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This paper examines the act of complimenting and responding to compliments among Singapore Chinese. To this end, I explored naturally occurring compliment exchanges during the Chinese New Year (CNY) period. These exchanges are not only gender-sensitive, but age- and generation-sensitive as well. The CNY celebrations are governed by certain conventions, exchanging compliments being one of them. The conventional setting helps us understand the functions of compliments and the nature of their responses better, thus avoiding overgeneralizations. Compliments and their responses in the CNY context appear to play an important mainly phatic role. This study suggests that (a) married females pay and receive most compliments and (b) the most common compliment topic centers on their children’s academic achievement and potential career success rather than appearance (Holmes 1988) or possessions (Herbert 1991). In addition, most responses are of the non-acceptance type with downgrading, which is in line with findings from other researchers (see, e.g., Gu 1990; Chen 1993). A survey carried out on these non-acceptance responses shows that informants understand them as being largely conventional and formalistic rather than literal in nature, probably due to the conventional setting. This speech event of compliments and their responses is a mirror of cultural values (Manes 1983), revealing that the Chinese-speaking community of Singapore places high importance on children’s socio-economic success and practices conventional humility.

This study of the politics of representation illustrates the Bush Administration’s use of a religious mode of representation to make sense of the 9/11 events, to legitimize military actions against the Taliban, Afghanistan, and terrorism in general. The religious mode of representation is enabled by the construction and application of what we call the “War on Terrorism script,” which is grounded in the institution of “American civil religion.” We demonstrate the unique power of this mode of representation to create a coherent account at a time of national crisis, to establish connections between the 9/11 perpetrators, the Taliban, and the Afghanistan government. By comparing the Bush Administration’s discourse with those voiced by dissenters and critics using intellectual, rational, and legal representations and modes of argumentation in the post-9/11 contexts, we demonstrate how the institutionalization of a particular mode of speaking influence a particular mode of thinking and a particular mode of acting. We also argue that the convention governing political discourse have significant implications in determining the legitimacy of definitions and interpretations of political situations as well as of political actions.

In this research, we wish to address the tension tucked away in scholarly work: the simultaneous need to break in and break out of academic communities and their ways of thinking. More precisely, we are interested in social re-search (i.e., searching again) processes and how scholars authenticate their research within an established cultural convention. For that purpose, we focus on the use of the term ‘lens’, which is omnipresent in research texts but rarely defined. Upon completing an integrative literature review and considering the embeddedness of a lens in culture, language, research communities and our ontological assumptions, we define a ‘research lens’ as a sociocultural representation and tool that helps to negotiate our scientific interpretation of the world. Our contribution to industrial marketing stems from surfacing and discussing four uses of a lens evident in the industrial marketing literature, introducing a metaphorical lens as a way to reform knowledge, and finally exemplifying how our lens tends to either mirror, reflect, symbolize or mirage the contours of our world without our full awareness of it.

The ratification of the Lanzarote Convention by Russia in 2013 entails several issues that cannot be resolved without the help of social-humanitarian sciences. Information from sociology, psychology, and jurisprudence has been used to create a concept for the empirical study of the domestic violence against children - to improve the implementation of the Convention in Russia. The concept considers two aspects of the problem - social and social-cultural. The article presents the Russian experience of how the provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse are implemented. The authors analyze statistical data on the number of families in which a sexually abused child is brought up; the number of abortions and childbirths by minors; the number of minors in educational colonies; the work of the childrens helpline; the number of mediation services; the number of social service organizations for families and children; the number of professionals working with children in programs aimed at preventing and protecting children from sexual exploitation and abuse; the number of organizations providing psychological-pedagogical and medical-social assistance; the number of specialized multifunctional centers providing assistance to families and child victims of sexual abuse; the number of specialized green rooms for investigating crimes related to minors; the number of specialists accompanying minors who have come into conflict with the law at all stages of the investigation and court proceedings; the number of professionals trained under the Child Sexual Violence Protection Program and now assisting families and child victims of violence. The article will be useful for readers who study the implementation of the Lanzarote Convention and the issues of child sexual abuse and domestic violence.

We now have a better understanding of the “popular votes” cast during the adoption of the Constitution of 1793. In the course of this voting, always conducted in “assemblies of citizens”, the participants, going beyond what the Convention had asked of them, generally agreed to deliberate, articulate their wishes, and even elect candidates –all in the name of exercising a “portion of sovereignty.” These citizens thus precociously placed themselves within the framework of the new Constitution, which assigned a prominent role to such assemblies. But, at the same time, they also assumed the older posture of “subjects of the King” freely articulating their grievances during the period March-April 1789. Despite the enormity of the decade-long Revolutionary experience, we can clearly perceive the persistence of older village, borough and communal practices. To come to grips with the intensity of the revolutionary break after 1789, people turned to immemorial sources of meaning, Tradition, or Nature, depending on prevailing influences. On connaît désormais mieux les votes populaires émis lors de l’adoption de la Constitution de 1793. Lors de ces votes, toujours tenus en assemblées de citoyens, on constate que ces derniers, en sus de ce qui leur est demandé par la Convention, s’entendent globalement pour délibérer, adopter des vœux et même élire, le tout au nom de l’exercice par eux d’une portion de souveraineté. Lesdits citoyens se placent ainsi par avance dans le cadre du fonctionnement de la nouvelle Constitution, qui consacre le rôle éminent de leurs assemblées, mais ils reprennent également une posture qui avait été celle des sujets du roi délibérant librement sur leurs doléances en mars-avril 1789. L’énormité de l’événement révolutionnaire, à l’échelle d’une décennie, s’inscrit ainsi dans la continuité de pratiques villageoises et communautaires nécessairement antérieures. Leur intensité dès 1789 suppose effectivement une accumulation antérieure d’expériences mais les façons de penser le changement à cette époque la renvoient nécessairement à des sources immémoriales, la tradition ou la nature, selon les orientations en présence.

Inclusion is a central tenet in deliberative democratic theory and an important indicator of the quality of a deliberative mini-public (DMP). Empirical measures of deliberation assess the quality of a deliberative exchange according to criteria drawn from deliberative theory; the discourse quality index is one well-known example. Despite the importance of inclusion in deliberative theory, existing measures do not account for this aspect of deliberative quality. This paper introduces and uses a measure for assessing the inclusiveness of deliberation called “deliberative uptake”. This paper describes the new measure and applies it to the case of Ireland’s Convention on the Constitution, a forum in which both citizens and politicians were included as members. The results suggest that politician members were more likely to receive deliberative uptake for their ideas than their citizen counterparts. In addition, women and men received similar levels of deliberative uptake throughout the Convention.

The paper is a set of thoughts on the milicja-novel, inspired by the book Otwierać, milicja! O powieści kryminalnej w PRL by Dorota Skotarczak. This book, being a work of a historian, treats the milicja-novel as a specific historical source, transformations of which are a reflection of changes in the social and political environment of the Polish People’s Republic. The author of the paper suggests other methodological possibilities, showing via chosen examples, that using methods of literary studies, e.g. considering the category of the literary convention or the rhetorical formation of the discourse, allows one to find complete responses to many research questions. Considering the literary methods of forming the message can also prevent an oversimplified view of the milicja-novel as a historical source. As a conclusion, further research on this genre of popular literature is postulated, while the author considers an interdisciplinary approach, connecting methods of at least two sciences: history and literary studies, and additionally others (e.g. bibliology), to be the most appropriate.

The features of the organization of the artistic world of a fantastic work are considered. The material was the works of O. Gromyko, written in the genre of fantasy. The main parameters of the organization of the artistic world are analyzed: artistic space, artistic time and the picture of the heroes’ world, understood as a system of their value attitudes and rules. The relevance of the study is due not only to the wide popularity of works of science fiction, but also to the ability to analyze the linguistic means of creating a “secondary world” using this material. The scientific novelty of this work is seen in the fact that linguistic nominative means of forming the main categories of the artistic world: space, time and the picture of the world are investigated. It is shown that the understanding of a fantastic work as a special “otherness of reality” is associated in literary science with the problem of artistic convention. Attention is paid to the description of the main scientific approaches to understanding the primary and secondary artistic conventions. It is noted that the idea of creating a special artistic world in fiction correlates with secondary conventions and fiction, which are interpreted as essential features of any work of art. The author concludes that the exceptional plausibility of the universe under consideration is due to the conceptuality, associativity and duality of the created narrative.

Whether the result of purposeful nation-branding projects or longstanding traditions, associations endure between specific nations and the particular goods they produce. Such associations can be harnessed on behalf of the symbolic and economic value recently recognized as national cultural wealth. Further, the cultivation of impression management strategies about geographical origins is requisite for specialty food firms: terroir is a foundational convention of the gourmet food industry, and its potential value is significant. For entrepreneurial firms in the specialty food market, the process of strategically connecting to cultural wealth would seem to depend upon their particular geographic location. But while some national origins add both symbolic and economic value to cultural products within the global marketplace, others potentially threaten that value. In this paper, I read closely the discursive data contained on a nearly complete collection of two case study firms’ food packages (N = 100) to illustrate the firms’ unexpectedly divergent perceptions of cultural wealth, despite their identical national location. I further analyze interview data to describe the vital (and potentially valuable) interaction between producer perception, imagination, and cultural production. By redirecting analytical attention toward profit-seeking producers, this paper aims to increase the analytical power of the concept of cultural wealth.

This paper attempts to bring forward the idea of organizing a green event. A case study was conducted at AOS Convention and Events Sdn. Bhd. which is one of event’s company in Kuala Lumpur. Based on active participative observation and semi-structure interview it found that AOS Convention and Events Sdn. Bhd. is very committed to practice green during an event. It also found that the event’s attendees who attended the event were very satisfied with the organizing of event by the event’s organizer. Future researcher is suggested to explore more on the value of organizing a green event. Keywords: Green event; Salue; Sustainable event eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.2920

Consistent with their treatment of individual participants, educational researchers regularly use pseudonyms to reference their study sites. The rationales, strategies, and implications of masking ...

A theoretical understanding is offered to help explore how students attempt to reconcile divergent narratives around the purposes of Higher Education in relation to their own writing. Drawing from the twin notions of centripetal and centrifugal forces, the paper discusses the ways that students both follow and resist convention in their own writing, and their reasons for doing so. In revealing the intricate oscillation between restrictive and expansive writing approaches, the research suggests that students ‘tilt’ their writing according to a diverse and broad understanding of higher education learning. Derived from semi-structured interviews with undergraduate students at a pre-1992 university, the research challenges the over-emphasis placed on consumeristic agendas of students and provides insights beneficial for practitioners involved in the supporting and assessing of student writing in Higher Education.

This study sought an insightful understanding of the effects of social meritocratic capital—an inevitable phenomenon/mechanism whereby individuals receive social recognition, respect, and other benefits due to their monetary achievement—on Southeast Asian migrant workers’ behaviours and their ingrained perceptions through investigating their life stories and inner voices reflecting the factors inducing them to participate in the prostitution world. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was employed to scrutinise the qualitative data collected from a series of in-depth interviews with four Southeast Asian migrant women in Taiwan. This study led to the following conclusions: (1) These migrant workers moved overseas due to their pure and simple intention of pursuing better lives for themselves and their family; (2) The internal factors (family reputation and wellbeing) and external ones (unexpected events and a meritocratic society) simultaneously pulled and pushed them, eventually turning them out of their normal careers; (3) They were stuck in the very depths of an extravagant but vicious world by the shock, even attraction, of “big money” characterising a meritocratic capitalist order; and (4) Innocence and ‘purity’ get lost easily, even unconsciously, in the social context of meritocratic capitalism and wishful rationalisation of questionable behaviours, flouting convention and morality, with self-sacrifice and compensation, and self-rationalisation.

This paper contributes to debates on the use of cultural events to regenerate urban areas. Cultural geographers have identified the influence of such events in informing urban belonging, whilst being cautious towards the politics associated with claims of diversity and inclusion. Yet, what seldom features in such geographic accounts are the ways events influence, and are influenced by, inclusions and exclusions beyond their temporal and spatial confines, including how territorial processes flow in and across both online and offline spaces. In this paper, we thus adopt Brighenti’s (2010) relational approach to territoriality to reveal the fluid and heterogeneous ways the Independent Manchester Beer Convention renders processes of inclusion and exclusion within, and beyond, the time and space of the craft beer event. Utilising fieldwork observations at the 2018 and 2019 conventions and 4,300 social media posts associated with the 2019 convention, we identify how particular subjectivities come to be included and excluded in different ways through the event. We argue that recognition regarding the fluidity and heterogeneity of territorial boundaries, and the role of affordances in shifting such boundaries, are imperative in the utilization of cultural events in generating inclusions through cultural-led regeneration.

The questions of what makes a people a people and how they are endowed with political power are central to political founding. Through the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s first annual convention, this essay reconstructs the central role of aesthetic practices to the constitution of a new people. The convention’s spectacular performances were a vehicle through which participants came to understand themselves as constituting the Universal Negro—a transnational and empowered political subject. Founding was tied to the development of “reverential self-regard,” which was a process rather than a singular moment. Central to this process was both the gaze of spectators whose affective responses confirmed the power of the people and the political leader who served as the people’s mirror. Focusing on a mass movement rather than canonical instances of constituting republics brings into sharp relief the reiterative labors of staging, enacting, and viewing necessary to the practice of founding.

Proper nouns have posed a challenge to translators of legal English for a long time. Legal English has the characteristics of formality, accuracy, ambiguity, professional, etc. These characteristics have made it more difficult for translation of the proper nouns in legal English. However, due to not paying enough attention to translation of the proper nouns in legal English, translators engaged in legal translation often make a lot of mistakes during the process of translation. Generally speaking, names of people or places are transliterated, while names of institutions or books are semantic translated. Transliteration should follow the principle of conformity to the original and the principle of convention, the former is mainly applied to proper nouns of non-English origin, while the latter concerning established wording or phrasing. In order to translate the proper nouns in legal English better, firstly, we should be aware of the difficulties of translation of the proper nouns in legal English; secondly, we should try our best to accumulate extensive legal knowledge and improve our translation skills; thirdly, we should make full use of reference books and master the skills of Internet application; last but not the least, we should ask for advice from others.

حکم البيع قبل القبض دراسة فقهية مقارنة خالد يوسف الجهيم القسم، فقه مقارنه، الکلية: الشريعة والدراسات الإسلامية، الجامعة، الکويت، المدينة الدولة الکويت. البريد الإلکتروني: aboabdallah078@gmail. com الملخص: الهدف من البحث: الوقوف على مفهوم البيع في اللغة والاصطلاح، استخراج الأحکام الفقهية التي تتعلق بالبيع قبل القبض من أقوال الفقهاء. والمنهج المتبع، المنهج الاستقرائي؛ حيث أقوم باستقراء أقوال الفقهاء في مسألة البيع قبل القبض، وبيان طريقتهم في تناولها من خلال استقراء کلامهم فيها، والمنهجين الاستدلالي والتحليلي النقدي؛ حيث أقوم بذکر أقوال الفقهاء في المسائل الفقهية، مع ذکر أدلة کل قول، ومناقشتها مناقشة علمية، وصولا إلى الراجح من الأقوال في المسألة. The Provision of Selling Objects before receiving their Prices A Comparative Jurisprudential Study By: Khaled Youssef Al-Juhaim Department of Comparative Jurisprudence Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies University of Kuwait The State of Kuwait Abstract The research at hand intends to clarify the concept of selling objects in language and convention as well as drawing the jurisprudential provisions related to selling objects before receiving their prices; from the sayings of the jurists. The research follows the inductive approach where the researcher extrapolates the sayings of the jurists concerning the issue of selling objects before receiving their prices and highlighting their methodologies of handling the issues through examining their words and texts. The approaches of deduction and critical analysis are also utilized by the researcher as he refers to the sayings of the jurists regarding the jurisprudential issues supported by clues connected to each saying and the researcher discusses them scientifically till the preponderant saying related to the issue is settled. The research concludes with the findings and recommendations.

Conventionalism as a distinct approach to the social contract received significant attention in the game-theoretic literature on social contract theory. Peter Vanderschraaf’s (Strategic justice: convention and problems of balancing divergent interests. Oxford University Press, 2019) sophisticated and innovative theory of conventional justice represents the most recent contribution to this tradition and, in many ways, can be viewed as a culmination of this tradition. In this article, I focus primarily on Vanderschraaf’s defense of the egalitarian bargaining solution as a principle of justice. I argue that one particular formal feature of this bargaining solution, the baseline consistency requirement, may stand in tension with other features of conventionalism as an approach to the social contract and limit the scope of Vanderschraaf’s theory to societies in which de facto an egalitarian sense of justice evolves. It limits the scope of Vanderschraaf’s theory in the face of moral diversity. A similar limitation applies to Vanderschraaf’s theory of democratic political authority. Despite these minor limitations, Vanderschraaf’s theory can only be seen as a major success and significant contribution to social contract theory.

Stereotypes are necessary to simplify social life. The problem arises when they serve also as normative and persistent basis to justify discrimination, rather than as mere schemes for simplifying reality. Starting from the analysis of María Leoba Castañeda Rivas’s recent work on the subject (Mujeres. Rebeldes y visionarias), the article examines the current persistence of gender stereotypes, in the face, on the one hand, of the proliferation of regulations aimed at achieving gender equality, which is contrasted, on the other hand, by the scarcity of educational and truly constructive initiatives on the subject. However, the latter ones are strongly recommended by the Istanbul Convention. The article finally concludes with the evaluation of a virtuous educational project currently being tested in a Spanish school, which could serve as a model in this sense: the home skills teaching.

Anthropologists’ arrival stories have long served to justify, naturalize, and domesticate—often through humor—the fraught moment of entering unasked into other people's lives. This textual convention has been thoroughly critiqued, but no comparable attention has been paid to the analogous moment of departure from the field. The digital age enables both sides to maintain contact, a shift that negates the finality of earlier departures. This article engages the changes wrought by digital media that allow us to remain connected to the field. While this seems a humane affordance, it also means that it is no longer feasible to cleanly sever ties established ‘there’. When anthropologists leave the field, the field will likely follow them—on Facebook or Instagram.

RELTRAD is the most popular and widely used classification scheme for sorting religious traditions in the social sciences, however it struggles with how to sort non-denominational Protestants into one of the existing categories, with a growing number falling into an often ignored “unclassified” category. To demonstrate the growing problem of excluding non-denominational protestants who attend infrequently in the current iteration of RELTRAD. We assess the assumption that the “unclassified” respondents are akin to those who select a “don’t know” option and should be excluded. We also propose several ways to reintroduce low attending non-denominationals back into the larger sample. As a means to assess the political and religious characteristics of these “unclassified” respondents, we compare non-denominationals to a prototypical evangelical denomination—the Southern Baptist Convention and a prototypical mainline denomination—the United Methodist Church using General Social Survey data from 2000 to 2018. We also re-run models of social and political phenomena, originally shown by Steensland et al. (Soc Forces 79:291, 2000), with the new and old RELTRAD categories. Analyses indicate that non-denominational Protestants who attend church at least once a month have similar characteristics to evangelicals, justifying their current classification. However, non-denominationals who attend less frequently are more difficult to sort cleanly as they are more conservative than United Methodists but more liberal than Southern Baptists. However, the gaps caused by attendance among the three groups is comparable, undermining the RELTRAD assumption that low attending non-denominationals should be excluded from the sample. We reject the decision to exclude low attending non-denominationals from samples. Combined with other analyses of non-denominational Christians that show differences by denominationalism, we conclude that the best way forward may be creating an entirely new RELTRAD category for non-denominational Protestants that would solve the problem of the unclassifieds and not lose measure specificity. This choice brings new questions into focus as researchers can acknowledge the rapidly growing non-denominational category and assess the degrees of overlap and distinction with traditional religious families in the United States.

This paper focuses its study on the postmodern paradigm as the basis for the philosophy of cultural behavior of the Indonesian people during the COVID-19 Pandemic. This study aims to determine the relevance of the application of the postmodern paradigm as the basis for shaping and strengthening the national immunity of the Indonesian people. The approach used in this study is metodeliterature review. This approach is used because data collection and analysis is based on the literature study stage. The findings of this study are 1) the postmodern paradigm is a paradigm that appears as a critical reaction to the failure of modern projects, 2) rejection and denial of metanarations, monoliths, convention and arbitration systems, as well as rejection and denial of the objectification of truth, subject determination and limitation of freedom. are elements contained in the postmodern paradigm, 3) the postmodern paradigm is relevant to be applied as the basis for the philosophy of Indonesian people's behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic because it can help strengthen national values in Indonesian society.

Conventions safeguarding children such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children require that every child has a right to live with their biological parents. However, in Ghana, different factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, parental and child disability, often lead to children becoming separated from their parents. As part of the current childcare reform, the system is focusing on preventing the institutionalization of children through family support services. However, there is little research evidence on the provision of family support services in Ghana and other lower-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using a qualitative design, I interviewed 12 social workers to explore the benefits of family support services and challenges that inhibit the gains from the services. The findings of the study suggest that the provision of family support builds up the capacity of vulnerable families to care for children, promotes children’s wellbeing and academic outcomes. Challenges that inhibit the impact of the family support services include inadequate funding, clients’ attitudes and poor interagency collaboration. Implications of the findings for practice are discussed.

Damien Gonzales-Salzberg’s book is a welcome addition to the literature on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR, the Court) case law from a queerer approach.1 The book sets the binary assumpti...

En los últimos años Chile ha vivido procesos sociales y políticos de gran importancia. Entre ellos destaca el estallido social del año 2019 y el plebiscito del año 2020 en el que el 78% de los votantes expresó su acuerdo a la redacción de una nueva constitución, y a que esta fuera elaborada por una Convención Constituyente elegida especialmente para estos efectos. En los próximos años, el futuro de Chile estará en gran parte condicionado por este proceso constituyente y por la nueva Constitución que resulte de él. Entre las tantas cuestiones que serán objeto de diálogo y deliberación está la pregunta por el lugar de la religión en la nueva constitución. Al respecto, este artículo propone una reflexión de una cuestión antecedente a las definiciones jurídico-constitucionales; a saber, una reflexión sobre la cuestión del sentido religioso de la vida. Sin esta reflexión, la deliberación se podría circunscribir a la incorporación, o no, de determinados derechos, como la libertad religiosa, de culto y de educación, entre otros, sin atender antes a las razones por las cuales dicha discusión es importante en el proceso constituyente. Después de una introducción, el artículo propone pensar la religión en cinco niveles distintos: la religión en su dimensión existencial; la religión en su dimensión antropológica; la religión como dimensión trascendental; la religión en su dimensión política; y, finalmente, una consideración de la religión en su dimensión estratégica. Para concluir, el artículo deriva algunas consecuencias de la atención a estas cinco dimensiones del sentido religioso de la vida.

This article analyzed wife discrimination in the household viewed from the perspective of the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and Islam Mubādalah. Regulation of wife obligation in the household are stated in the Marriage Law (UUP), Number 1 of 1974, article 34 paragraph (b) saying that “A wife has duty to manage household affairs as well as possible”. The fact shows that the regulation is widely understood literally, hence it creates gender bias stigma and a wife discrimination. The study was a library research using a normative approach, which examined the Marriage Law with qualitative analysis and applied gender justice theories. The research showed that the regulation in the article 34 of the Marriage Law is interpreted textually, which has implications for discrimination against wife roles in the household. As the result, this understanding affects on wife discrimination and againsts gender justice in the perspective of CEDAW and Islam Mubādalah. As the novelty, the authors found that the wife discriminations in the household are due to the strong pratiarchical perspective in the article 34 of Marriage Law, and the article tends to be a masculine perspective.

На материалах Иркутска анализируется процесс конструирования оспариваемых городских пространств в связи с изменением миграционного потока из КНР. Анализ построен на основе двух серий полуформализованных интервью в логике идей «права на город» Дэвида Харви, Анри Лефевра, Дона Митчела и представлений Георга Зиммеля о чужаке. Проводится сравнительный анализ двух типов городских локальностей, определяемых горожанами в качестве «мигрантских» и «китайских». В городе, знакомом с миграцией из Китая с конца 1980-х–начала 1990-х гг., сформировались устойчивые локальности, описываемые в качестве «китайских»: рынки, автомастерские, автомойки, лесопилки. «Китайскость» таких локальностей описывала не столько доминирующую группу, сколько репертуар допустимых практик взаимодействия с другим. Массовый въезд туристов из Китая в 2015–2019 гг. привел к появлению новых городских пространств, описываемых жителями и медиа в качес­тве «китайских». Такие локальности получили иные визуальные маркеры, которые стали символом нарушения сложившейся ранее конвенции о возможных местах и способах взаимодействия горожан и мигрантов. Меняющаяся символика интерпретируется принимающим сообществом как признак изменения пространства репрезентаций и вторжение в «обжитое пространство» горожан. Если в первом случае «китайские» локальности выступают «местом встречи», площадкой совместного создания и использования городской инфраструктуры, то во втором – пространством конфликта, борьбы за город, выливающейся в локальные бои за историю. Парадоксальным образом ключевыми акторами в конструи­ровании ситуации оспаривания пространства во втором случае оказываются горожане и местные медиа, тогда как мигранты включены в этот процесс лишь пассивно. Переопределение мигрантских локальностей города от места контакта к пространству оспаривания права на город может являться механизмом выработки нового спектра практик взаимодействия. Смена модели поведения Другого требует нового репертуара допустимых исполнений, и именно конфликт позволяет определить новые границы допустимого и одобряемого. Если приезжие не участвуют в конструировании такого конфликта, то за них это делают «местные».

This paper is an attempt of analysing the problematic mother-daughter relationship in Paradise (1998), a female coming-of-age novel by Toni Morrison. In the novel, a black woman and her daughter had an uneasy relationship. The daughter strived to shape her own identity and future, but her uneasy relationship with her mother profoundly affected her choices and the way she lived. Undoubtedly, the patriarchal environment that had moulded the female identity and shaped a woman’s world resulted in a dysfunctional relationship between mother and daughter. Although the seed of maternal love existed in her heart as in all mothers, she was often incapable of transferring this love into words and actions, overwhelmed as she was by the pressures patriarchal society. The oppressive pressure on black women is depicted far surpassed that on the whites, and the former were ostracized from society merely because of who they were and by the colour of their skin. This paper explores how patriarchy and conventional beliefs could influence the mother-daughter relationship and prevented the expression of a mother’s true love, consequently depriving them of the opportunity or ability to perform physiologically and psychologically as mothers, biological or otherwise, in black communities. To liberate herself, the daughter had to struggle in the swamp, which her ancestors had created by the force of convention and patriarchy. However, when she eventually discovered the way to free herself from the swamp, she felt no welcome from society and so continued to remain isolated and ostracised.

As a new museum definition is being developed, it is time to reconsider the impact of UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage on the museum field. Museums focusing on specific intangible cultural elements, or Intangible Cultural Heritage museums, have been emerging to illustrate a range of approaches to the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage from a museological perspective. This paper suggests the need to explore these experiences to gain a better understanding of how museums and their practices are being transformed, expanded and adapted in response to this element of heritage. The Museo del Baile Flamenco is briefly presented as an example of an ICH museum that challenges us to think more broadly about the actors and methods involved in defining a museum, calling for a more open-minded approach for envisioning museums in the 21st century.

Steve (to whom I will refer hereafter, in accordance with journal convention, as Stern) has offered us a compelling and poignant narrative of his work over forty years with a “psychically homeless”...

This article examines the BBC film NW as a locus for the emergence of a conditional aesthetic of black ‘convention’. I focus on its articulations about black identities to argue that such strategies are symptomatic of a hybridising of neoliberalism and themes of black consciousness in the UK screen industries. The black neoliberal aesthetic describes the mediated outcomes of the commodification of black images and popular narratives for the purpose of both black social engagement and public voyeurism. In identifying the co-opting of ideas of black cultural value by neoliberal hegemony, and accentuating the co-dependency between these in the narrating of the black British experience, I suggest that an influential dynamic constructing a particularly effective justification for black British film allows for a theorisation of the relationship between neoliberalism and mainstream representations of blackness, and how excessive articulations about black moral panic and casualty in NW map onto present-day social concerns over racial representation and cultural diversity.

This paper provides a philosophical reflection on a very common word in the Dutch language. Referring to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s book Philosophical Investigations, this paper explains how the meaning of every word is based on convention. Moreover, by argu-ing that language is an act, this paper shows how using the word meisje in contemporary Dutch perpetuates the convention on which the meaning of that word has been built. From a contemporary per-spective, this convention seems sexist. Despite the fact that this paper is written from a philosophical perspective, it does make an argument that is important for other academic fields, such as cul-tural studies, gender studies, history, and in fact any discipline that makes use of language: that the language one uses is not neutral. Understanding the conventions words are built upon allows one to gain insight into the historically created dynamics which influence societal and interpersonal relations.

In 2006, Malaysia has signed the Convention of Rights of Person with Disabilities (CRPD) and put oath to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities. Even with the advent of the UNCRPD, the existing built environment fails the neighbourhood accessibility needs of people with disability. Little is known about the extent of built environment inaccessibility, and an improved measure, at a neighbourhood scale, is required. This paper argues that built environment practitioners must recognize the disabling potency of current built environment practice. It argues that they need to engage directly with people with disabilities to improve understanding of accessibility needs.Keywords: Independent living, Disabled persons, Built Environment.

This article deals with the problem of intergenerational interactions between teachers and students in the modern educational environment. The authors analyzed the “convention of generations” to de...

I use the psychological phenomenon of ‘attribute framing’ as a case study for exploring philosophical conceptions of semantics and the semantics-pragmatics divide. Attribute frames are pairs of sentences that use contradictory expressions to predicate the same property of an individual or object. Despite their equivalence, pairs of attribute frames have been observed to induce systematic variability in hearers’ responses. One explanation of such framing effects appeals to the distinct ‘reference point information’ conveyed by alternative frames. Although this information is taken to be pragmatic, a live debate in the philosophy of language concerns the extent to which pragmatic information can really be held apart from semantics. Therefore, in this article I examine whether – and how – reference point information might be thought to intrude on the semantics of an attribute frame. I describe two ways in which the information might be considered broadly semantic, due to its being directly communicated or conventional. However, I argue that the framing data in fact support a narrower conception of semantics, and a semantics-pragmatics distinction that separates standing sentence meaning from enriched communicated meaning.

Carolyn Miller’s (1984) “Genre as Social Action,” the primary topic—or target—of Anne Freadman’s brilliant and thought-provoking article, holds a special place in genre research. If I pick up an unknown piece of research on genre, the first thing I do is look for Miller’s article in the bibliography. If it is not there, the text in my hand will probably be of little of value to my work for lack of orientation. Moreover, as Freadman (2012) notes, convention in genre research suggests that when you mention the article, it is in good form to add a positive qualifier. It will often be framed as having “formative influence” (MacNeil, 2012), as a “landmark essay” (Feinberg, 2015), or as “seminal” (Andersen, 2008; Devitt, 2009a; Motta-Roth & Herbele, 2015; Møller, 2018; Paré, 2014; Tachino, 2012), “groundbreaking” (Bawarshi, 2000; Smart, 2003; Winsor, 2000), or “oft-cited” (Devitt, 2009b). More than just paying lip service to the greats in the field, adding this qualifier demonstrates that the author knows her way around Rhetorical Genre Studies and is mindful of Miller’s central place within it. This status as a classic text is in itself an example of the bidirectionality of uptake that holds a central place in Freadman’s work. “Genre as Social Action” could not be canonical when it was first published. A canon had to form, and the article’s central place within it had to be recognized by later researchers, before Miller’s text could be taken as oft-cited, seminal, or groundbreaking.

The suggestions outlined here include the following. Money is a bundle of institutionally sustained causal powers. Money is an institutional universal instantiated in generic currencies and particular money tokens. John Searle’s account of institutional facts is not helpful for understanding the nature of money as an institution (while it may help to illuminate aspects of the nature of currencies and money particulars). The money universal is not a social convention in David Lewis’s sense (while currencies and money particulars are characterized by high degrees of conventionality). The existence of the money universal is dependent on a larger institutional structure and cannot be understood in terms of collective belief or acceptance or agreement separately focusing on money. These claims have important implications for realism about money.

Cartógrafos nem sempre usaram azul como cor convencional para corpos d’água em mapas. Essa estandardização apenas ocorreu no século XIX devido a avanços nas técnicas de produção. A partir de uma discussão sobre o uso de cores na cartografia e na cultura, esse texto reflete sobre a significação e ressignificação de símbolos na cultura popular e nos mapas. Através de exemplos da rede social, da história da cartografia e de mapeamentos indígenas, argumenta-se que a compreensão de cores não é um fenômeno universal ou uma convenção inquestionável. A seleção de cores não pode ser separada de valores culturais, embora os cânones da disciplina insistam na validade absoluta das suas normas que conferem uma segurança ontológica aos leitores e usuários de mapas. Essa desconstrução de convenções tem como objetivo refletir mais profundamente sobre as abordagens teórico-metodológicas sobre o uso de mapas no ensino de geografia, a concepção de símbolos como relações entre significado e significante e os problemas do modelo semiológico de Saussure que interpreta a cartografia como língua em vez de linguagem. Sugere-se um debate mais amplo para pensar sobre metodologias cartográficas que são mais inclusivas e levem em conta diversidade e cultura na educação. Palavras-chave Cores convencionais, Símbolos na cultura, Segurança ontológica, Linguagem cartográfica

In this article I will argue that the philosophy of Benedict Spinoza (1632–1677) may assist us in coming to terms with some of the conceptual challenges that the phenomenon of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses on law and legal thought. I will pursue this argument in three steps. First, I will suggest that Spinoza’s philosophy of the mind and knowledge may function as an analytical tool for making sense of the prevailing conception of AI within the legal discourse on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). Then, I will continue the argument with the aid of Spinoza’s political philosophy which partly complicates the picture as it seems to disqualify a normative process grounded directly upon the means stipulated for achieving a robust understanding of AI. Based on these two separate discussions I will conclude by outlining a composite critique – from the twofolded perspective of Spinoza’s ethical and political discussions – of the ongoing negotiations of a new Conventional Weapons Convention (CCW) protocol on LAWS.

This interview highlights and extends Dr. Barbara Rogoff’s keynote address at the 2019 annual convention. Specifically, in the interview, Dr. Rogoff discusses her framework for learning, Learning by Observing and Pitching In, as well as other aspects of learning, including notions of childhood, age-based social ordering, and conflict as an aspect of learning and community engagement.

The article outlooks the issue of empowering in education through organizing student self-governance. The relevance of the research is proved by “European Convention on Human Rights” that was adopted by Council of Europe in 1994 and supported by Ukrainian government. Some changes have been made in the sphere of education, student self-governance is considered to protect students’ rights and interests and involve them into the management of educational institution. The analysis of scientific works of the domestic and foreign is presented in the article. The conceptual framework of the paper comprises the works by P. Freire, P. Hodkinson, T. Lawson, and J. Walker. The Ukrainian scientists I. Anosov, V. Demchuk, H. Harbuzova, Yu. Krashchenko, V. Prykhodko, V. Solovei, L. Sheina, L. Shyhapova, L. Vozniak pay special attention to different aspects of implementing self-governance in educational institutions. The purpose of the paper is to describe the student self-governance as a way of empowerment of human rights in education. It is defined that the foundations of the empowerment in education are revealed in the work of P. Freire where he stresses that students need to be actively involved in that learning and governing in order to have emancipatory effects. The concept of empowerment in education was first defined in the late 20 th century by foreign scientists in the sphere of sociology and psychology (I. Cunningham, J. Hyman, and C. Baldry) who assert that empowerment means keeping control over different aspects of educational process and being responsible for quality of knowledge and skills gained. The authors emphasize that some aspects of empowerment correlates with the functions of student self-governing at educational institutions. Based on V. M. Pevsner’s research on the pedagogical potential of student self-governance, three main criteria for empowerment are singled out. It is concluded that the empowerment in education through implementing self-governance can help people understand the different beliefs, attitudes and values, as well as the glaring contradictions of today’s multicultural society in which they live.

The introduction of the concept of ‘cultural heritage’ is a relatively recent achievement of international law. Over the years, the enthusiasm for the protection of cultural property has enriched the term of new shades of meaning, while maintaining the older ones. At the same time, ‘cultural heritage’ is only one of the terms used in international treaties and other normative instruments. Hence, its comprehension needs to pass through a comparison of the other legal terminologies adopted. In such a context, the paper aims at providing a broad understanding of the idea of ‘cultural heritage’ by investigating its origin and evolution in the legal framework. In order to do so, the analysis begins with a brief discussion of the notion of ‘culture’ by analyzing how it has come to convey the current meanings. The paper then describes the main aspects influencing the linguistic choice within the field of Cultural Heritage Law. The central part of the paper deals with the different terminologies used to refer to cultural property within the international legal instruments (among them, 1954 Hague Convention, 1970 UNESCO Convention, and 1972 World Heritage Convention). Finally, the paper explores the existence of constructions of belongings in the legal terminologies examining the impact of territorial or communitarian linkage in the cultural legal discourse. The aim of this work is to reveal the inner system of interconnections in an effort to shed light on the multiple meanings of the term ‘cultural heritage’ by exploring how the concept evolved within the socio-legal context over time and space.