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We examine how (in)accurate participants’ self-knowledge of the influence of pairing on evaluation is, compared with their self-knowledge about the influence of inference from words' meaning.

The purpose of the present experiment is to test whether when participants experience CS-US co-occurrence and the co-occurrence is due to opposition relation, they think that the pairings had an assimilative or a contrast effect on their evaluation of the CSs.

In purpose of the present study is to measure people’s self- knowledge regarding the factors that influence their evaluation of the CSs following the EC procedure.

The article presents the results of research on the effectiveness of self-knowledge activity in the teacher’s self-development. Self-knowledge is actualized as an opportunity for introspective interaction with one’s internal resources, which is an important factor in psychophysical health. The necessity for teachers’ awareness of the importance of self-knowledge and self-development in the scope of the “person-person” working is highlighted. Introspective appeal to the inner “I” gives a person the opportunity to understand and reveal their own resource (consciousness, emotions, feelings, desires, memory), that allows changing values, feelings, motivation, character, etc. and self-realize in a rapidly changing world.The author’s questionnaire “Criteria analysis of self-knowledge activity” with a description of the included criteria for the effectiveness of self-knowledge is presented. The results, according to specific criteria are analyzed, in particular: independence and diligence in self-knowledge, the dynamics of eight fundamental qualities of character during the accumulation of knowledge about themselves, the impact of self-knowledge on the health of respondents (for these health components and criteria healthy functioning), exemption from harmful habits, a subjective determination of the respondent’s achievements, which they associate with self-knowledge. The expediency of teachers’ self-knowledge activity has been confirmed, which allows considering it as a factor of their self-development, a lever of strengthening psychophysical health, social activities, creative self-realization. Keywords: self-knowledge; self-knowledge activity; personality; personal self-development; criteria of the efficiency of self-knowledge activity; teacher; questionnaire; continuous professional education.

Investigation of the extent to which people are aware of the factors that influence their evaluation of the CSs following the EC procedure, while comparing the awareness of the influence of the pairing on the general evaluation of the CS, to the influence of the pairing on the judgment of features that the pairing is not relevant for, such as the general appearance and the sound of the non-word.

This 2-year short-term longitudinal study explored Canadian emerging adolescents’ ability to recognize emotions in others, their spontaneous descriptions of themselves and self-understandings, and ...

Do we know ourselves or do others know us best? Of the various impressions people form of themselves, impression on moral traits are often the most relevant and impactful. This project aims to assess what types of perceptions (self, other, or meta-perceptions) best predict in-lab moral behavior.

The goal of this study is to test the effects of a self-knowledge intervention approach for reducing intentions to eat meat.

Introduction: the article presents a study conducted by means of a questionnaire survey among convicts in the Varna prison. The legal status of convicts affects their psychological and behavioral features. When studying the process of forming certain personal qualities in a criminal, we find it necessary to trace the interaction between society and personality. In particular, it is necessary to identify the negative impact of isolation on the convict’s personality in order to work on their reformation. When working with a convicted person, it is necessary to take into account such features of their personality as orientation, abilities, and age characteristics. Such people are alienated from society and its values and have a negative self-image. The present paper focuses on the moral attitudes and knowledge of convicts and on the use of their potential and desire for personal change. In this process, a comprehensive set of intellectual and volitional qualities is formed, in which self-esteem is an important factor that determines behavior and individual features. The aim of our research is to study the level of aggression in convicts and its manifestations under the conditions of isolation; we also try to work out measures to minimize the impact of places of deprivation of liberty on an individual and their relations with others. Methods: we use the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory that measures aggression, and a questionnaire that helps to interview people whose behavior is of interest to researchers. Such questionnaires are designed to assess an individual’s features in specific situations and allow us to ask questions directly. They are relatively straight and do not require complex electronic equipment. The studies confirm the thesis that the closeness of the convicts’ stay in isolation conditions generates negative feelings, which, under specific conditions, can transform into aggressive behavior. Results: summarizing the results for aggressive manifestations of convicts’ personality traits and the corresponding methods of working with convicts allow the researcher to obtain information for solving the target task. We believe that these methods can serve as a basis for building a program for psychological correction of the behavior of an individual kept in isolation. Keywords: Personality; isolation; aggression; communication; self-knowledge

This paper examines Russia’s “next” generation and its expressions of anti-consu- merist protest, which stem from a fascination with the american beat Generation. Criticism of the consumerist lifestyle prompts the protagonists of bogatyreva’s prose to seek an alternative, especially through hitchhiking, which provides the opportunity to become closer to oneself and others. Communion with nature and a turn towards Eastern Mysticism become important elements of these new styles of existence. The nature of the rebellion of the “next” generation is primarily psy- chological, with an emphasis on expanding one’s own awareness, as well as social, underpinned by the dream of creating a society based on anti-capitalist ideals.

Objective We explore accurate self-knowledge versus overconfidence in personal intelligence-a "broad" intelligence about personality. The theory of personal intelligence proposes that people vary in their ability to understand the traits, goals, plans, and actions of themselves and others. We wondered who accurately knew that they were higher in personal intelligence and who did not, and whether individuals with more accurate estimates were distinguishable from others in their psychological characteristics. Method Three archival data sets were identified that included both self-estimates and objective measures of personal intelligence: The measures were the Self-Estimated Personal Intelligence scale and the Test of Personal Intelligence. Results People who were over-confident-overestimating their ability-level of personal intelligence-were positive in their outlook and more sociable. People who provided the most accurate self-estimates were higher in verbal and personal intelligences, more open, and more conscientious than others. Conclusions People who were accurate about themselves have not been studied before in this context but may, for example, serve as the monitors and thinkers who help keep themselves and others reasonable and on track.

Introduction: Research suggests that perceived true self-knowledge is important for well-being. However, less discussion exists about how perceived true self-knowledge affects therapy outcomes. We suggest that perceived true self-knowledge may be important when attempting to address client stuckness (i.e., lack of progress in therapy; Beaudoin, 2008). We argue that when clients perceive a lack of true self-knowledge, they are unable to draw upon the true self-concept as a source of meaning. This may hinder therapeutic progress and contribute to client stuckness.Methods: We present theoretical evidence for the role of perceived true self-knowledge in experiences of stuckness. Then, we present case studies of two stuck clients and their therapeutic interventions as preliminary evidence for our model.Results: Direct strategies geared at enhancing true self-knowledge by helping the client construct coherent self-concepts worked for one client, but not for the other. Indirect strategies, grounded in social psychological research, are outlined as a method of enhancing perceptions of true self-knowledge for clients who do not benefit from direct strategies.Discussion: Potential moderators for the effectiveness of direct versus indirect strategies to enhance true self-knowledge are discussed. We then outline promising avenues for future research that include attempts to investigate the prevalence of self-alienation in clinical populations, and the effectiveness of strategies aimed at enhancing perceived true self-knowledge among clients experiencing stuckness.

Theory of Mind (ToM) or the ability to understand mental states in self and others to explain behavior continues to develop in adolescence and connects to social experiences. Research shows during adolescence, ToM may influence one's ability to evaluate and judge one's self-worth and their social interactions. However, few studies examine the associations among self-knowledge, ToM, and social experiences. This study explored individual differences and associations among 146 Canadian adolescents' ToM, self-knowledge, and loneliness (86 females

Knowing yourself requires knowing not only what you are like in general (trait self-knowledge) but also how your personality fluctuates from moment to moment (state self-knowledge). We examined this latter form of self-knowledge. Participants (248 people; 2,938 observations) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), an unobtrusive audio recorder, and completed experience-sampling self-reports of their personality states four times each day for 1 week. We estimated state self-knowledge by comparing self-reported personality states with consensual observer ratings of personality states coded from the EAR files, which formed the criterion for what participants were “actually” like in the moment. People had self-insight into their momentary extraversion, conscientiousness, and likely neuroticism, suggesting that people can accurately detect fluctuations in some aspects of their personality. However, the evidence for self-insight was weaker for agreeableness. This apparent self-ignorance may be partly responsible for interpersonal problems and for blind spots in trait self-knowledge.

It is one thing to show that we are the kind of beings for whom morality applies, and quite another to show that our moral aspirations are on the right track. The latter raises a question of moral self-knowledge, since it asks how we as individuals can have assurance that our moral progress is genuine. This chapter argues that a new form of despair emerges from the question of how we can trust our own aspirations to live a virtuous life. The problem concerns either our tendency to self-deception or our inability to know our underlying intentions—two sides of Kant’s opacity thesis. This chapter argues that Kant’s effort to resolve the issue of moral self-knowledge leads him, in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and the Metaphysics of Morals, to a theory of conscience.

Research has explored the relationship between self-knowledge and self-awareness. Specifically, psychologists see self-awareness as a step on the path toward self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is not a monolithic concept. For instance, the working self-concept is the self that is most relevant and accessible at a given time, while the global self-concept is an enduring, stored version of oneself. Implicit self-views are normally unconscious, whereas explicit self-views are generally conscious. The discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-knowledge sometimes results in inaccurate evaluations of attitudes, thoughts, and feelings. Other types of self-knowledge are context-dependent. Established theories such as social identity theory state that people have distinct self-views in different situations. For example, self-complexity refers to the number of self-aspects a person possesses. Finally, there are also distinctions between accurate (i.e., self-assessment theory) and positive self-knowledge (i.e., self-enhancement theory). Self-assessment theory posits that people are information seekers who desire accurate self-views. On the contrary, self-enhancement theory says that people seek to maintain positive self-views and are averse to negative self-information. Depending on the context and the concerns for self-presentation, individuals have preferences to pursue accurate or enhancing self-information. Increased self-knowledge can manifest in three major ways: via biological, interpersonal, and intrapsychic origins. Biological explanations of the origins of self-knowledge are mostly concerned with genetic expressions and brain activities. Interpersonal paths also help individuals develop self-knowledge. For instance, social comparison facilitates people’s formation of self-views by comparing themselves with similar others. Reflected appraisals increase people’s awareness of their own abilities, qualities, and identities through others’ lens. Intrapsychic self-knowledge can be obtained through self-perception, in which people learn about themselves by observing and analyzing their behaviors in relevant situations. Introspection—focusing on the self—helps people ascertain the reasons behind their feelings and behaviors, which contributes to self-views. However, introspection can sometimes lead to flawed self-knowledge, or result in negative feelings induced by the feelings of inadequacy. Building on introspection, self-awareness provides another avenue for self-knowledge. The capacity to be aware of one’s existence, or reflexive self-consciousness, is a fundamental component of human cognition. Experimentally induced self-awareness has been shown to have positive effects (e.g., greater compliance with internal standards). Sometimes, however, awareness can have aversive consequences (e.g., suicide) because it reveals that one has fallen short of one’s goals. One way to reduce this discomfort is to avoid self-awareness, such as by cognitive deconstruction—an induction of a cognitive state that lacks emotion, a sense of the future, or concentration on the present. Another way to avoid self-awareness is through deindividuation, which is characterized by a temporary loss of personal identity, especially in a large group. Because self-awareness is associated with both life- and death-related thoughts, researchers argue the nature of this awareness is existential.

How accurate are self-judgments of personality traits? When it comes to judging our own enduring personality characteristics, are we hopelessly blind, deluded, and biased, or are we generally accurate? In order to answer these questions, this chapter reviews the empirical evidence regarding the accuracy of trait self-judgments. Although self-judgments are not always perfectly accurate, the majority of studies suggest that self-judgments of personality have considerable validity. Self-judgments of both narrow, specific traits and the broad personality factors of the Big Five agree with judgments provided by knowledgeable others and predict personality-relevant states, experiences, behaviors, and consequential life outcomes. Suggestions for improving the accuracy of our self-judgments and directions for future research on the accuracy of trait self-judgments are discussed.

International audience; While self-knowledge is usually in Antiquity considered to be knowledge of our soul by our soul, this is not the case in Stoicism. There is hardly a debate on self-knowledge in Stoicism, because there is no perception of myself as something different from my own body. The Stoics tend to identify the self with the ruling part of the soul, but they have no certain knowledge about it, neither perceptual nor inferential: I cannot know for certain where the ruling part of my soul is located and I cannot have a clear perception of the unity of my self, I can only have a natural tendency to guess where it is and probable inferences about its location, namely in the heart. Self-perception is the perception of the whole body and soul as a unity and of the parts of the body and the soul, and this allows a human being to rule his/her own body, and it is neither perception nor knowledge of the ‘self’. In that sense, there is no self-knowledge of what I am, but only perception of its own constitution by the rational animal. Since a human being is a complete mixture of a body and soul, it knows itself as an animated body, and this kind of knowledge is quite different from the form of self-knowledge involved in most of ancient philosophies.

This chapter examines the treatment of self-knowledge in Plato’s Charmides. The chapter argues that Critias’ proposal that temperance is self-knowledge, and its subsequent examination by Socrates, initially offers the reader a picture of self-knowledge as a reflexive self-awareness of the content of mental states. However, the initial discussion between Socrates and Critias presents the reader with a tension between the dual demands placed on self-knowledge in that dialogue. On the one hand, since self-knowledge is directed inward, towards one’s conscious states in acting temperately, it appears to be presented as reflexive. On the other, since, as a kind of knowledge, self-knowledge must be about something, and so dependent on the object it is directed towards, it is presented as exhibiting the characteristic of ‘objective intentionality’. A clue to the tension’s resolution, it is argued, can be found by considering the more standard understanding of temperance as self-control, and in Charmides’ characterization of temperance as a kind of ‘quietude’.

The aim of this article is to emphasize the main character’s struggle with her own subjectivity. The author of the present paper tries to show that the events in the girl’s life affect her attitude to her own body. The variability in the relationship me and my body is perceived as one of the stages of acquiring self-awareness.

Individuals differ in the degree to which they organize self-knowledge according to its evaluative meaning. Evaluative self-organization can range from complete compartmentalization of positive and negative self-beliefs to complete integration of these self-beliefs. While much research has focused on how evaluative self-organization is related to well-being, relatively little is known about how it is related to individual difference variables. Compartmentalization has been suggested to reflect defensive avoidance of negative self-beliefs. Based on findings showing that mindfulness reduces defensiveness, the current research examined whether greater mindfulness is related to lower levels of compartmentalization. Participants of two studies (Noverall = 164; 129 female) completed measures of trait mindfulness and a self-description task assessing evaluative self-organization. To test causality, participants of study 2 further completed either a mindfulness exercise or a control exercise before completing the self-description task. Results of both studies showed that trait mindfulness was negatively associated with the tendency to compartmentalize self-knowledge. Both studies also found that trait mindfulness was inversely associated with self-concept negativity; specifically, greater mindfulness was associated with fewer negative self-beliefs, but it was unrelated to the number of positive self-beliefs. Going beyond trait mindfulness, study 2 further found that participants who completed the mindfulness exercise demonstrated less compartmentalization than participants who completed the control exercise. Mindfulness meditation had no effect on the relative amount of participants’ negative self-beliefs. Results are consistent with the assumption that compartmentalization may reflect a form of defensive avoidance and that mindfulness has the potential to reduce compartmentalization.

This article examines the importance of I-sharing within romantic relationships. Results from four independent samples indicate that perceived frequency of I-sharing with one’s romantic partner predicts relationship satisfaction and that this relationship is potentially mediated by perceptions that one’s partner knows one’s true self. These results fit with theories about increasing expectations on modern relationships to fulfill self-expression needs.

The goal of this study is to explore the relationship, suggested by recent developmental approaches, between several aspects of self-knowledge organization and depressive symptomatology in late adolescence, within the comprehensive framework of Kelly's personal construct psychology. The repertory grid technique was used to obtain six measures of self-knowledge organization: global differentiation; polarization; presence of conflicts; and discrepancies between actual self, ideal self, and others. Two inventories were used to create two samples of late adolescents according to their level of depressive symptoms. Results supported the expectations of greater global differentiation and actual–ideal self discrepancy (or lower self-esteem) for adolescents with depressive symptoms, as well as a higher likelihood of intrapersonal conflicts. However, discrepancies between self (actual or ideal) and others (identification, and perceived adequacy of others), and polarization showed no significant differences. Furthe...