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The following papers are included: "Foreword" (Bridget McConnell); "Introduction" (David J. Jones); opening addresses by George Robertson MP, Shadow Scottish Secretary, and by Charlie McConnell, Executive Director, Scottish Community Education Council; and speech by Christine Hamilton, Deputy Director, Scottish Arts Council; "Keynote Speech: Memory and Representation: The Arts & Social Change in South Africa" (Ingrid Fiske); "Keynote Speech: Movements in the Undergrowth" (Paul Nolan); "The Therapeutic Function of Adult Education in the Arts" (Timothy Buell); "The University of the Third Age" (Helen Cairns); "Ethnic Minority Participation in Access to Higher Education Arts Courses" (Margaret Davidson); "A Comparison of How Two Types of Visitors Use Their Own Resources in a Fine Art Museum" (C. Dufresne-Tasse, A. Weltzl-Fairchild); "Self-Direction in Adult Art Education" (Paul J. Edelson); "Dutch Andragogy and Museum Education" (Bastiaan Van Gent); "Theatre Artist & Traditional Entertainers as Adult Educators in Africa--The Sierra Leone Experience" (Charlie Haffner); "Visual Realities: The Creation and Transformation of Meaning through the Visual Arts" (Jacquie Johnson); "Nottinghamshire Next State" (David Johnston); "Significant Connections: How a Supportive Group Fosters Adult Creative Experience" (Carolyn Jongeward); "'The Human Seriousness of Play'--A Proposition for a Neglected Art Form--Mime" (Pat Keysell); "Adult Participation in the Visual Arts--Conservation or Change?" (Kaye Lynch); "Behind the Lines" (Carl MacDougall); "Fife Arts and Crafts Enterprise Training (F.A.C.E.T.)--A Case Study in User Involvement" (Callum McGregor); "A Singular Collaboration, Adult Education, & the National Collection of Modern Art at Tate Gallery, Liverpool: A Study in Practice and Effect" (Anne MacPhee); "'In From the Cold'--Disability Awareness and the Arts in Adult Education" (Jill Maguire); "Cultural Erosion or Empowerment? Arts Development in the Highlands and Island of Scotland?" (Kate Martin); "Museum Studies--Collaboration and Opportunity" (Nicole Mezey); "A Night at the Opera" (Gerald Normie); "Art for Adult and Technology Education" (Kenneth E. Paprock); "Local and Regional Culture in the Czech Republic" (Slavomir Plicka); "If I Can't Dance It's Not My Revolution--Cultural Action in Scottish Communities" (Stan Reeves, Vernon Galloway); "Persuading the Politicians" (Eric Robinson); and "Traditional Song and Artistic Renaissance in the Middle Years" (Sheena Wellington). (MN)

This collection contains papers presented at a research seminar on children and families. The papers are: (1) "Children in Transition and Crisis" (Solly Dreman); (2) "The Child and the Family" (Dolores M. Luiz and Josua P. P. Fullard); (3) "Support Systems for Children of Divorce" (Diane Braude); (4) "Children and the Family in a Rural Settlement in Gazankulu" (J. C. Kotze); (5) "Paring Down the Family: The Child's Point of View" (Pamela Reynolds); (6) "The Family, Socialization and Rapid Social Change: Transforming Notions of 'Respect' in the Social Identity of Township Youth" (Catherine Campbell); (7) "The Nature of Parental Authority in the Family Life of Black South Africans" (Sylvia Viljoen); (8) "Social Class Differences in Age at First Childbirth and Views on the Importance of Children: A Study of White Women in Grahamstown" (Susan C. Ziehl); (9) "The Development and Evaluation of a Situation-Specific Parent-Training Programme" (A. S. de Vos); (10) "Mediation and Family Violence" (David Scott-Macnab); and (11) "Adjustment in Children and Families: An Integrated Summary" (Solly Dreman). Each of the papers contains references. (TJQ)

The following papers from a conference dealing with the interaction of adult learning, educational practice, and cultural context are presented: "Radical Adult Education: Back to Basics" (Allman, Wallis); "Teaching To Be Competent" (Armstrong); "Universities and Adult Education: A New Relationship?" (Boud, McDonald); "Theories-in-Use, Reflective Practice and the Teaching of Adults: Professional Culture in Practice" (Bright); "Changing Culture of Medical Education: Teaching What We Know" (Crandall); "And Finally: Changing Cultures of Educational Institutions and Practices" (Duke); "Culture Change/Changing Culture: 'Multi-skilling' the Practitioner in Post-Compulsory Education and Training" (Edwards); "Situating Access to Higher Education in Its Political Culture" (Fieldhouse, Benn); "A Culture of Change? Perspectives on Adult Education in the Workplace" (Hamilton); "Changes in Adult Education Policy and the Impact on 'Client Groups' with Specific Reference to Gender" (Hester, Florence); "The Culture of Difference: Women's Education Re-Examined" (Malcolm); "Adult Learning and Cultural Change in an M.Ed Course: The Case of the Examiners" (Miller, Fletcher); "Adult Education and the Changing Research Context" (Murphy); "Lessons in Citizenship: University Adult Education and Modernity" (Steele); "Employers and the Continuing Education of Employees with Particular Reference to Employee Development Programmes" (Taylor); "New Cultural Contexts for University Adult Education: The Potential of Partnerships with Non-Traditional Agencies" (Thomson); "Nine Facets of Continuing Education for the Professions" (Watson); "Cultures and Double Beings: Linking Adult Learners and Their Environments" (Zeldin); and "Cultural Conflicts: Adult and Further Education Teacher Training in Higher Education" (Zukas). (MN)

This publication contains the proceedings of an international conference on academic freedom and university autonomy attended by 180 scholars and representatives from 30 countries. The conference's official statement, the Sinaia Statement, follows an introduction. The Statement calls for a new understanding between universities and society and a reaffirmation and revitalization of the principles of academic freedom and university autonomy in light of the current profound social changes and demands placed on institutions of higher education. Covered in the account of the proceedings are the opening of the conference, development of its working document, description of key-note speeches, summaries of working group debates with their preliminaries and conclusions, description of the closing session and of the adoption of the Statement. Also included are descriptions of round-table discussions of a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) study on the status of higher education teaching personnel, and description of a discussion of implementation of the European Universities Network. Final sections contain the text of the conference's working document, "Academic Freedom and University Autonomy," and the discussion and description of the observation of the 20th anniversary of the European Centre for Higher Education. (Contains 12 references.) (JB)

Higher education is increasingly recognised as being critical to social and economic prosperity. It is also a policy area where the Commonwealth could significantly increase its impact. This could be achieved without major cost, by working through activities already in place, and persuading member governments to make stronger use of these brands and mechanisms. This paper focuses on four key areas selected by the the 19th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) Steering Committee: (1) Costs and access; (2) Links with employment; (3) Securing the next generation of academics; and (4) Student and staff mobility. These were chosen because of their importance, relevance to conference themes, and synergy with existing Commonwealth-related initiatives. In each case, the brief summary of issues is intended to stimulate debate on whether, and how, the Commonwealth could play a greater role. [This paper was prepared for the Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) (19th, Bahamas, Jun 22-26, 2015).]

The aim of this paper is to reflect on what the changing context brought about by the Pandemic mean and can mean for the repositioning and reinvigoration of Comparative and International Education in 2023. The paper commences with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Incheon Declaration, as the vision humanity has set for itself for 2030. The paper then maps out the gap between the reality of education globally in 2015, when the goals were set, and the vision for 2030. The intervention of the COVID-19 Pandemic increased that gap. This paper argues that at the same time the Pandemic brought with it an opportunity to redesign education in the world, benefitting from the opportunities offered by technology. The paper further argues that in effecting such a redesign of education in the world, the scholarly field of Comparative and International Education has a pivotal role to play to -- to connect to the theme of this book and of the conference of which this volume is the proceedings of papers presented -- to use education experiences of the Pandemic and post-Pandemic times, to learn to not only recover education to its pre-Pandemic state, but to ensure the recovery has enough momentum to move beyond the pre-Pandemic level, surging towards the goals set for 2030, i.e. building new better education systems. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

There exists a power asymmetry between instructors and students in the physical classroom and other learning spaces which symbolizes the distribution of power in social spaces. Because of the structured power asymmetry in most learning spaces, promoting effective classroom teaching sometimes requires instructors to replace existing hierarchical power relations and with fluid, organic, and transgressive classroom dynamics in their relationships with their students. This approach has the potential to empower students to become their own agency for interrogating the assumptions and ideologies that they bring to the classroom. This paper outlines the instructional strategies that I incorporate in my "nonwestern" course that aims to introduce students in my university to the sub-Saharan African region. The course uses the interdisciplinary approach to explore the complicated ways history and social changes (including globalization) intersect to shape education reforms, and economic and social development in sub-Saharan Africa. Students bring a plethora of assumptions about sub-Saharan "Africa" to this course and my goal as an instructor is to help students interrogate their own assumptions and deconstruct the myths and distortions about the "Africa" in a broader term. The paper outlines the way I deliberately select course materials, and sequence course contents and themes to scaffold and promote incremental knowledge about the region for students during the semester. Furthermore, the paper outlines the strategies that help nudge students' critical thinking and restructure the power relations in the classroom. While these strategies may not automatically change students' assumptions about sub-Saharan "Africa", they nonetheless become opportunities for my students and I to reposition for effective discussions about the region with the goal to interrogating students' prior assumptions and views about the region. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

In education, inclusion is a process of mutual respect for differences of every student and his/her needs, in which the focus is placed on the student. The education system, on the other hand, should deal with the challenges that all students face, including the special educational needs students. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of educational inclusion of students with special educational needs in mainstream school system and to offer strategies or more precisely guidelines for teachers working with them. Research and practice in special education and inclusion of students with disabilities in the mainstream school system and social life are one of the most important priorities of Policy of the Department of Education and Science in every country in the world. So in this paper we have presented attitudes and experiences about special education reforms strategies in educational system. Research methods are based on documents studies and cases studies about changes in social and educational policies for students with disabilities and special educational needs who are included in primary and secondary school. Conclusions are that students with disabilities and special needs should enjoy the same access as their non-disabled peers. There is growing evidence that students with disabilities learn better when they are allowed to go to a public school within their neighborhood. In this frame, school societies try to support full participation of students with disabilities in areas of their lives on equal terms, conditions, social justice and basic human rights. [For the complete Volume 13, Number 1 proceedings, see ED568595.]

The youth-led revolutions that rocked the Arab world earlier this year have refocused attention on the region's 100 million-strong youth demographic and its critical role in the transformation of existing political, economic, and social structures in the Middle East and North Africa. Youth under the age of 25 represent an estimated and unprecedented 60 percent of the region's population, and in many of the region's countries, approximately 30 percent of the population is between the ages of 15 and 29. They have heightened expectations for themselves and their societies, but are constrained by the economic and political realities in which they live. The current demands of Arab youth for change are rooted in deep frustrations with the existing status quo--not least of which is the failure of the social contract for advancement that should be offered by higher education. Despite more than a decade of dramatic expansion--in enrollment, female participation, numbers of institutions, and programs--higher education in the Arab world continues to fall far short of the needs of students, employers, and society at large. In most countries, the majority of students are enrolled in institutions that lack key human and physical resources for success and suffer from overcrowding and poor quality. Efforts to address these chronic problems have had only marginal success. High unemployment among university graduates is only one measure of the reality of an educational system that is not producing graduates with the skills needed to succeed in the modern global economy and economies that are not producing opportunities for massive numbers of new entrants. Higher education has a critical role to play in the national and regional restructuring of Arab economic and political institutions that is currently underway. The long term success or failure of today's reform initiatives will rest, to a large degree, on the ability of these societies to place higher education where it belongs--as the engine of social and economic progress. The new pressures for political change may provide a unique opportunity to break free from some of the obstacles that have held back meaningful educational changes in the past. This working group, convened at the 2011 U.S.-Islamic World Forum in Washington, DC, brought together educators, specialists, and public sector officials from the United States and the Middle East to review the current state of higher education in the Arab world and consider the key challenges facing this critical sector of society. How are different actors in the diverse landscape of Arab higher education advancing or impeding the goals of improving educational outcomes? To what degree do regional partnerships and cooperative efforts offer opportunities to overcome local obstacles in specific areas? Finally, where has important progress been made and what policy responses and initiatives should be encouraged to improve the ability of Arab educational institutions to meet the challenges of this transformational period? (Contains 11 footnotes.) [The 2011 U.S.-Islamic World Forum was convened by Safwan Masri and Katherine Wilkens. This report was produced by the Saban Center at Brookings

Our world has become starkly inequitable with 0.01% of the population owning 11% of all wealth, 1% owning 38% of all wealth, 10% owning 76% of all wealth, and the lower 50% owning almost nothing. Amongst all of these, there is a group of the most vulnerable, the most underserved, and ironically the most silent because, for the most part, they cannot speak for themselves: orphans, most of whom are in the lower 61%. The world population of orphans today is approximately 153 million. Selfishness and indifference have brought us to an appalling point in human history, but a radical change could be made, starting with the orphan population, if the world's middle class and above would adopt them in some way. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of such a social action and demonstrate the viability and potentially rapid effectiveness of this positive social engineering. The subject area is social and emotional learning, social responsibility, social entrepreneurship, and global citizenship. One of the groups in question is underserved and one is overserved yet underserved in that it lacks real happiness, in effect, both orphans. Through the lens of social constructivism, we examine the feasibility of projects through which the overserved help the underserved and both find fulfillment. Quantitative facts highlight the possibilities for radically ameliorating the orphan problem and qualitative investigation can measure the ensuing fulfillment of these groups. The final significant implication is that the orphan problem could be solved in this generation. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

Considering the fast-changing times and mounting challenges, higher education institutions (HEIs) became recognized as important change agents in the society but at the same time became more threatened. To that end, recently Magna Charta Universitatum, a declaration stating that intellectual and moral autonomy is the hallmark of any university and a precondition for the fulfilment of its responsibilities to society has been revised to reflect the changes of global society as well as to recognise HEIs' role to address the challenges that come with change. In fact, the revised document indicates that universities acknowledge their responsibility to engage with and respond to the challenges of the world and to their local communities to benefit humanity and contribute to sustainability. In order to achieve this promise, the academic freedom (AF) of scholars as knowledge seekers and builders as well as key actors in education and social change needs to be safeguarded. The aim of this paper is to enhance consideration for relationship between AF and sustainability. Based on the scholarly literature we explore the interconnection between the two notions. The preliminary findings clearly indicate that sustainability and AF play an imperative role in HEIs. Freedom of academic voices needs to be supported to protect and promote authentic participation in public discourses and to sustainably shape future society. Meanwhile, the infringement on AF carries unwanted consequences including slow transition towards sustainability. [For the complete Volume 21 proceedings, see ED629259.]

The phenomenon of conflict is considered as one of the most essential phenomena of human beings and is a part of their existence. Conflicts are social phenomena that have existed throughout the history of human society against the will of the people. Their existence in social life has transformed them into universal and objective phenomena that exist despite our knowledge and attitudes. These characteristics are imposed on man to study his eternal nature for the benefit of life and progress. The sciences of philosophy and critical thinking provide new concepts for conflict management and transformation. Critical thinking offers a new conceptual approach to dealing with conflicts in human society. The essence of critical thinking is the idea and views of philosophers for a rational and reasoned approach to conflicts. The following paper aims to influence the education and formation of beliefs and a dialectical attitude on the importance of critical thinking in the recognition, understanding, and management of conflicts in society. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

This paper compares the influence of state policies on gender roles and women's empowerment in China, India, and South Korea. In 1950, these newly formed states were largely poor and agrarian, with common cultural factors that placed similar severe constraints on women's autonomy. The three countries followed very different paths of development, which have had a tremendous impact on gender outcomes. Today the countries show striking differences in the extent of gender equity achieved, with China showing the most gender equity and South Korea the least. India has achieved considerable improvement in gender equity, but both men and women continue to struggle with poverty, illiteracy, and poor health conditions. Following an overview of kinship systems and the construction of gender in the three countries, this paper focuses on several key issues: access to education, employment and income patterns, women's health and health education, family law and the legal rights of women, and state efforts to influence gender-related values and behaviors through mass communication. The experiences of these three countries suggest that even when states are interested in promoting gender equity, their actions are often constrained by the desire to maintain stable family structures. In addition, it is very difficult for states to alter inequitable rural rules of residence and land ownership, which form part of the moral order of rural society. Transition to an urban economy often loosens the constraints to gender equity. The impact of policies to provide opportunities for women's empowerment have been greatly enhanced by communication efforts to alter cultural values that impede women's access to those opportunities. (Contains 59 references.) (SV)

This paper was delivered to a symposium held by the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, as part of its centennial celebrations in May 1973. The central theme of this paper is that the idea of the university as an effective instrument of social reform has been dangerously exaggerated. This disjunction between expectation and capacity is grounded on a misunderstanding of two modes of the university--the university as a corporate institution and the university as an academic community. The university as a corporate institution is elaborated, then social change, investments, admissions, professional networks, influence of the university, and the influence of the educated man is discussed. The author concludes that the university's greatest instrument for social reform is not its institutional muscle but its graduates who will have appreciated a dedication to careful analysis and precise statement, and that embraces a view of what could be, which is the first prerequisite to social reform. (Author/PG)

This document is a collection of 17 papers on theoretical issues in health education presented at the Dorothy Nyswander International Symposium. The introduction, entitled "Theory and Practice in Health Education: A Synthesis," attempts to highlight some of the features of these papers and their relevance for health education practice. The papers show a diversity in subject matter and scope and include such subjects as health education in the medical care setting, community organization, and educational diagnosis. Several papers examine various theoretical concepts and their applicability to health education practice. The papers emphasize people and the predominant position they play in decisions about their own health actions. Another common characteristic of the papers is the emphasis on precision in the delineation and analysis of whatever aspects of health education are under consideration (defining health education, causes affecting the individual or group behavior, analysis of data, program planning and methods, evaluation, training, and administrative framework). Yet another characteristic of the papers is the emphasis on theory or the ways to use theory in the practical implementation of programs. (BD)

Two papers examine the relationship between ethnicity and nationalism in the Soviet Union and in Yugoslavia. The first paper assesses the ethnicity in Soviet Central Asia. Because in recent years an increasing number of scholars has been placed in Soviet Central Asia, observation is now combined with commonly held hypotheses to determine regional and national dynamics in the USSR. Soviet Central Asia comprises an area one-half the United States. Major ethnic groups include Turkic (60%), Slavic (25%), and Iranian (5%). Relevant ethnic issues include the complexity of collective identity; saturation of opportunities and positions; manpower needs in other parts of the Soviet Union which have led to the proposal for population transfers; unevenness of birthrates for various ethnic groups; and interethnic relations. The second essay examines the national question in Yugoslavia. Written prior to the death of Tito, it suggests changes likely to occur after his death and considers the role of the United States in the country's affairs. Yugoslavia is characterized by rivalries among the six republics and two autonomous provinces which comprise the federation. The rivalries manifest themselves in economic and political issues. Since 1971 Yugoslav leaders have severely limited all manifestations of nationalism, while permitting the republics and provinces freedom to pursue their economic interests. The federal system grants each unit the right to veto economic and social legislation of which it does not approve. Most likely, the post-Tito period will be marked by greater assertiveness on the parts of the republics and a higher level of instability. The role of the United States is to develop policies aimed at sustaining a stable Yugoslavia and promoting the economic welfare of the country. (Author/KC)

Having reviewed several pieces of strategy documents, policy papers, and literature, we concluded that there is no uniform definition of either institutional autonomy or academic freedom (AF). Many different points of view determine the interpretation of these terms. Furthermore, the policymakers (e.g., governments, legislators) can ignore the theories connecting to autonomy and AF and separate from them the legislation-level realization. This paper aims to overview different interpretations of autonomy and AF, highlighting the most important standpoints and presenting how autonomy and AF are realized in the national legislation. Considering the limited length of this paper, we focus on our respective countries, namely Hungary and South Africa. Our previous findings show that in many aspects, our countries face similar challenges despite the different historical antecedents. In previous research we compared the factors, which can influence research activities, however, we did not investigate the legislative framework. To that end, in this paper, we go further and look specifically at legal frameworks within our respective countries. Our results illustrate that without a homogenous content, the State may use the concepts of autonomy and AF in its legislation as it sees fit. This in turn may lead to autonomy and AF or some of their components, while being formally safeguarded, they may lose the guarantee character that corresponds to their actual content. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]