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Almost two decades ago, Prahalad and Hammond [Harv Bus Rev, 80(9):48–59, 2002] introduced the base/bottom of the pyramid (BOP) approach to profitably serving the poor with business models adapted from developed markets while alleviating poverty. In response to disappointing results and ethical criticism, the BOP approach evolved from a just-for-profit approach with a passive role of the poor to an inclusive development approach that integrates the principles of the triple bottom line. A recent review of the BOP literature [Dembek et al., J Bus Ethics 165(3):365–382, 2020], however, reveals a lack of empirical evidence to support the sustainable BOP approach. In this paper, we specify the assumptions underlying the sustainable BOP approach and test them using structural equation modeling with clustered robust standard errors on a unique dataset of 212 firms. Our findings show that BOP business model involvement and adaptive capacity are significant drivers of the triple bottom line at the BOP; however, business model adaptive capacity does not guarantee an ecologically sustainable performance at the BOP. We find that there is a need for further extension of the ethical foundations of the sustainable BOP approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises are the market players for carbon reductions and carbon trading, and they are also the significant driving force in a low-carbon economy and society. Using the data of A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2016, this study uses a difference-in-differences (DID) model to examine the effects of the low-carbon city construction on corporate carbon reduction performance. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that the low-carbon city construction promotes corporate carbon reduction performance. Further analysis indicates that the policy effect is stronger for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). Moreover, environmental quality can affect the promotion of local government officials, which is more prominent in pilot low-carbon cities, and political promotion incentives significantly improve corporate carbon reduction performance. Furthermore, the highest emission reduction effects come in the fourth year after adopting a carbon reduction policy and are concentrated among the firms in the eastern region. Overall, our findings offer a new point view for a deeper understanding of the improvement of corporate carbon reduction performance, and provide microscopic evidence for the objective evaluation of the environmental effects of China's low-carbon city pilot policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost thirty years after its initial use in the Brundtland Report, the concept of “sustainability” has become ubiquitous within business, with virtually every company division across a broad range of industries developing “sustainable” models and practices. While the original Brundtland idea of sustainable development has the potential to do much good in guiding business practice, this potential is being undermined by the systematic misuse, misunderstanding, and flawed application of the concept in many business settings. Under the guise of sustainability, business is being asked to do both less than and more than what should be required by a commitment to sustainable development. As a result, serious ethical and practical questions go unanswered, questions that must be addressed before sustainability can become a meaningful business strategy. This address situates sustainable business within its original context of sustainable development and argues against attempts to convert sustainability either into a narrow concept of risk management or into a broad concept of social responsibility. It then lays out a sustainability research agenda that helps us understand how to create businesses that can meet present and future needs without jeopardizing future generations via the destruction of the biosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Per definition business sustainability demands the integration of environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Yet, managerial decision-making involving sustainability objectives is fraught with tension and the way managerial decision-makers frame sustainability issues in their mindset influences how sustainability tensions are managed at the organisational level. In the bid to better understand what types of managerial mindsets, or cognitive frames, foster integrative business sustainability practices that simultaneously advance environmental, social, and economic objectives, extant research has focussed on the underlying logics that drive the acknowledgement of sustainability tensions. However, the existing logics-based constructs do not sufficiently explain this link, and it has been suggested that managers perceive and manage sustainability tensions based on the values that they hold. To clarify the roles of managerial values and logics as antecedents in business sustainability decision-making, we integrate Keeney's value-focussed thinking approach with managerial and organisational cognition perspectives. Drawing on data from a survey with 169 senior procurement managers in Australia we found three types of cognitive frames which demonstrate that stronger sustainability values are associated with a more holistic perception of sustainability tensions and vice versa. We also found that managers' cognitive framing of sustainability is strengthened by more holistic organisational cognitive frames and discuss according implications for managerial decision-making in theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the person-organization fit theory, this research aims to investigate how socially responsible HRM (SRHRM) positively affects employees' organizational citizenship behaviors toward the environment (OCBE) by increasing person-organization fit. This study also captures the moderating effect of the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility (RESR) in influencing the indirect effect of SRHRM on OCBE via person-organization fit. Data were collected from 302 employees in a state-owned chain hotel in Shanghai, China. The results indicated that SRHRM indirectly influenced employee's engagement in OCBE through person-organization fit. The positive relationship between SRHRM and person-organization fit and the indirect effect of SRHRM on OCBE via person-organization fit were more significant when employees hold high rather than low levels of RESR. Research implications and prospects were also explored in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show the level of involvement of Polish enterprises from the construction industry in the implementation of CSR programmes, with particular emphasis on environmental protection tasks. The survey, carried out with the use of a questionnaire technique, covered 177 enterprises, including their division into large, medium, and small ones. The survey was carried out using CAVI and PAPI techniques with the use of a proprietary questionnaire form. The results of the research indicate that environmental protection is not a priority CSR area for construction enterprises. The activities undertaken in the field of environmental protection are dominated by those which are directly related to the construction activities conducted. For them, activities going beyond that scope, such as supporting initiatives or promoting pro-ecological behaviour, are much less important. There is a visible difference between large enterprises and entities belonging to the two remaining groups. Large enterprises are more inclined to take universal measures which go beyond their construction site. This indicates their important role as potential creators of good practice, setting behaviour patterns throughout the construction sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Pact demands private enterprises to actively support communities in social disadvantage. Some enterprises have responded by implementing inclusive business. Value co-creation has been identified as critical for the advancement of these novel business models. However, extant research has mainly studied value co-creation from the perspective of the organizations supporting the project while this work explores the factors that facilitate or inhibit value co-creation from the perspective of the Base of the Pyramid (BOP) segment. Qualitative information collected through in-depth interviews with managers of lead Ecuadorian firms and group interviews with members of communities involved in the inclusive business was analyzed to outline suggestions to overcome barriers and take advantage of current enablers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In a globalizing world, governments are not always able or willing to regulate the social and environmental externalities of global business activities. Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), defined as global institutions involving mainly corporations and civil society organizations, are one type of regulatory mechanism that tries to fill this gap by issuing soft law regulation. This conceptual paper examines the conditions of a legitimate transfer of regulatory power from traditional democratic nation-state processes to private regulatory schemes, such as MSIs. Democratic legitimacy is typically concerned with input legitimacy (rule credibility, or the extent to which the regulations are perceived as justified) and output legitimacy (rule effectiveness, or the extent to which the rules effectively solve the issues). In this study, we identify MSI input legitimacy criteria (inclusion, procedural fairness, consensual orientation, and transparency) and those of MSI output legitimacy (rule coverage, efficacy, and enforcement), and discuss their implications for MSI democratic legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the environmental performance of family and nonfamily public corporations between 1998 and 2002, using a sample of 194 U.S. firms required to report their emissions. We found that family-controlled public firms protect their socioemotional wealth by having a better environmental performance than their nonfamily counterparts, particularly at the local level, and that for the nonfamily firms, stock ownership by the chief executive officer (CEO) has a negative environmental impact. We also found that the positive effect of family ownership on environmental performance persists independently of whether the CEO is a family member or serves both as CEO and board chair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines changes in the social responsibilities of business and the practices of business ethics in Germany. Prior to the 1980s, German corporations followed ethics practices that were implicitly assumed in laws and regulations affecting their businesses. Since that time, the easing of the regulatory framework has created a situation where corporations explicitly take responsibility for their actions relating to a wide range of social and political issues. This is said to have created a situation where corporations and other organizations of civil society strive to have their interpretations of these issues become dominant in society.

Are there any advantages to thinking and speaking about ethical business in the language of citizenship? We will address this question in part by looking at the possible relevance of a vast literature on individual citizenship that has been produced by political philosophers over the last fifteen years. Some of the central elements of citizenship do not seem to apply straightforwardly to corporations. E.g., "citizenship" typically implies membership in a state and an identity akin to national identity; but this connotation of citizenship is obviously problematic for multinational corporations. However, the language of citizenship does help to focus our attention on various legal and political virtues (or vices) for corporations--topics that have been largely neglected by discussions under other rubrics, such as CSR or sustainability. We finish with an evaluation of the potential benefits and costs of conceptualizing and talking about ethical business practices in the language of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory suggests that when transaction costs are low, corporations and stakeholders can minimize social costs by transacting to their mutual advantage, but when transaction costs are high, reducing social costs requires the intervention of a centralized institution. In surprisingly little work have scholars considered what happens in between--when transaction costs exist but recourse to hierarchical institution is barred. I use transaction cost analysis to hypothesize how collaboration between corporations and environmental stakeholder groups will be structured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A congruence model of organizational design suggests that direct reporting relationships between plant managers and environmental quality managers, monetary incentives for environmental performance, and coordination between environmental quality managers and business strategists reduce plant-level toxic emissions. We tested these relationships in a large sample of U.S. electronics facilities. Only a link between plant manager compensation and environmental performance reduced emissions. Subsequent analyses support a reverse causality, suggesting organizational characteristics result from (rather than cause) emissions performance and that firms remain reactive on environmental issues. These findings confront theories of environmental management and congruence with provocative questions, which we discuss in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study operationalizes corporate sustainable development and examines its organizational determinants. Data for this project pertain to Canadian firms in the oil and gas, mining, and forestry industries from 1986 to 1995. I find that both resource-based and institutional factors influence corporate sustainable development. By exploring time-related effects, I also find that media pressures were important in early periods and resource-based opportunities endured over time. This finding challenges the assumption that firms first adopt innovations in response to technical rewards which are later institutionalized. These counter-intuitive results may be attributable to the unique characteristics of the dependent variable, corporate sustainable development. They raise important questions and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how managers' perceptions of different types of stakeholder influences in the Canadian forestry industry affect the types of sustainability practices that their firms adopt. Both influences involving withholding of resources by social and ecological stakeholders and those involving directed usage of resources from economic stakeholders were found to drive such practices. We found that the industry and its stakeholders have moved beyond a focus on early stages of sustainability performance such as pollution control and eco-efficiency. However, more advanced practices, such as those involving the redefinition of business and industrial ecosystems where firms locate in a region, so that they can exchange and utilize wastes generated by other firms, are in their infancy. Stakeholders and firms in the industry are focused on the intermediate sustainability phases involving recirculation of materials and redesign of processes including sustainable harvesting of lumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the determinants of global standardization of multinational companies' environmental policies. Survey data from the chemical industry show that MNCs standardize different environmental policy dimensions in response to pressures from different external stakeholders. MNC characteristics also affect environmental policy standardization. Findings demonstrate that the nature of stakeholder demands affects firms' responses to stakeholder pressures. Because environmental policy standardization reduces MNCs' ability to exploit cross-country differences in environmental regulations, these findings also have important implications for the self-regulation of MNCs' environmental conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying institutional theory, we argue that environmentally legitimate firms incur less unsystematic stock market risk than illegitimate firms. Firms earn environmental legitimacy when their performance with respect to the natural environment conforms to stakeholders' expectations. This relationship was supported with the analysis of media reports and stock prices of 100 firms over a five-year period. The analysis also showed that firms with low environmental legitimacy can attenuate this effect by expressing commitment to the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a narrative perspective to explore the relevance of the sciences dealing with ecology for management theory and practice, presenting the issues of ecoscience from the perspective of green narrative, based on the ‘evolutionary epic.’ Adopting an interpretive sensemaking perspective on narrative, we address the narratological basis of the evolutionary epic and examine the potential for the narrative to inform a new relationship between management and the natural environment. We suggest implications for management theory and practice by examining elements of the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We integrate perspectives from the literature on contingency, dynamic capabilities, and the natural resource-based view of the firm to propose how dimensions of the general competitive environment of a business will influence the development of a dynamic, proactive corporate strategy for managing the business-natural environment interface. We also explain how certain characteristics of the general business environment - uncertainty, complexity, and munificence - moderate the relationship between the dynamic capability of a proactive environmental strategy and competitive advantage. We conclude with a discussion of implications for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors conducted a qualitative study of the motivations and contextual factors that induce corporate ecological responsiveness. Analytic induction applied to data collected from 53 firms in the United Kingdom and Japan revealed three motivations: competitiveness, legitimation, and ecological responsibility. These motivations were influenced by three contextual conditions: field cohesion, issue salience, and individual concern. In this article, the authors also identify the conditions that likely lead to high corporate ecological responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We modified Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to analyze the behavioral preferences of environmental managers. We used structural equation analysis to link the source reduction preferences of 295 environmental managers to their pollution prevention attitudes, their perceptions of norms for environmental regulation, their perceived behavioral control, and the past source reduction activity of their facilities. The hypothesized model fit the data well, except that we found the perceived behavioral control variable was negatively rather than positively predictive of behavioral preferences for source reduction activity. Research and practical implications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing amount of high-quality research has been conducted in the past decade on the topic of managing organizations in the natural environment. The authors trace this evolution using path and challenge metaphors, indicating their belief that this research, including the nine articles in this special research forum, exhibits an increasing comprehensiveness and sophistication in the field. In addition, the authors set out their suggestions for continuing the evolution of both research and practice that address organizations managing for their own and nature's sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study measured changes in the constituency of an organizational field centered around the issue of corporate environmentalism in the period 1960-93, correlating those changes with the institutions adopted by the U.S. chemical industry to interpret the issue. The article develops the ideas that fields form around issues, not markets or technologies; within fields, competing institutions may simultaneously exist; as institutions evolve, connections between their regulative, normative, and cognitive aspects arise; and field-level analyses can reveal the cultural and institutional origins of organizational impacts on the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the advantages of social entrepreneurship in eleminating the acceleration of global warming and collapses of biodiversity. It mentions about the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in educating society about ecological degradation, carbon dioxide emissions, cultures and languages disappear under the influence of increasing standardization, and privatization.

In recent years, the issue of corporate social responsibility has become particularly relevant. Accelerating technological advances and increasing consumption are increasingly causing negative impacts on the environment and society that is why the organizations' social responsibility is becoming more and more relevant every year. The experience of foreign countries shows that social responsibility is useful not only for business but also for its environment, determines the increasing number of socially responsible organizations in Lithuania and a more favorable attitude of consumers towards the activities of organizations [36]. According to Mauriciene and Pauzuoliene (2014), the priority of socially responsible organizations is the expectations and needs of consumers. Socially responsible organizations emphasize in their activity reports the importance of socially responsible activities to the organization, its employees, society and consumers. Consumers are more likely to appreciate such an organization, prefer to choose its products, encourage others to do the same, and believe more in what it does. Analysis of the literature. The issues of corporate social responsibility are investigated by both Lithuanian (Kovaliov et al., 2009; Golubaviciute, Guzavicius, 2009; Simanskiene, Pauzuoliene, 2010; Laurinavicius, Reklaitis, 2011; Juscius, Sneideriene, 2013; Skackauskiene, Valentinovic, 2016; Sneideriene, 2016, and others) and foreign scientists (David, 2004; Misani, 2010; Walls, 2011; Lindgreen et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2017; Muhumed, 2018; Evans et al.(2010) and others). It is noticed that foreign scientists Henderson, 2007; Rodriguez, Cruz, 2007; Grosbois, 2012; Dolores, Vargas-Sanchez, 2014; Joon-Ho, Bong-Ihn, Ki-Tai, Jong-Pil, 2017, Ponnapureddy et al. (2017) Robin et al (2016), Mensah,(2013) Lee and Heo (2009) et al sufficiently widely analyze hotel social responsibility. The aim of the work is to investigate the social responsibility of the organization from the point of view of consumers. The objectives raised in the work: To discuss the concept of corporate social responsibility and the peculiarities of implementing in the activities; To describe the models of corporate social responsibility; To assess the social responsibility of accommodation providers in terms of consumers. The following research methods were used to achieve the aim and objectives: analysis of scientific literature, questionnaire survey and statistical analysis of the obtained data. The result of the study. Taking into account the social responsibility of accommodation companies from the point of view of consumers, as an interested party and one of the most important market participants, according to the ethical, legal and economic responsibility components it is stated that the social responsibility of accommodation companies is of medium level and should be improved according to all criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the history and the future prospects of private climate litigation, which seeks to hold private entities legally accountable for climate change-related damage or threats of damage. It argues that, following failed attempts to clear judicial thresholds with regard to standing, proof of harm and causation, a new wave of private climate change lawsuits can be identified, and it is by no means doomed to failure. This is because climate change litigation takes place in a rapidly evolving scientific, discursive and constitutional context, which generates new opportunities for judges to rethink the interpretation of existing legal and evidentiary requirements and apply them in a way that will enhance the accountability of major private carbon producers. Moreover, even unsuccessful cases can contribute to articulating climate change as a legal and financial risk, which may help to guide climate change-responsive adjudication in the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some interconnections between the business and environmental ethics movements. The first section argues that business has obligations to protect the environment over and above what is required by environmental law and that it should cooperate and interact with government in establishing environmental regulation. Business must develop and demonstrate environmental moral leadership. The second section exposes the danger of using the rationale of "good ethics is good business" as a basis for such business moral leadership in both the business and environmental ethics movements. The third section cautions against the moral shallowness inherent in the position or in the promotional strategy of ecological homocentrism which claims that society, including business, ought to protect the environment solely because of harm done to human beings and human interests. This paper urges business and environmental ethicists to promote broader and deeper moral perspectives than ones based on mere self-interest or human interest. Otherwise both movements will come up ethically short. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political demands for environmental improvement create obligations for managers that can conflict with shareholder value creation. While differentiating products along environmental lines is a conceptually straightforward way of reconciling these apparently conflicting demands, not all attempts to do so have succeeded. This article describes three requirements for successful environmental product differentiation. Firms must discover or create a willingness in consumers to pay for public goods; they must overcome barriers to the dissemination of credible information about the environmental attributes of their products; and they must defend themselves against imitation. More broadly, environmental strategy must be integrated with the overall strategy of the business. The appropriate environmental strategy depends, like the business's overall strategy, on the fundamental economics of the industry and the business's internal capabilities-basic constraints that have often been obscured in the academic debate about business and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a methodology firms can use to estimate their unknown future environmental liabilities. The authors developed it for a U.S. manufacturing firm to help it better negotiate with its insurance carriers about past and future coverage. The basic method can be applied by any company to estimate its own overall future environmental liability. The article examines multiple categories of potential liability such as hazardous waste, community exposure, occupational hazards beyond workers' compensation, product liability, and natural resource damage. Initial hazardous waste estimates can be derived from aggregate clean-up costs for the nation as a whole. The other categories entail more subjective estimates based on possible pathways to exposure, legal proceedings, and comparisons against benchmark cases such as asbestos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the phenomenon of "green alliances" between businesses and their suppliers, competitors and other stakeholders. The concept of a "green alliance" is explored as a form of green marketing strategy and different types of alliance are set out. Drawing on stakeholder theory and the networks model of industrial markets, critical environmental interdependencies between organizations are identified and examined. An exploratory case study covering a range of such interdependencies is reported, with issues of alliance motives, and of inter- and intraorganizational relationships and cultures examined in considerable detail. Issues identified as critical to the alliance process include the congruity of bonds between various alliance actors, resources and activities, and the cultural mediation between diverse, stakeholder factions. The implications of these findings for environmental change and for green marketing management are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights and discusses green/environmental implications and imperatives associated with destination marketing as distinct from those related to product and services marketing. A comparative taxonomy has been developed to illustrate these, and to provide a framework for discussing their relevance, with reference to the particular case of Tasmania as a tourism destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has recently been much discussion about a preferred ecological outcome for late capitalism to work toward, that is sustainable consumption. Related to this is a fundamental question, can business in Western industrial society (some now use the label risk society) be transformed into ecologically sustainable organizations? If we optimistically assume the answer to this question to be 'yes' how would these organizations communicate with the world in which they operate? This paper reports the author's application of a social constructionist approach to 'green' communicative acts and those responsible for them in an attempt to start answering such questions. In a qualitative empirical study of an environmental and social justice communications consultancy the social world of the people involved is explored as they interact with and communicative the issues with which they are concerned in risk society. A main research theme attempted to relate three issues of ecocentrism to what is known as marketing communications. In this respect the author has concentrated on a leading edge agency and four of its clients in the fields of animal, personal health and planet preservation. In the analysis the author lays the foundations for a new theory, Sustainable Communication, which can account for communicative acts, in any eco-discourse (Harris, 1996), that have issues of sustainability as their focal point. This point is then problematized for the reader in relation to capitalist organizations and the final discussion proposes that others, interested in this theoretical area, play with this notion of Sustainable Communication to help in it future development. In this respect the author proposes a fruitful allegiance between Critical Macromarketing and Sustainable Communication. Throughou the paper, especially in the secton on 'building blocks,' the author chooses to illustrate key points for the reader by drawing on data from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a review and categorization of the environmentally related research published in the major English language marketing journals over the period from 1971 to 1997. It traces the development from the early research which focused predominantly on the characterization of the "green" consumer, conceptualization of environmental consciousness, environmentally related behaviours such as recycling, and attitudes towards environmental problems such as pollution. This was followed by a period in which energy conservation, legislation, and public policy issues were added to the agenda which remained predominantly managerialist in perspective. While the same issues were studied within the 1990s, the research agenda was expanded again to include broader issues such as environmental values and institutions. Most recently, the macro issues of sustainable marketing and its relationship to the dominant social paradigm have been introduced into the literature. The paper concludes by arguing that the examination of the macro issues from an interdisciplinary perspective is necessary for further development of marketing thought in this area, and that a synthesis of the macro and micro perspectives is necessary for effective and enduring public policy regarding the marketing/environmental relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the effectiveness of positively and negatively framed messages as a function of consumers' confidence in their ability to improve the environment, or "perceived consumer effectiveness" (PCE). High-PCE consumers are shown to be more receptive to negatively framed messages than those who are low in PCE. This is seen in their stronger belief in the claims made in negatively framed messages and more favourable message attitudes. Implications are discussed for a variety of environmental and social causes for which negative framing may help to communicate the adverse consequences of failure to change behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricacies of environmental issues require that marketers involve a broad set of stakeholders in the green new product development (NPD) process. These stakeholders often have information and expertise that are outside the organisation's core domain. While these stakeholders can cooperate with the firm and assist organisations in developing green products, they can also threaten the green NPD process and/or indirectly influence the firm's activities via motivating others to act. Using a sample of Australian and US marketers, this study found that both groups' perceived that a range of stakeholders could impact (i.e. cooperate, threaten, and indirectly influence) the green NPD process, although there were some differences in the samples' views. A preliminary examination of the strategies/approaches used to involve stakeholders in the green NPD process identified that marketers failed to actively include stakeholders with environmental expertise in this process. They may, therefore, be missing opportunities to more effectively green their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental consciousness has consistently been shown to be much more than a passing fad. However, very little academic research has been conducted in the UK in developing ecological segmentation variables for targeting the environmentally-concerned/aware segments of the population. This paper follows established procedures from the measure development literature and attempts to develop measures encapsulating individuals'. (1) perceived knowledge about green issues, (2) attitudes toward the environment and (3) levels of environmentally-sensitive behaviour. The quality of the derived measures is assessed by means of dimensionability, reliability and validity checks and their potential usefulness for marketing purposes highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological problems rooted in organizational activities have increased significantly, yet the role corporations play in achieving ecological sustainability is poorly understood. This article examines the implications of ecologically sustainable development for corporations. It articulates corporate ecological sustainability through the concepts of (a) total quality environmental management, (b) ecologically sustainable competitive strategies, (c) technology transfer through technology-for nature-swaps, and (d) reducing the impact of populations on ecosystems. It examines the implications that these concepts have for organizational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of ecological sustainability and applies it to organizations by utilizing a systems framework and multiple levels of analysis. The implications for ecological sustainability of dyadic relationships between the organization and entities at the individual, organizational, political-economic, social-cultural, and ecological environment levels are examined. Critical factors that influence the degree to which an organization's behaviors are ecologically sustainable are examined, and behavioral and structural elements that are likely to be manifested by ecologically sustainable organizations (ESOs) are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern management theory is constricted by a fractured epistemology which separates humanity from nature and truth from morality. Reintegration is necessary if organizational science is to support ecologically and socially sustainable development. This article posits requisites of such development and rejects the paradigms of conventional technocentrism and antithetical ecocentrism on grounds of incongruence. A more fruitful integrative paradigm of "sustaincentrism" is then articulated, and implications for organizational science are generated as if sustainability, extended community, and our Academy mattered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant issue that is increasingly affecting the operations of companies is the policies of governments with regard to the natural environment and the activities of nongovernmental organizations in promoting codes of practice and other forms of nonlegal regulation. The onset of new regulations and codes of conduct is placing significant operational burdens on firms to merely comply with new requirements and changed circumstances. Furthermore, there is a need in strategic terms to anticipate and to plan for environmental concerns and to incorporate this thinking into corporate strategy. Thus a new subfield of strategic management is beginning to emerge: that dealing with the natural environment as it affects corporate strategy. Alan Rugman and Alain Verbeke in their paper corporate strategies and environmental regulations' organize the literature on environmental regulations and corporate strategy into a new managerial framework They go on to develop a resource-based view of the interaction between the firm's key resources (core competences) and environmental regulations including the implications for the development of 'green' capabilities. Finally, they analyze the deployment of 'green' capabilities within a standard international business model and explore hypotheses on the relationships between environmental regulations, competitiveness, and corporate strategy. The question about how firms should respond to environmental regulations can be seen in broad terms as part of the debate on corporate social responsibility. A fundamental problem in this area has been that there are no definitions of corporate social responsibility or corporate social responsiveness that provide a framework or a model for consistent systematic collection, organization, and analysis of corporate data relating to these important concepts (Clarkson, 1995). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emerging subfield of strategic management is that dealing with the natural environment as it affects corporate strategy. To analyze this we organize the literature on environmental regulations and corporate strategy into a new managerial framework Next we develop a resource-based view of the interaction between firm-level competitiveness and environmental regulations, including the conditions for the use of green capabilities. Finally, we analyze the green capabilities of multinational enterprises within a standard international business model, using firm-specific advantages (FSAs) and country-specific advantages (CSAs). We then use this FSA/CSA configuration to explore hypotheses on environmental regulations, competitiveness, and corporate strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]