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A large aspect of social psychology is the assumption that people derive their self-image from the social groups they belong to. However, because social positions are often dynamic, the need to achieve and maintain a positive and distinct social image is ever-present. While people can belong to multiple social groups within their lives, most research only tends consider one identity at a time, often leading to limited real-world applications. This is especially the case in contexts where people may have two or more identities that have, either historically, socially, or politically, been in conflict. This overlay of identities can, then, cause internal and intergroup conflicts that are often not easily explained by extant social identity frameworks. Borrowing from multicultural theories such as the Bicultural Identity Integration (BII) Model (Benet-Martinez, 2005), this project proposes to conduct a series of cross-cultural studies within contexts where biculturalism occurs during times of conflict (e.g., Hong Kong-China, Catalunya-Spain; Scotland-Britain). The project will largely focus on understanding how potential identity threats are activated during these contexts of intergroup conflict, and how these can affect biculturals' perceptions of their own identities. In turn, we will investigate how bicultural identity threat could affect intergroup relations and attitudes, as well as biculturals' wellbeing. Lastly, we wish to investigate how lay theories of culture could potentially moderate these factors, perhaps even potentially alleviate feelings of bicultural identity threat.

This project seeks to address the insurgence of anti-Asian sentiment in the post-COVID-19 era by examining whether the COVID-19 threat exacerbates implicit foreign bias towards Asian Americans. We posit that COVID-19 is not the root cause of the noted increase in Anti-Asian sentiments post-2020, but rather, it is perceived as a moral justification to more explicitly express Anti-Asian rhetoric that has always existed within American society. More importantly, it aims to investigate the individual risk factors that make people more prejudiced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Insights gained from the present study could help policymakers formulate better strategies that would enhance solidarity and reduce scapegoating. Below are the goals of the project: 1. To address the insurgence of anti-Asian sentiment from the COVID-19 pandemic via examining the implicit foreigner bias against Asian Americans. 2. To test whether COVID-19 conspiracy moderates the foreigner bias against Asian Americans through the perceived legitimization of such biases. 3. To examine the unique causal effects of the need for cognitive closure, national collective narcissism, and race essentialism on implicit foreigner bias towards Asian Americans.

This dissertation proposes a theoretical framework of how personal and external motivations may shape entrepreneurs' early venture creation experience, conceptualized as a simultaneous pursuit of the dual goals of venture uniqueness and commercial viability, throughout the founding and growth phases of venture creation. I then develop propositions on how such a psychological and behavioral experience may provide the learning context where entrepreneurs clarify their role schema and the relationship among their multiple role identities. Based on this reasoning, I then develop additional propositions and hypotheses regarding the moderating role of entrepreneurial experience on how role identities motivate entrepreneurs' cognition and behavior, specifically, when generating and evaluating creative business ideas. Across three studies, I found preliminary support for this framework. Particularly, entrepreneurial experience moderates the relationship between role identities and creative behavior such that role identification predicts creativity evaluation criteria consistent with the role schema, only among experienced entrepreneurs but not among nascent entrepreneurs. Moreover, when one (but not the other) role is made salient, experienced entrepreneurs (but not nascent entrepreneurs) still fulfill the schema of the nonsalient role. This work contributes to the literatures on entrepreneurial experience, entrepreneurial motivation, and creativity. Practical implications and future directions are discussed. Doctor of Philosophy (NBS)

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In families strongly influenced by Chinese culture, it is not uncommon to find an adult man and his wife living with his parents under the same roof. This behavior can be due to the man's perceived cultural obligation that he needs to take care of his parents while not particularly endorsing the value of filial piety, or the man's genuine endorsement of filial piety as his personal value. Culture has always had a strong influence on human life. It affects the behaviors and attitudes that people display by prescribing culturally approved and proscribing culturally inappropriate ways of conducting the self in specific social settings. This is not the only way that culture affects a person's behavior, however. Culture can exert indirect influence on a person's behavior through the person's self-representations. When a person internalizes a culture's values and beliefs, those values and beliefs become the person's own. People acting out of internalized values and beliefs would display behaviors that are consistent with the cultural norms. Thus, in addition to setting guides for people's life, culture also features in people's definitions of the self. In this chapter, we examine the role that culture plays in people's self-representations. We present a distinction between cultural knowledge (mind) and cultural self, and discuss the implications of disentangling cultural knowledge and cultural self in furthering work in the area of culture and self, particularly with respect to research on cultural identity. We contend that being experienced with and having knowledge of a culture does not necessarily entail passive internalization of the culture as part of the self. Instead, cultural identity is a product of the dynamic interactions between the individual and the culture as knowledge represented by the individual and by the society. Specifically, we will examine how cultural knowledge provides meaning to the self, the process by which individuals use cultural knowledge to create their own identity, and how cultural knowledge can be used in the affirmation of one's identity.

not available.