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This speech deals with the contribution of sociology to the understanding of effectiveness in teaching, and the non-individual factors arising from the formal and informal social structure of the classroom. A review of related literature indicates the prospects for understanding the relationship between what the school does, as represented by the teacher and the curriculum, and what happens to the student. Five contributions of sociologists to classroom learning suggest 1) Structural factors in the organization of teaching vary so greatly that the possibility of creating a systematic understanding of the conditions of teaching effectiveness based on teacher talk and student learning appears limited. 2) Participation rates of students suggest that a tutorial model of teacher-student interaction will prove inadequate. 3) Studies of the effects of classroom status systems conditionalize any statements concerning teacher effectiveness. 4) The teacher's role as a bureaucratic authority figure varies with each class. 5) The school and teacher's use of authority may affect learning through the organization's effect on the student's sense of control of his environment. Results of the study indicate the need to develop and test propositions stating the conditions under which we expect observed relationships between teaching and learning to hold. A 34-item bibliography is included. (MJM)

This article, translated into Spanish from the French, discusses changes and increasing complications in society which call for educational reform and improvement. Elementary education, traditionally based on memory skills, should become the setting for the development of mental processes and intellectual skills through the activity of problem solving. The child should be led to discover problems, to search for and evaluate solutions, and, finally, to test those solutions. Important for educational reform is the research work of psychologists considering intellectual development and learning processes. (VM)

Part I of a sociological study concerned with the urbanization of Mexican Americans (former migrant farm workers) in Michigan cities is presented. Using a random sample of Mexican American households, the following areas are examined: household composition and education, migration and community stabilization, finding jobs, employment and income patterns, and occupational and income mobility. Policy and research recommendations are presented in terms of the foregoing areas. The report suggests that "the role of cultural variables in the migration, resettlement, employment, education, and mobility of Mexican Americans must be considered in the varying situational contexts into which migrants move and within which they and their children live." (MB)

WITH OSCAR LEWIS' CONCEPT OF A "CULTURE OF POVERTY" AS A FRAME OF REFERENCE, THIS PAPER EXPLORES THE NATURE OF POVERTY AMONG AMERICAN NEGROES AS PORTRAYED IN NOVELS, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, AND SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES. THE POOR WHO LIVE IN THIS "CULTURE OF POVERTY" LOSE THEIR PLACE IN SOCIETY AND, OVER GENERATIONS, FAIL TO BECOME EFFECTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN GROUPS OF INSTITUTIONS BEYOND THEIR NUCLEAR FAMILIES OR SLUM. IN THE PAPER LOWER-CLASS NEGROES MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM A RURAL (FORMERLY SLAVE) BACKGROUND TO A MODERN URBAN SETTING, AND WHOSE FORMER TRADITIONS AND MEMBERSHIPS HAVE BEEN SHATTERED (AND NEW ONES NOT DEVELOPED), ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC LIFE, FAMILY LIFE, RELATIONSHIP TO INSTITUTIONS (EDUCATIONAL, MEDICAL, SOCIAL, GOVERNMENT AND LEGAL, NEGRO MOVEMENTS), AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. REFERENCES ARE INCLUDED. (AF)

The study investigated why several minority groups in the United States have average fertility rates that differ significantly from rates of the native-born white population. Data were analyzed for social status and marital characteristics. Findings indicated that fertility differentials are too complex to be explained by references either to social characteristics or to minority status alone. Additional research is recommended. (Author/DB)

Story presented as an anthropological field report, although in reality it is a Marxist-type paradigm of American society, designed to demystify some of the processes that promote social stability. (Author/ND)

The book contains statistics selected and organized to describe social conditions and trends in the United States. Most of the data was compiled through Federal Government surveys. The following eight major social areas are examined: health, public safety, education, employment income, housing, leisure and recreation, and population. Within each of these categories areas of social concerns are identified. The concerns selected reveal the general status of the entire population, depict conditions that are, or are likely to be, dealt with by national policies, and encompass many of the important issues facing the nation. An indicator shows the status of the population in relation to each particular concern. The indicators presented are restricted almost entirely to data about objective conditions and are primarily time series showing national totals. In almost every case the national totals are disaggregated to show the age, sex, and racial characteristics of the population. Each of the eight chapters contains a brief text, charts, technical notes, and tables. Sources for data shown in the charts are given in the tables. (Author/RM)

Eighty-five blind adults in Minneapolis served as subject in a sociological study designed to test a theory of the formation of communities. It was theorized that the blind form a minority sub-community in which stereotypes of blindness by the sighted are a contributing factor in the limitation of a blind person's social life mainly to other blind persons, as is the blind person's reaction to the sighted person. It was also hypothesized that there exists in the blind sub-community an internal polarization with respect to inner-and outer-community orientation, the inner-community (parochialism) being stronger or weaker than the outer-community (cosmopolitanism) orientation depending on the influence of such factors as perception of prejudice of the sighted toward the blind, position in the class and status hierarchies of the blind, and degree of blindness. A questionnaire consisting of scales exploring attitudes and social characteristics was devised, tested, and administered to the sample. Statistical analysis of the resulting data supported in primary or modified form the majority of the hypotheses. (KW)

Based on the major characteristics of human social systems, a five-part typology of consciousness was developed: Survival, Stability, Sociability, Expertise, and Self. Man or Society can progress through these five stages; a review of research illustrates the relationships among the types. (JB)

The aim of this paper has been to produce a brief summary of the phenomenological perspective in sociology and to show how it has been, and might be, applied to the analysis of the school. (Author)

This paper is an attempt to put the vast quantity of research on the characteristics of lower class children into the framework of a general sociological theory. (Author)

This study explores the relationship between social and socio-demographic characteristics and solidarity behaviour. Solidarity behaviour is the voluntary compensation to group members if they experience an income loss due to a random adverse event (e.g., natural disaster). We know that subjects’ assumptions about the prevalence of a specific social norm (e.g., honesty, cooperativeness) in groups strongly affect their choice to adhere to the norm and act accordingly. In other words, adherence to a social norm is conditional on others’ adherence. To measure solidarity behaviour, we utilize an extended version of the solidarity game by Ockenfels & Selten (1998) in which we manipulate respondents’ information about the solidarity of others. The behavioural solidarity measure is analysed together with respondents’ social and socio-demographic characteristics. We collect data in an online setting from a much more diverse sample of adults in Germany and Austria and can thus test whether social characteristics, such as age, income and gender, can predict solidarity behaviour.

O presente artigo objetiva descrever como algumas produções cinematográficas norte-americanas são problematizadas por professores e professoras de Educação Física atuantes na rede pública do município de Rio Grande - RS. Para isso, lançamos mão do método do grupo focal, composto por docentes atuantes nos anos finais do ensino fundamental. Como disparador da discussão temática, foi utilizado material audiovisual produzido com fragmentos de obras cinematográficas Coach Carter e Remember The Titans, exibido para os participantes da pesquisa. A análise dos dados se deu através da ferramenta metodológica da Análise Textual Discursiva. Os dados produzidos possibilitaram a criação de quatro categorias: 1) o professor de Educação Física brasileiro e a figura do coach-teacher; 2) esporte na escola; 3) potencialidade do cinema na Educação Física escolar; 4) o professor de Educação Física e seu papel social. Como resultado, observou-se a consolidação da compreensão do coach-teacher enquanto um agregado de características e atitudes pedagógicas e sociais exercidas no cotidiano dos participantes da pesquisa em sua atuação docente.

Culture for the individual is related to knowledge, but culture for society is related to social characteristics far from being cognitive because it results from the individual and society’s perception of science and knowledge in various areas of life. If development, in its essence, works to enhance the levels of coexistence among people and advance the lives of individuals in society, then development efforts can never be separated from the cultural formations of society. Culture plays a pivotal role in the development process. Through distinctive environment and society such as the city of Suez, with its rich history and heritage, so, what is the difficulty of designing mural derived from that heritage to affect the different categories of society in specific location in this city?

In a time when the world is facing social, political, public health, and environmental upheaval, Danes are lighting candles, baking cookies, and engaging in ‘hygge’, or ‘cozy togetherness’. Interes...

Communities of publics where citizens together develop informed opinion as basis for political decisions is crucial to democracy; and adult education can contribute vitally to such communities. This was argued by two critical social scientists, Charles Wright Mills and Oskar Negt. Researching and writing in different situations and drawing on different traditions, they voiced many of the same concerns about the inequalities and contradictions of modern capitalist societies. Mills and Negt argued that citizens and publics need to grasp the interrelations between society at large and individual lives and troubles. It is also necessary to transgress the immediate reality and its options, to imagine how societies and lives could take different turns, both in negative and positive directions. This article makes a case that imaginative fiction literature can help critical social science and adult education in promoting such social imagination.

This paper applies an intersectional lens to health in informal urban settlements in Freetown, Sierra Leone. We explored how intersecting social characteristics including gender, age, wealth, occup...

Summary:This study starts from Labov’s proposal that distinguishes linguistic changes from above and from below based on the awareness that speakers have of a change. The basic question of this work is whether these two levels are recognizable in some changes – essentially pragmatic – in late Latin. The development of politeness forms is proposed as a change from above, while the development of minimizers, which sometimes results in terms of negation, as a change from below. In fact, using titles and address forms, related to formality and politeness, requires the speaker/writer be strongly aware of the social characteristics of his own and the interlocutor. Documents of the first centuries as letters by the Popes and the Christian hierarchies show signs of a socio-cultural change that results in new definitions of the self and, consequently, in the use of new address forms. On the contrary, everyday linguistic use, from below, shows how some recurring pragmatic needs determine developments that can affect different levels of the system in several ways. We will exemplify these changes from below with the expressions of small quantities used as minimizers (micam, guttam), showing how these forms are common in late Latin.

الملخص يفترض البحث الحالي أن کتاب الجيل الجديد في القصة العمانية المعاصرة يشکلون "حساسية جديدة" ذات مرجعيات ثقافية مشترکة، تتضافر في ضوئها نصوصهم القصصية حول جملة من الخصائص الجمالية والاجتماعية التي تشکل جماع رؤيتهم للعالم في إطار فهمهم الخاص لنظرية الفن، من حيث الماهية أو الأداة أو الوظيفة. کما يفترض البحث أيضا أن کتاب القصة القصيرة العمانية المعاصرين يشکلون تيارا إبداعيا جديرا بالدرس النقدي وتحليل الخطاب سواء من حيث تناوله لموضوعات ثقافية واجتماعية مختلفة أو من حيث طرائق السرد وتقنياته. من هنا، يسعى هذا البحث -في فرضيته الرئيسة، وفي إجراءاته المنهجية أيضا- إلى مساءلة القصة القصيرة العمانية المعاصرة، عبر کتابها وکاتباتها الجدد، من أجل ب لورة قيم ثقافية وأسلوبية مشترکة. کما أن هذه الدراسة تنهض على بحث تمثلات "الأنا" وتمثلات "الآخر" في القصة العمانية، في محاولة نقدية لفهم طبيعة هذه العلاقة السوسيوثقافية، ومظاهرها، ومدى استبطانها للرؤية الجمالية أو الحضارية الکامنة في البنى النصية للقصة العمانية؛ وذلک من خلال تحليل طرائق تمثلات الأنا وتمثلات الآخر، وما بينهما من تشابه أو تقاطع أو اختلاف. The current research assumes that Omani writers of the new generation in the stream of contemporary short story constitute 'new sensitivity' which has its common cultural references. In the light of these cultural references, Omani short story collections are crystalized around a group of aesthetic and social characteristics that form a world vision reflected in conceptual term, techniques and functions. This research also assumes that contemporary Omani short story texts establish a creative stream deserves a separated critical study. Hence, in its main hypothesis and also in its methodological procedures, this research seeks to quest the contemporary Omani short story through its new writers in order to manifest the cultural and stylistic values. The main objective of the current research is analyzing representations of the 'ego' and the 'other', and or understanding the nature of this sociocultural relationship between them, for analyzing its discourse aspects in different ways.