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Linguistics has embraced the functional and contextual turn but, when building tools for systematic contextual description, we have not made as much use as we could of our own functional traditions. Rather, we have largely relied on the metaphors of law and rule, which do not adequately capture tensions between consistency and variability in how language and context relate to each other. Our aim in this paper is to show the economy and practicality of representing context as a pathway through a network, drawing on the network technique for mapping systems of grammatical choice introduced by Michael Halliday, and on its application to other linguistic strata first offered by Ruqaiya Hasan. The paper begins by outlining why alternative frameworks are needed for describing context-language relations. We then present a contextual network for one specific domain of the Systemic Functional Linguistic notion of Tenor, namely social distance, and use this to explore how different configurations of features of social distance influence the way that traditions of practice are passed on as a specialised legacy in two different professional collaborations. While the kind of context modelling discussed here is in a very early phase of development compared to phonetic, morphological and grammatical description, it has many advantages: contextual networks are paradigmatic in orientation; they help display and theorise metastability in language; they are “ad hoc” in Firth’s positive sense; and they constitute a proposal to be tested against observed behaviour within specific cultural and situational settings.

Using data from interviews and television programs where social demeanor must be observed by the speaker, this study examines what the Japanese speaker does when reporting a transitive event where the speaker is the Undergoer and the Actor is someone they are expected to express respect toward. The speaker’s decision in such contexts is influenced by two seemingly conflicting motivations, i.e. tell a story from a speaker’s perspective by placing empathy on self (the “Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy”) (Kuno, Susumu & Etsuko Kaburaki. 1977. Empathy and syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 8(4). 627–672) or give up this privilege of empathy in consideration for the respected Actor in the event. The study suggests that social consideration takes precedence over of the Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy unless both are satisfied simultaneously. This study identified further factors that appear to be at work: productivity of the construction, desire to portray themselves as an affected Undergoer of the event, and reluctance to convey a sense of benefit.

A hierarquia social é um componente importante para a compreensão da sociedade japonesa. O presente trabalho pretende discutir a hierarquia na sociedade japonesa por meio da análise da escola, como uma das principais instituições de socialização. Para tanto, no primeiro momento, será empregado o método histórico na reconstituição da trajetória institucional das escolas do Japão, destacando-se os fatores de institucionalização da hierarquia, e por último, enfocará na estruturação e funcionamento da escola contemporânea, à luz do conceito de rotinização.

This paper offers a critical analysis of Thomas Hardy’s novel, The Return of the Native and focuses on one of his characters, namely Mrs. Yeobright. Hardy sets the novel in Victorian England, a time when the country was very prosperous. Moreover, the society was dominated by a rigid social hierarchy. Victorian women were treated as second-class citizens and were given identities that corresponded to their roles in the family, such as wife, mother, daughter, and widow. Hardy’s character is examined in regard to how she functions according to these roles. Mrs. Yeobright is utilized in order to critique social class and explore how social class functions in everyday life. Key words: Identity, Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native, Victorian, social class.

Este trabalho aborda a questão do estudo da avaliação social da variação a partir de resultados de estudos (produção e percepção) de uma variável sociolinguística junto a adolescentes socialmente marginalizados. A abordagem adotada difere da posição teórica assumida pelo modelo de ondas (ECKERT, 2012), em que se estabelece uma visão cindida de abordagens teóricas e metodologias usadas ao longo do tempo nos estudos sociolinguísticos. Assume-se que compreender o comportamento de indivíduos que estão à margem da estrutura social exige que se observe também o lugar que esses indivíduos ocupam na hierarquia social e a quais possibilidades formativas eles tiveram acesso.

In Persisting Patriarchy, Kochurani Abraham explores various feminist social responses to social hierarchy, structures of patriarchy, gender inequality, and hegemonic religiosity. The plight of Ind...

The Indian society is one of the most unequal societies of the world and divided into different social hierarchies of caste, class, religion, etc. Caste is a determinant of power, economic inequality, poverty and discrimination in contemporary India. When it comes to women, they face the dual burden of discrimination, first gender based and, second, caste based. The practice of discrimination persists between Dalit/tribal and upper-class women, but still, Dalit women are trying to come out of this unequal treatment. Hence, this study investigates the magnitude of discrimination among women workers in terms of the social hierarchy and relative factors responsible for workforce discrimination. Furthermore, this study examines the extent of wage differential between Dalit/tribal and upper-class women workers. The study has used the data of the 50th Employment and Unemployment Survey to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) from 1993–1994 to 2017–2018 by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). In the first part of the analysis, this study explains how and why the women workforce is decreasing, particularly as far as Dalit/tribal women are concerned. Subsequently, the relative contributions of socio-economic conditions in the women workforce have been assessed using logistic regression. However, the second part of the study examines the wage differential between general and Dalit/tribal women and the extent of wage discrimination using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method. The study reveals that the women workforce has been consistently declining and the vulnerability is intense among Dalit/tribal women. Furthermore, it has been observed that the social hierarchy (caste) is a decisive factor for the remuneration (wage) in the labour market and over the period of study, the wage discrimination between Dalit and upper-caste women has significantly increased.

Our first issue of 2020 focuses on respect in early childhood and how ethics of care can facilitate it. Respect is important for us all because peace is contingent upon it (Sen, 2011: 44). Yet respect has had different meanings over many centuries, ranging from esteem afforded to those at a higher level within a social hierarchy to rights afforded to individuals regardless of status (Marsellas, 2017: 103). Raz (2001: 6) notes that ‘We must respect what is valuable’; he argues that people are the primary ‘objects of respect’ (p.124), a perspective endorsed by MacMurray’s (1961) claim that ‘we need one another to be ourselves’ (p.211). Both Raz and MacMurray posit that all people are valuable and worthy of respect, regardless of status. Equally, self-respect is ‘grounded in the sense of one’s own worth or value’: the belief that what you are doing is worthwhile as well as the capacity to do it (Riviera-Castro, 2014: 762). Respect seems to act as a catalyst for enabling individuals and societies to flourish, while education has potential to build ‘a culture of respect for all throughout society’ (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), 2014: 12).

In this article, we analyze urban transformation in Istanbul using the concepts of evolutionary economics and show that it is a process driven by people's desire to climb the social hierarchy through "costly signaling," or conspicuous consumption, rather than by a desire to improve the functional quality of their living spaces. To understand the main motivation behind people's demand for urban transformation, we conducted in-depth interviews with residents and observed that they endorse the process because it generates extensive costs, waste, and a decrease in the quality of life that can only be afforded by the wealthy, who thereby differentiate themselves from the less well-off. We argue that this is different from consumption decisions motivated solely by benefit maximization not sign -a concept that is independent from the social context not sign -and therefore can only be understood via evolutionary economics.

This article aims to present and analyze the Lima Barreto’s set of theatrical chronicles published from 1911 to 1920 on the newspapers and magazines of the Rio de Janeiro. We seek to insert his critique in the context of the Brazilian theatrical thought of the First Republic and, above all, in the debate about the creation of the national theater. This debate generally oscillated between the encouragement of the public power and the private initiative, the average taste of the public and the experts, the conscience of the delay of the Brazilian theater and the desire of the his update, the hierarchy of theatrical genders and the social hierarchy.

While the importance of consumption of luxury goods as a mechanism accompanying upwards movement in a social hierarchy has been well acknowledged, attention to the role and perceptions of luxury in multicultural societies has been scarce so far. It is nonetheless intriguing that ethnic groups inhabiting the same territory, and exposed to a same culture, might develop substantially different notions of luxury, which may end up affecting the integration, or isolation, of one of the groups. Our article addresses this deficiency in the literature by exploring the case of Estonia, a multi-ethnic society where Russians make up almost one-fourth of the population. Much has been written about the integration, and lack thereof, of ethnic Russians into Estonian society. We contrast these views by looking at inter-ethnic relations in the country from a different angle and by a) looking at consumption of luxury in the country through the concept of ‘conspicuous consumption'; b) endorsing Foster's concept of consumer citizenship. This allows us to shed light on an under-explored tendency and maintain here that, in a significant number of cases, ordinary citizens challenge official identity narratives by the state through counter-narratives centred around consumption of luxury at the everyday level. The identified counter-narratives end up translating into (consumer behaviour) instructions for those Russians willing to assert their Estonianness thus allowing them to seek integration into the majority group by simply consuming luxury items that they perceive as appreciated among Estonians, or associated with Estonian high status. By doing this, we make a case for expanding the parameters for academic scrutiny of social integration to include more ‘banal' forms of consumer practices through which top- down narratives and macro studies may be challenged.

This article explores the notion that peoples speaking Austronesian languages brought the ideology of social hierarchy based on hereditary leadership into the Pacific Islands. This social model con...

This article examines themalaḥfa, a veil that has long been popular in Mauritania, using the scholarship of materiality to analyze how it and the wearer co-constitute each other. This approach demonstrates how the malaḥfa’s particular form and fabric provide women with certain constraints and possibilities; women activate these qualities to exercise agency, be it in redefining their positions in the social hierarchy, exercising control in their relationships, or asserting authority over others. Focusing on the malaḥfa’s materiality illustrates how such garments can be central to women’s agency and power, and demonstrates how women shape the broader social hierarchy.

Hallyu fans are people who are dedicated to popular culture in South Korea, including music, drama and film. This study focuses on fans of Korean pop music, which is known as K-pop. Developments in digital communication technology have given rise to media such as forums, websites, video channels, and fan sites that are consumed by K-pop fans. Fans participate in multiple fandoms because these websites are easily accessed by public audiences. However, problems arise when fans start to compete, using their knowledge to help validate their existence and to help the perception of authentic identities within fan communities. This paper is based on virtual ethnographic fieldwork that identified fans’ constructions of their own identities and the building of a social hierarchy through various online practices. The research findings are based on four months of fieldwork with two online Hallyu fandoms; ELF (Ever Lasting Friends) and A.R.M.Y (Adorable Representative M.C. for Youth). The findings reveal that conflicts exist in certain fandoms which aid in defining fan identities and, at the same time, fans undertake positive socialising actions which contribute to the fandom itself. Interactions between fandoms also need to be recognised, since online fandoms can be seen as borderless.

Políticas educacionais com critérios meritocráticos têm sido a tônica dos processos avaliativos não apenas no Brasil, mas como uma tendência global. A proposta deste texto, em tom ensaístico, é discutir a noção de mérito a partir de três autores. Na primeira parte são apresentadas críticas a epistemologias que se pretendem neutras em relação à avaliação educacional, partindo das contribuições de Miriam Limoeiro-Cardoso. A segunda parte apresenta ideias de Michael Young em uma sátira da meritocracia como hierarquização social. Na terceira parte há as críticas de Diane Ravitch aos testes padronizados no sistema educacional dos Estados Unidos, que levaram à construção de qualidade como desempenho de excelência em avaliações mensuráveis.

Experts remain divided about the nature of the sociopolitical system of ancient Teotihuacan, which was one of the earliest and largest urban civilizations of the Americas. Excavations hoping to find compelling evidence of powerful rulers, such as a royal tomb, keep coming away empty-handed. But the alternative possibility of collective rule still remains poorly understood as well. Previously we used a computational model of this city’s hypothetical sociopolitical network to show that in principle collective rule based on communal ritual could be an effective strategy of ensuring widespread social coordination, as long as we assume that the network’s structure could be transformed via social learning and local leaders were not strongly subdivided. Here we extended this model to investigate whether increased social hierarchy could mitigate the negative effects of such strong divisions. We found a special synergy between social hierarchy and communal ritual: only their combination improved the extent of social coordination, whereas the introduction of centralization and top-down influence by themselves had no effect. This finding is consistent with portrayals of the Teotihuacan elite as religious specialists serving the public good, in particular by synchronizing the city’s ritual calendar with the rhythms of the stars.

Dans cet article, nous mettons en evidence l’importance du phenomene hierarchique dont certains traits ont ete jusqu’ici largement sous-estimes dans les sociologies nord-amerindiennes. Nous cherchons a degager, a partir d’une analyse des sources coloniales portant sur les Muscogee (Creek) et des groupes voisins au xviiie siecle, certains aspects fondamentaux du fonctionnement de la hierarchie dans ces societes. Nous entendons ainsi ouvrir des perspectives comparatives pour l’anthropologie politique de l’Amerique du Nord, et pointer les enjeux de cette discussion dans l’interpretation de l’histoire de ces societes aux xviiie et xixe siecles.

A range of discourse and racial proposals are analyzed and confronted in the article that were pursued from within Medicine and Psychiatry during early Francoism. In particular, Misael Bañuelo’s openly biologistic vision that was influenced by the racial theories put forward by Nazism are discussed. His confrontation with the racial conception sustained by followers of Hispanidad (Spanishness) and National Catholicism are analyzed, especially that with Vallejo Nágera.

El artículo propone un conjunto de reflexiones críticas sobre la gestión tecno-experta de la pandemia del covid-19. Apoyándose en las dos grandes estrategias espaciales de prevención puestas en práctica, los confinamientos y los distanciamientos, el texto no se interesa ni en los diferenciales de resultados obtenidos a nivel nacional, ni en las razones que llevaron a su implementación. Lo que se analiza son los presupuestos y los imaginarios sociales subyacentes a las decisiones tomadas, la homogeneidad de las medidas que fueron generalizadas con muy escasa atención hacia los contextos locales, y los ideales de sociabilidad que se movilizaron. Se destaca, sobre todo, la tensión entre lo presencial y lo virtual, entre una sociabilidad fundada en la interacción y una sociabilidad que tendencialmente se concibe desde la conectividad generalizada, y la manera en que ello rediseña potencialmente toda una nueva jerarquía social de oficios y de actividades. Es este conjunto dispar de imaginarios, tendencias y medidas que el artículo critica por su carácter anti-sociológico y descontextualizado; The article proposes a set of critical reflections on the techno-expert management of the covid-19 pandemic. Leaning on the two major prevention strategies put into practice, quarantines and distancing, the text is not interested in the differentials results at the national level, nor in the reasons that led to their implementation. What it is analyzed are the presuppositions and social imaginaries underlying the decisions made, the homogeneity of the measures that were generalized with very little attention to local contexts, and the ideals of sociability that were mobilized. Above all the article analyzes the tension between the face-to-face and the virtual relations, between a sociability founded on interaction and a sociability that tends to be conceived out from generalized connectivity, as well as the way in which this potentially redesigns a whole new social hierarchy of trades and activities. It is this disparate set of imaginaries, trends and measures that the article criticizes for its anti-sociological and decontextualized nature.

Le tribalisme est l’un des maux dont souffre un grand nombre de societes africaines (Messanga & Nzeuta Lontio, 2020). C’est sans doute cette realite qui pousse les sciences humaines et sociales a en faire un objet de recherche. Pour la psychologie sociale par exemple, l’interet pour un tel sujet pourrait se situer dans la perspective d’une mesure de l’impact de ce phenomene social sur les relations intergroupes. Dans cette logique, et dans celle des etudes qui etablissent un lien entre identite ethnique et Orientation de la Dominance Sociale (Ho et al., 2015 ; Levin et al., 1998), la presente etude propose de considerer le tribalisme comme un mythe legitimisateur qui accentue la hierarchie sociale et, de ce fait, maintient le pouvoir des dominants sur les domines. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, la presente etude a recouru a 138 participants de nationalite camerounaise et d’âge variant entre 17 et 32 ans par le biais de l’echantillonnage accidentel. Les resultats obtenus apres l’administration de l’echelle d’Orientation de la Dominance Sociale et d’une echelle d’attitude a l’egard du tribalisme revelent l’existence d’une correlation positive entre les deux variables (r = .41). Ils apportent ainsi un soutien empirique a la prediction formulee. Comme contribution theorique, cette etude fournit des donnees statistiques permettant de repertorier le tribalisme dans la nomenclature des mythes legitimisateurs de la hierarchie sociale. Tribalism is one of the evils from which many African societies suffer (Messanga & Nzeuta Lontio, 2020). It is undoubtedly this reality which prompts the human and social sciences to make it an object of research. For social psychology, for example, the interest in such a subject could lie in the perspective of measuring the impact of this social phenomenon on intergroup relations. In this logic, and in that of the studies which establish a link between ethnic identity and Orientation of Social Dominance (Ho et al., 2015; Levin et al., 1998), the present study proposes to consider tribalism as a legitimizing myth which accentuates the social hierarchy and, therefore, maintains the power of the dominant over the dominated. In order to achieve this objective, the present study used 138 participants of Cameroonian nationality and of ages varying between 17 and 32 years by means of accidentalsampling. The results obtained after the administration of the Orientation of Social Dominance scale and of an attitude towards tribalism scale reveal the existence of a positive correlation between the two variables (r = .41 ). They thus provide empirical support to the prediction formulated. As a theoretical contribution, this study provides statistical data making it possible to list tribalism in the nomenclature of legitimizing myths of the social hierarchy.

This article is the translation of: Mesurer l’évolution de l’accessibilité à l’aide des "espaces-temps d'action" : l’exemple de Bogotá entre 1993 et 2009 by Adrian Morfee. The translation was paid thanks to a funding from the MSHB (Maison des Sciences de l'Homme de Bretagne).; International audience; The purpose of this study is to understand changes to household members’ access to place of activity, against the backdrop of urban and socio-demographic transformation. In particular, it seeks to establish whether adults are currently disadvantaged by residing in a location which, in terms of daily mobility, is better suited to their children, or whether other factors are at work, depending particularly on the household’s position in the social hierarchy. It further seeks to understand how mobility conditions have changed over time depending where individuals reside in the city. To this end, it puts forward a new concept called “space-time of action” and proposes a way of mapping it. Drawing on data from two surveys in Bogotá (Colombia) in 1993 and in 2009, “space-times of action” are here used to study joint changes to co-residing working adults’ and children’s access to place of work or study. It details how the space-times of action were devised, before then discussing their advantages and limitations.; En este artículo se analiza la manera en la que el acceso a los lugares de actividad ha evolucionado para los miembros de los hogares, en un contexto de transformaciones urbanas y de cambios sociodemográficos. Nos interesa en particular saber si los adultos sufren hoy en día de una ubicación residencial más favorable para sus hijos en términos de movilidad diaria o si hay otras lógicas en acción, especialmente en función de la posición de los hogares en la jerarquía social. También buscamos entender cómo han evolucionado las condiciones de movilidad de acuerdo con el lugar de residencia de las personas en la ciudad. Para ello, definimos un nuevo concepto que llamamos “espacio-tiempo de acción” y lo representamos en mapa. A partir los “espacios-tiempo de acción”, se estudia la evolución conjunta, entre 1993 y 2009, de la accesibilidad a los lugares de estudio y de trabajo de un conjunto de adultos activos y niños co-residentes encuestados en Bogotá (Colombia). Se detalla el método de construcción del espacio-tiempo de acción, se discuten sus ventajas y limitaciones.; L’étude a pour finalité de comprendre la façon dont l’accès aux lieux d’activité a évolué pour les membres des ménages, et ce dans un contexte de transformations urbaines et de changements sociodémographiques. Nous cherchons en particulier à savoir si aujourd’hui les adultes pâtissent d'une localisation résidentielle plus favorable à leurs enfants du point de vue des mobilités quotidiennes ou si d’autres logiques sont à l’œuvre en particulier suivant la position des ménages dans la hiérarchie sociale. Nous cherchons également à comprendre comment ont évolué les conditions de mobilité suivant le lieu de résidence dans la ville. Pour ce faire, nous définissons un nouveau concept appelé "espace-temps d’action" dont nous proposons une représentation cartographique. Nous étudions à l’aide des "espaces-temps d’action" l’évolution conjointe, entre 1993 et 2009, de l’accessibilité aux lieux d’étude et de travail pour un ensemble d’adultes actifs et d’enfants corésidents enquêtés à Bogotá (Colombie). La méthode d’élaboration des espaces-temps d’action est détaillée, ses avantages et limites sont discutés. Une version en français de cet article est disponible ici.

This chapter focuses on the rise of new digital inequalities by looking at the costs and consequences of algorithmic decision-making on citizens’ everyday lives and how they are affecting social inequalities. More specifically, the chapter looks at the inequalities in (a) knowledge (inequalities intended as the different levels of understanding of how algorithms influence everyday life and different skills and creative techniques to escape algorithms’ “suggestions”); (b) creating dataset (how data on which algorithms and AI are based are biased); and (c) treatment (the unequal treatment that AI and algorithms reserve for different individuals based on their socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics). These three levels of (new) digital inequalities are tied both with the main axes of social inequalities and with the rise of digital technologies, and affect, often silently, citizens’ lives and social hierarchy.

This chapter asks whether there is any such thing as feminist logic. It defines feminism and logic, and then goes on to present and evaluate four possible views, introducing and critiquing the work of Andrea Nye, Val Plumwood, and Susan Stebbing. It argues that Stebbing’s approach—on which feminism is one among many political applications of logic—is correct, but that feminist logic could do more, by providing a formal framework for the study of social hierarchies, much as it presently provides a formal framework for the study of numbers and similarity rankings among possible worlds.

Communicating body. “Body” and “interiority”. Corporeal communication. Body styles in mass media. Inter-corporeity. Bodies “worn” by classes and culturally stylized bodies. Images of the environment in the formation of corporeal styles. “Appropriate look” under the influence of mass media. Continuity between persons in advertisement and media. The criteria of “advertised” body. Corporeal “idealism”. Social hierarchy according to the ideal communicated in the media. Communication in a univocal sense. Communication between distinct civilizations.

Buildings reveal the social values of a society through their forms and configuration. During the Choseon dynasty, Confucianism was the national ideology and basis for governing principles. Consequently, houses for the ruling class were built to conform to the principle of separating domains for men, women, servants, and ancestors. This hierarchical social system persisted for hundreds of years, but from the 19th century, various social movements gradually delegitimized many inequalities between sexes and classes. Mysteriously, even after this series of radical political and social changes, vernacular houses still adhered to the same hierarchical spatial order until the mid-20th century. This paper analyzes the houses built from the 15th century to the mid-20th century to show how Confucian principles were translated into the design to control social interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how Confucianism has been passed on through the medium of housing until today and how they have influenced people&rsquo, s perception of different gender roles in contemporary Korean society.

The concepts associated with sameness and difference are mostly laboratory-based and inefficient for handling the complexities associated with cultural ideology and social hierarchy. Women athletes...

Rural migrants in Chinese cities are often stigmatized as ‘low-suzhi’ population and marginalized in urban social hierarchy. Existing scholarship has demonstrated how urbanities used suzhi discours...

Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo abordar as estratégias de parte da elite do Rio de Janeiro colonial ao buscar na administração pública, e na religiosidade, caminhos para se manter na hierarquia social da cultura política da sociedade de Antigo Regime. Um desses lugares era o Senado da Câmara do Rio de Janeiro, que ao administrar a festa de São Sebastião e seu oitavário (oito dias de festa), utilizava um sistema de arrematação no qual indivíduos forneciam os itens necessários para a celebração e depois cobravam exatamente o seu valor para os camarários, na busca por honra e prestígio, sendo José Antônio de Freitas Guimarães o mais regular e maior arrematador entre os anos de 1795 a 1810.Abstract: The present research has the purpose of approaching the strategies of part the elite in colonial Rio de Janeiro, as they sought ways to maintain their places in the social hierarchy of the Old Regime city, through the public administration and religiosity. One of those places was the City Council of Rio de Janeiro, which used to organize Saint Sebastian's Feast Day and its Octave (eight consecutive days of celebration), and used a system of public auctions where individuals would supply the city with the necessary items for the celebrations and then charge the Council at cost, in pursuit of honor and prestige. José Antônio de Freitas was the most frequent bidder from 1795 to 1810.

This essay addresses the following question: ‘What is the social class of the author?’ Previous scholarship on the rise of modern authorship in the eighteenth century has generally answered this qu...

To explore the role of hierarchical taste culture discourses in cross-gender media fandoms, this article considers “Bronies,” the adult, largely male fandom of girls’ animated series My Little Pony...

This article deals with the Economics of Climate Change (ECC). This research area emerged in the mid-1970s and has grown exponentially since the mid-2000s. This paper is based on Richard Whitley’s characterisation of the general economic field as a ‘partitioned bureaucracy’, which makes a distinction between the centre and peripheral areas. We use bibliometric data to highlight the structure of the ECC and measure to what extent Whitley’s category helps to understand this field better. To complete these quantitative data we use qualitative data, collected via survey and interviews, and we analyse scientific publications. With the help of this combination of data, we are able to provide some explanation of the structuration of the ECC, as well as the role of interdisciplinarity and links with the political field in this process. We also provide insights about the rise of climate change and global warming in the social hierarchy of objects in economics.

Based on our empirical evidence, this paper aims to provide a better understanding and analysis of the complexity and diversity of segregated Roma neighbourhoods in the context of Hungarian small towns. The paper explores the differences between the ‘ghetto’ and ‘ethnic neighbourhood’ as typical forms of spatial and social segregation of Roma in Hungary. It also discusses the mutual interplay of spatial and social segregation and social and symbolic boundary‐making within segregated neighbourhoods as well as between culturally and socially diverse Roma groups and non‐Roma living in the given settlements. Special attention is paid to the various social ties between Roma and non‐Roma in these communities. These ties are one of the key elements used to create and maintain ethnic and social hierarchy, further stratifying the unequal access to resources as well as exacerbating exclusion and boundary‐making mechanisms.

Existing research has demonstrated how media elites influence journalistic practices, but much less has been done to help explain why journalists grant such a high status to select peers in the first place. This study explores rank allocation within a news ecosystem through the theoretical framework of social hierarchy. Survey data from a representative sample of U.S.-based financial journalists indicate that peer perceptions of prestige (i.e., deference earned by expertise, knowledge, or success) significantly and consistently drive group consensus on the most influential members within a news beat. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the study findings are discussed.

One of the historical tasks of the left in the present period is to help hold the center. The defense of civil liberties and civil rights in the name of the constitution—this is a centrist politics. We should work closely with anyone who believes in civil discourse, who respects the truth, and who is ready to live with political and religious disagreement. Does she defend the social hierarchy? Does he think that free enterprise is the be-all and end-all of economic life? Are they more ready than we are to use force abroad? Those are arguments we need to have and should not give up, but we still have to join with people like these wherever we find them—so that the center holds. The survival of a vital center is also the precondition of an active left. We have to stand in the center and on the left at the same time. That may be complicated, but it is our historical task.