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ijur_920 1029..1044 How to rid railway stations of the marginalized people who congregate in them? This is the problem faced by railway companies which are seeking to maximize the commercial drawing power of their spaces. The limitations of a strictly repressive policy are prompting railway companies to fund non-profit community-based organizations to carry out social policies aimed at the marginalized. Based on two studies in the railway stations of Lyon and Milan, the article analyses how this strategy was implemented. Our analysis involves differentiating our work from two hypotheses: the irenic hypothesis, which sets social policies in opposition to security policies, and the malefic hypothesis, which equates social policies with security policies. The work of the non-profit community-based organizations shows that the boundary between social policy and security policy is a tenuous one, since the principal aim is to disperse marginalized people and move them away from the station. Control of marginalized people is based on the use of incentive structures rather than on coercion. The community organizations also have to retain control of their philanthropic legitimacy, which they are selling to the railway companies, but which they are also putting at risk. Focusing on the agency of the actors allows us to avoid both an irenic analysis (in which ‘human’ and ‘just’ social policies come to the aid of the marginalized) and a malefic analysis (in which social policies are merely security policies in disguise).

International audience; " Réduire la distance " entre enquêteur et enquêté apparaît comme un impératif catégorique de l'ethnographie, dans la mesure où l'étrangeté et l'inégalité qui constituent cette distance sont des obstacles méthodologiques bien connus. L'article porte un regard critique sur la notion de distance sociale, en s'appuyant sur un travail de terrain effectué dans un ghetto noir de Brooklyn. La distance se construit dans l'interaction entre enquêteur et enquêté ; l'enquêté peut faire preuve de compétence stratégique pour réduire ou instrumentaliser cette distance, tandis que l'enquêteur peut faire preuve de compétence culturelle pour en minimiser les aspects négatifs. L'analyse réflexive des interactions d'enquête n'est donc pas seulement un exercice méthodologique, mais un moyen de produire des données.