-CRP did not differ between the group with mild-to-moderate OSAHS and the control group. However, the severe OSAHS group had a higher level of hs-CRP than the control group (P = 0.004). A significant positive relationship existed between hs-CRP and AHI (r = 0.407, P = 0.001) . According to stepwise multivariate analysis, only AHI was a reliable predictor for elevated serum level of hs-CRP among all these related factors (R(2) = 0.166, P = 0.001)., Conclusion: The severity of OSAHS is associated with an elevated serum level of hs-CRP in non-obese patients.