11 results on '"Diaz, Philip"'
Search Results
2. Brief Report: Increased Cotinine Concentrations are Associated With Reduced Expression of Cathelicidin (LL-37) and NOD-2 in Alveolar Macrophages of PLWH Who Smoke.
- Author
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Diaz PT, Ferketich A, Wewers ME, Browning K, Gavrilin MA, Sarkar A, Hollyfield J, Trinka T, and Wewers M
- Subjects
- Adult, Cotinine metabolism, Female, Humans, Macrophages, Alveolar drug effects, Male, Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein metabolism, Prospective Studies, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Saliva chemistry, Cathelicidins, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides metabolism, Cotinine analysis, HIV Infections complications, Macrophages, Alveolar metabolism, Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein analysis, Smoking adverse effects
- Abstract
There is a strong link between cigarette smoking and pulmonary complications among people living with HIV. However, the effects of smoking on the local lung immune environment in this population remain unclear. Bronchoalveolar lavage and saliva were collected from HIV-infected smokers involved in a prospective study investigating alveolar macrophage expression of host defense molecules. Salivary cotinine concentrations were inversely related to expression of the immune cell receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 and the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37. The negative correlation between salivary cotinine and LL-37 was particularly strong. Our study provides insight into how nicotine may adversely affect lung innate immunity in HIV.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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3. Smoking and HIV: confronting the epidemic.
- Author
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Diaz P and Ferketich A
- Subjects
- Epidemics, Humans, Tobacco Smoking, HIV Infections epidemiology, Smoking
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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4. Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments.
- Author
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Zuo L, He F, Sergakis GG, Koozehchian MS, Stimpfl JN, Rong Y, Diaz PT, and Best TM
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Lung drug effects, Smoking Cessation methods, Lung immunology, Oxidative Stress immunology, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive drug therapy, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive etiology, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive immunology, Smoking immunology
- Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) can impact the immune system and induce pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is currently the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accordingly, the most significant risk factor associated with COPD is exposure to cigarette smoke. The purpose of the present study is to provide an updated overview of the literature regarding the effect of CS on the immune system and lungs, the mechanism of CS-induced COPD and oxidative stress, as well as the available and potential treatment options for CS-induced COPD. An extensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed/Medline databases to review current COPD treatment research, available in the English language, dating from 1976 to 2014. Studies have investigated the mechanism by which CS elicits detrimental effects on the immune system and pulmonary function through the use of human and animal subjects. A strong relationship among continued tobacco use, oxidative stress, and exacerbation of COPD symptoms is frequently observed in COPD subjects. In addition, therapeutic approaches emphasizing smoking cessation have been developed, incorporating counseling and nicotine replacement therapy. However, the inability to reverse COPD progression establishes the need for improved preventative and therapeutic strategies, such as a combination of intensive smoking cessation treatment and pharmaceutical therapy, focusing on immune homeostasis and redox balance. CS initiates a complex interplay between oxidative stress and the immune response in COPD. Therefore, multiple approaches such as smoking cessation, counseling, and pharmaceutical therapies targeting inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended for COPD treatment., (Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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5. HIV infection is associated with reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity.
- Author
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Crothers K, McGinnis K, Kleerup E, Wongtrakool C, Hoo GS, Kim J, Sharafkhaneh A, Huang L, Luo Z, Thompson B, Diaz P, Kirk GD, Rom W, Detels R, Kingsley L, and Morris A
- Subjects
- Age Factors, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cough etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dyspnea etiology, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections virology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive epidemiology, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive etiology, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive virology, Respiratory Function Tests, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States epidemiology, Veterans, Viral Load, Cough physiopathology, Dyspnea physiopathology, HIV Infections physiopathology, Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive physiopathology, Smoking adverse effects
- Abstract
Introduction: Prior studies comparing abnormalities in pulmonary function between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons in the current era are limited., Objectives: To determine the pattern and severity of impairment in pulmonary function in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals., Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 300 HIV-infected men and 289 HIV-uninfected men enrolled from 2009 to 2011 in 2 clinical centers of the Lung HIV Study. Participants completed pre- and postbronchodilator spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurement, and standardized questionnaires., Results: Most participants had normal airflow; 18% of HIV-infected and 16% of HIV-uninfected men had airflow obstruction. The mean percent predicted DLCO was 69% in HIV-infected vs. 76% in HIV-uninfected men (P < 0.001). A moderately to severely reduced DLCO of ≤60% was observed in 30% of HIV-infected compared with 18% of HIV-uninfected men (P < 0.001), despite the fact that 89% of those with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy. A reduced DLCO was significantly associated with HIV and CD4 cell count in linear regression adjusting for smoking and other confounders. The DLCO was lowest in HIV-infected men with CD4 cell counts <200 cells per microliter compared with those with CD4 cell counts ≥200 cells per microliter and to HIV-uninfected men. Respiratory symptoms of cough, phlegm and dyspnea were more prevalent in HIV-infected patients particularly those with abnormal pulmonary function compared with HIV-uninfected patients., Conclusions: HIV infection is an independent risk factor for reduced DLCO, particularly in individuals with a CD4 cell count below 200 cells per microliter. Abnormalities in pulmonary function among HIV-infected patients manifest clinically with increased respiratory symptoms. Mechanisms accounting for the reduced DLCO require further evaluation.
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- 2013
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6. Tobacco use and cessation in HIV-infected individuals.
- Author
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Browning KK, Wewers ME, Ferketich AK, and Diaz P
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Prevalence, Smoking therapy, Smoking Cessation, HIV Infections psychology, Smoking epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder therapy
- Abstract
Smoking prevalence estimates among HIV-infected individuals range from 40% to 84%, much higher than the overall US adult prevalence. To date, few tobacco dependence treatment trials have been conducted among HIV-infected smokers. Recommendations for future research include examining underlying factors that contribute to persistent smoking and barriers to abstinence, identifying ways to increase motivation for quit attempts, increasing the number of multicentered 2-arm tobacco dependence treatment trials, and using highly efficacious first-line pharmacotherapy in tobacco dependence treatment intervention studies. Addressing these research gaps will help to reduce the tobacco-related disease burden of HIV-infected individuals in the future., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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7. Cigarette smoking in the HIV-infected population.
- Author
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Rahmanian S, Wewers ME, Koletar S, Reynolds N, Ferketich A, and Diaz P
- Subjects
- Anti-Retroviral Agents therapeutic use, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Drug Interactions, Educational Status, Humans, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Neoplasms epidemiology, Nicotinic Agonists therapeutic use, Pneumonia, Bacterial epidemiology, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive epidemiology, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, Smoking epidemiology, Social Class, Social Support, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking Cessation
- Abstract
As mortality due to AIDS-related causes has decreased with the use of antiretroviral therapy, there has been a rise in deaths related to non-AIDS-defining illnesses. Given the exceedingly high prevalence of cigarette smoking among individuals living with HIV infection, tobacco has been implicated as a major contributor to this paradigm shift. Evidence suggests that smoking-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, and certain malignancies, contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons. In this review, we summarize the adverse health consequences of smoking relevant to HIV-infected individuals and discuss smoking cessation in this unique population, including a discussion of barriers to quitting and a review of studies that have examined smoking cessation interventions.
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- 2011
- Full Text
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8. Tobacco use and cessation among women: research and treatment-related issues.
- Author
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Rahmanian SD, Diaz PT, and Wewers ME
- Subjects
- Causality, Disease Susceptibility metabolism, Female, Humans, Life Style, Lung Neoplasms metabolism, Lung Neoplasms prevention & control, Male, Nicotine metabolism, Prevalence, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive metabolism, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive prevention & control, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Smoking metabolism, Disease Susceptibility epidemiology, Lung Neoplasms epidemiology, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive epidemiology, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking Cessation
- Abstract
The prevalence of tobacco use in women has increased over the past century. This has resulted in dramatic increases in smoking-related lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. There is growing literature suggesting that women may be more susceptible than men to the effects of tobacco and to the development of COPD. Women may also have specific barriers that interfere with smoking cessation. This article addresses possible differences in lung function decline and nicotine metabolism in women compared to men. Differences in COPD between the sexes are discussed. Finally, barriers to smoking cessation in women are presented.
- Published
- 2011
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9. HIV Infection Is Associated With Reduced Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
- Author
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Crothers, Kristina, McGinnis, Kathleen, Kleerup, Eric, Wongtrakool, Cherry, Hoo, Guy S, Kim, Joon, Sharafkhaneh, Amir, Huang, Laurence, Luo, Zhaoyu, Thompson, Bruce, Diaz, Philip, Kirk, Gregory D, Rom, William, Detels, Roger, Kingsley, Lawrence, and Morris, Alison
- Subjects
Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Immunology ,Lung ,HIV/AIDS ,Infectious Diseases ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,Clinical Research ,Infection ,Respiratory ,Age Factors ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Cough ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Dyspnea ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Prevalence ,Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ,Pulmonary Disease ,Chronic Obstructive ,Respiratory Function Tests ,Risk Factors ,Severity of Illness Index ,Smoking ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,United States ,Veterans ,Viral Load ,pulmonary function ,FEV1 ,DLCO ,gas exchange ,COPD ,Public Health and Health Services ,Virology ,Clinical sciences ,Epidemiology ,Public health - Abstract
IntroductionPrior studies comparing abnormalities in pulmonary function between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons in the current era are limited.ObjectivesTo determine the pattern and severity of impairment in pulmonary function in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of 300 HIV-infected men and 289 HIV-uninfected men enrolled from 2009 to 2011 in 2 clinical centers of the Lung HIV Study. Participants completed pre- and postbronchodilator spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurement, and standardized questionnaires.ResultsMost participants had normal airflow; 18% of HIV-infected and 16% of HIV-uninfected men had airflow obstruction. The mean percent predicted DLCO was 69% in HIV-infected vs. 76% in HIV-uninfected men (P < 0.001). A moderately to severely reduced DLCO of ≤60% was observed in 30% of HIV-infected compared with 18% of HIV-uninfected men (P < 0.001), despite the fact that 89% of those with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy. A reduced DLCO was significantly associated with HIV and CD4 cell count in linear regression adjusting for smoking and other confounders. The DLCO was lowest in HIV-infected men with CD4 cell counts
- Published
- 2013
10. Inflammasome Adaptor ASC Is Highly Elevated in Lung Over Plasma and Relates to Inflammation and Lung Diffusion in the Absence of Speck Formation.
- Author
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Gavrilin, Mikhail A., McAndrew, Christian C., Prather, Evan R., Tsai, MuChun, Spitzer, Carleen R., Song, Min-Ae, Mitra, Srabani, Sarkar, Anasuya, Shields, Peter G., Diaz, Philip T., and Wewers, Mark D.
- Subjects
PNEUMONIA ,LUNGS ,LUNG infections ,DIFFUSION ,BRONCHOALVEOLAR lavage - Abstract
Rationale: Caspase-1 is a zymogen whose activation predominantly depends upon the assembly of ASC monomers into insoluble prion-like polymers (specks). ASC polymers support caspase-1 dimer formation inducing a proximity mediated auto-activation of caspase-1. Therefore, the amount and nature of ASC monomers and polymers in lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) might serve as a marker of lung inflammasome activity. Objectives: To determine whether lung ASC concentrations or oligomerization status predicts lung function or activity of lung inflammation. Methods: BALF ASC amount and oligomerization status was studied in three distinct cohorts: (1) young healthy non-smokers, vapers and smokers; (2) healthy HIV+ smokers who underwent detailed lung function studies; and (3) hospitalized patients with suspected pneumonia. We quantified cell free BALF ASC levels by ELISA and immunoblot. Oligomers (i.e., ASC specks) were identified by chemical crosslinking and ability to sediment with centrifugation. Measurement and Main Results: ASC levels are significantly higher in lung lining fluid than in plasma as well as higher in smoker lungs compared to non-smoker lungs. In this context, ASC levels correlate with macrophage numbers, smoking intensity and loss of lung diffusion capacity in a well-characterized cohort of healthy HIV+ smokers. However, only monomeric ASC was found in our BALF samples from all subjects, including patients with lung infections. Conclusions: Even though, most, if not all, extracellular ASC in BALF exists in the soluble, monomeric form, monomeric ASC concentrations still reflect the inflammatory status of the lung microenvironment and correlate with loss of lung function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Regional Differences in Emphysema Scores and BAL Glutathione Levels in HIV-Infected Individuals.
- Author
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Diaz, Philip T., Wewers, Mark D., King, Mark, Wade, Joyce, Hart, Judy, and Clanton, Thomas L.
- Subjects
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HIV infections , *PULMONARY emphysema , *GLUTATHIONE , *SERUM , *OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases , *OLIGOPEPTIDES , *SMOKING - Abstract
Study objectives: Evidence exists that HIV-seropositive individuals may be at increased risk for the development of precocious pulmonary emphysema. HIV infection is also associated with antioxidant deficiency in both the serum and lungs, and it is therefore possible that increased oxidant stress may contribute to parenchymal lung injury occurring in the setting of HIV. We sought to determine the regional distribution of emphysema and regional distribution of glutathione (GSH) concentrations among HIV-seropositive subjects with emphysema. Design: Cross-sectional evaluation of a prospective, longitudinal study. Setting: University teaching hospital. Subjects/measurements: HIV-seropositive subjects without AIDS-related pulmonary complications participating in a descriptive study of lung biology in HIV-seropositive individuals. Emphysema scoring and evaluation of emphysema lobar distribution was performed among 40 subjects with emphysema. Eleven subjects underwent BAL of the right middle lobe (RML) and right upper lobe (RUL) with measurement of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) GSH in each lobe. Results: We found that the mean emphysema scores were much higher in the upper lobes compared to the rest of the lung. Mean GSH levels were significantly greater in the RUL compared to the RML. The regional differences were present in both smokers and nonsmokers. Conclusions: We conclude that in the setting of HIV, emphysema is more prominent and lung GSH concentrations are higher in the upper lobes. We hypothesize that the increased GSH may represent a compensatory response to increased oxidant stress in the upper lobes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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