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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T22:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-18 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient involved in several biochemical reactions that influence biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Plants are known to require less molybdenum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mo foliar application on four soybean cultivars (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) and their physiological qualities, crude protein, and lipid content. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. Three Mo application rates (0, 400, and 800 g ha(-1)) were used for the AS 3730 IPRO, Bonus IPRO, Desafio RR, and BMX Potencia RR cultivars during their R3 and R5 reproductive stages. The Mo concentration, nutritional parameters (crude protein [CP] and lipids), and physiological quality (electrical conductivity, vigor, aging seed, and germination) of the seeds were then evaluated. The cultivars x Mo application rate interaction had no significant effect. There was an observed increase in Mo content with molybdic leaf fertilization. The BMX Bonus IPRO and BMX Potencia RR cultivars had the best response, with increased Mo concentration within the seeds. The Mo rates did not influence CP and lipids. However, the soybean cultivar x Mo application rate interaction significantly affected the germination percentage and percentage of accelerated aging seeds. Univ Estadual Londrina, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Ilha Solteira, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Dept Soil Fertil & Plant Nutr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Ilha Solteira, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Increasingly intensive cropping systems and the introduction of new genetically modified cultivars can lead to a distinct demand for nutrients in soybean crops. This study aims to evaluate the response of two soybean cultivars [with and without tolerance to glyphosate (RR)] to sulfur (S) rates. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement with four replicates. The treatments consisted of six S rates (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg kg(-1)) and two soybean cultivars from the same breeding program (BRS 317 and BRS 360RR). The increase in S rates resulted in the herbicide sensitive cultivar (BRS 317) having the best physiological indexes (water use efficiency and chlorophyll content) when compared with those of herbicide tolerant cultivar (BRS 360RR), and an increased grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), calcium (Ca), boron (B), NO2-N, and iron (Fe) concentration in the leaf tissues. This indicates that the RR gene can cause significant differences in S uptake responses. Univ Estadual Londrina, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Dept Plant Physiol & Mineral Plant Nutr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Dracena, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Dracena, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T09:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Soil conservation systems can achieve agricultural sustainability together with the integration and diversification of management activities, exploring the synergism of the system. The objective of this work was to evaluate in a temporal manner the physical attributes of the soil, under a crop-livestock-forest integration system, to verify possible contributions physical quality of the soil and system sustainability itself. The soil under study is a Typical Ultisol. The randomized block design was distributed in four respective treatments: crop-livestock integration, without the tree component (CLI), agrosilvipastoral system, with one eucalyptus (Eucalyptus ssp.) line of shading (AS1L), agrosilvipastoral system, with three eucalyptus lines of shading (AS3L), and exclusive culture of eucalyptus. The samples were collected from 2014 to 2018, in the 0–0.05, 0.05–0.1, and 0.1–0.2 m layers, to the water infiltration evaluations in soil, resistance to penetration, content of soil humidity. The results revealed that the systems that use integration improve or maintain physical quality of the soil, without compacting or negatively influencing water infiltration, highlighting the treatments CLI, AS1L e AS3L through time, which promotes its sustainability. Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The increase of soil organic matter (SOM) content under no–till (NT) management of field crops can reduce the availability of copper (Cu) in the soil. A field experiment was conducted during two growing seasons (2014–2015 and 2015–2016) with the objective of determining optimum Cu rates and critical Cu levels in soybean-wheat intercropping in a NT management. We used a randomized block design consisting of five Cu rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kg ha–1) applied before the first soybean crop. Both soybean and wheat showed a significant yield response to Cu, and the estimated value for maximum yield (EVMY) was 4.4 and 4.2 kg ha–1 Cu application for soybean and wheat, respectively. Wheat required available Cu levels of 15.5 (DTPA–TEA extractant) and 20.5 mg kg−1 (Mehlich 1 extractant) in the soil for maximum yield, whereas for soybean maximum yields were obtained with 7.7 and 14.1 mg kg–1, respectively, for the two extractants. For soybean, number of pods per plant (NPP) and Fe concentration in the grain were influenced by Cu rate, whereas in wheat Cu rate only affected plant height. Cu rates also had a positive effect on photosynthetic rate (A), intercellular CO2 level, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content of soybean, and A and chlorophyll content in wheat. The results suggest the need to increase the amount of Cu applied to the soil in soybean-wheat intercropping in a NT management.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-06-27 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The Oxisols is predominant in 54% of Brazilian territories and characterized by high weathering, relatively low chemical properties, and adequate structure. This study aimed to analyze the Oxisols through an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the purpose of estimating its recovery in function to soil chemical and physical attributes. The chemical attributes considered were: pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V%), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg2+), and potassium (K+) and for the physical attributes, bulk density, soil porosity and soil resistance to penetration. The ANN used in this study is the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), composed of three layers, input, intermediate and the output and with backpropagation training algorithm (supervised training). The intermediate layer is composed by 10 neurons and the layer of exit by 1 neuron, which has a function of informing the levels of chemical recovery (high, medium and low chemical attributes of the soil) and soil physics (recovered, partially recovered or not recovered). From the results obtained by ANN showed that the network reached an adequate training, with low mean square error (MSE). Therefore, ANN is a powerful and automatic alternative for the recovery estimation of degraded soils. Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Sci & Engn, Tupa, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Agr & Technol Sci, Dracena, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Dept Soil Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Sci & Engn, Tupa, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Agr & Technol Sci, Dracena, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 309380/2017-0

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T22:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-18 The dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has significant economic importance in Brazil and is one of the most important sources of income, especially for small producers. This study aimed to evaluate the response of dry bean to different nitrogen (N) sources, using a completely randomized design, with five replicates. Treatments comprised five N sources [ammonium sulfate [(NH4)(2)SO4], calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)(2)], potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and urea] applied at 300 mg kg(-1) N plus three additional treatments (inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, inoculation with R. tropici plus Azospirillum brasiliensis, and the control without N and inoculation). The yield components [grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), number of pods per pot (NPP), number of grains per pot (NGPt), pod weight (PW), and number of grains per pod (NGP)], and physiological components [water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic rate (A), and stomatal conductance (g(s))] were evaluated. Inoculation with R. tropici and R. tropici plus A. brasiliensis did not induce significant effects on yield components when compared to those of the control. (NH4)(2)SO4 did not change the performance of most quantified yield components, whereas NH4NO3 showed increases in GY, SDWY, NPP, NGP, and PW as well as in WUE. KNO3 and Ca(NO3)(2) resulted in increased performance of GY, SDWY, NPP, A, and g(s) compared to that in the control treatment and the isolated inoculant and its combination with A. brasiliensis. The amide source via urea showed the greatest increase in GY, with 56.5% more than that in the control. Londrina State Univ UEL, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Dept Mineral Plant Nutr, Rodovia Carlos Joao Str S-N, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Pitagoras Unopar, Dept Microbiol, Arapongas, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Forage, Aracatuba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Forage, Aracatuba, Brazil

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) has economic importance in tropical and/or subtropical regions, because of the high sucrose content for cost-effective sugar and ethanol production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of vegetative waste on crop yield and industrial quality of the sugarcane. The experiment was carried out in a Kaolinitic Typic Eutrorthox, loamy texture, using the following six treatments: no fire, but leaving 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha−1 of straw mulch without trash incorporation, and sugarcane with burning and manual cutting before the harvesting, with four replicates. We evaluated total stalk yield (TSY) and industrial quality based on the apparent sucrose contents in the stalks (Pol), fibers, apparent purity (AP), reducing sugar (RS), and total recoverable sugar (TRS). The TSY after harvest, industrial quality at 180 and 240 days after harvest (DAH) and at the pre-harvest (350 days DAH) were also evaluated. The vegetative wastes had no influence in industrial q...

The aim of this experiment was to test on-farm growing after composting the mixture of following legume plants Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna aterrima with the grass Sorghum bicolor. The ...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) has the largest acreage in Brazil where nutrients are provided to crops by formulated fertilizers, which is the most usual method. Under tropical and subtropical conditions, most of the nutrients required by soybean crops are phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), while sulfur (S) is applied in smaller amounts. The P, K, and S interactions under greenhouse conditions using completely randomized blocks in a factorial 3 x 3 x 3 arrangement were evaluated. The treatments were as follows: three P rates (0, 75, and 150 mg P kg(-1)); three K rates (0, 150, and 300 mg K kg(-1)); and three S rates (0, 50, and 100 mg S kg(-1)). The P, K, and S application had a significant influence on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and number of pods per pot (NPP) in contrast with the increase in grain yield (GY) that had positive relationship with K and S rates. These results indicated that both nutrients were the most limiting to GY. In soil and leaves, only the P, K, and S concentrations were modified by the treatments (P, K, and S), but in the grains there was synergism of P rates with Mg concentration unlike K rates with Ca concentration. Physiological components as photosynthetic rate, intrinsic efficiency of water use, and chlorophyll had influence from P and K rates. Brazilian Agr Res Corp EMBRAPA, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Londrina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil Univ Estadual Londrina, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Expansion of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivated in Brazil to regions with low fertility soils gave rise to studies on the possibility of obtaining highly productive cultivars with high nutrient use efficiency. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to assess phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by 13 soybean genotypes. The genotypes were grown in an Ustoxix Quartzipsamment with two P rates [0 (no P application) and 150 mg P kg(-1)], whose source was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P2O5 44%). Shoot dry weight (SDW), grain yield (GY), grain harvest index (GHI), relative yield (RY), and physiological components (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiratory rate, and internal CO2 concentration) were influenced by soybean genotypes and P rates. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BRS 360RR, BRS 378RR, CD 219RR, DM 2302RR, TMG 7161RR, and Vtop RR were classified as non-efficient and non-responsive to P application, while BMX Potencia RR, Vmax RR, FPS Solar RR, NA 5909RR, TMG 1066RR, and M 6210 IPRO were classified as efficient and responsive. Phosphorus application increased the values of physiological components, which was not observed for N, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and grains. Soybean genotypes selection for increased P efficiency could help growers overcome the problem of soybean cultivation on new areas or degraded pastures. EMBRAPA, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Dept Plant Nutr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-16 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) inoculation in Zuri guinea grass [Megathyrsus (syn. Panicum) maximus] on shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) yield, morphological compositions, number of tillers, and nutrients concentrations in SDW. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions in a randomized block design consisting of eight treatments with five replicates. The inoculation with the Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 strains of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens or co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Ab-V6, with nitrogen (N) fertilization, as well as re-inoculations of the plants after cuttings were taken were evaluated. The plant growth-promoting bacteria and N fertilization promoted increases in SDW and RDW yield, tillers dry weight, relative chlorophyll index (RCI) and nutrients uptake in shoots of Zuri guinea grass. There were effects of re-inoculation the PGPB by P. fluorescens in shoots, N, magnesium (Mg) and boron (B) concentration in SDW. Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Soil Science Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-11 Several efforts have been made in recent years to mitigate the different environmental impacts related to agricultural activities. Rock dust technology is an important soil remineralization mechanism for sustainable tropical agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dunite rates on magnesium (Mg), silicium (Si), reducing sugars, sucrose and foliar starch, soil chemical attributes and corn yield [Zea mays L.] in two soil types. The treatments consisted of five dunite rates (0, 42, 208, 542, and 1542 mg kg−1) in a clayey soil and five dunite rates (0, 150, 238, 411, and 933 mg kg−1) in a sandy soil. In both crops and soils, the content of Mg, Si, leaf reducing sugars, pH, Mg and Si of the soil and productivity components presented a positive response as a function of an increase in the input dose. However, the higher Mg nutrition resulted in lower levels of sucrose and foliar starch. The better plant partitioning of metabolites led to better development, filling and yield of corn grains. Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Soil Science Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-08-06 Brazil is an importer of fertilizers and the use of alternative sources is increasing in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dunite rates on magnesium (Mg), silicium (Si), reducing sugars, sucrose and foliar starch, soil chemical attributes and soybean yield [Glycine max (L.) Merril] in two soil types. The treatments consisted in the five Dunite rates (0, 42, 208, 542, and 1542 mg kg−1) in a clayey soil, and five Dunite rates (0, 150, 238, 411, and 933 mg kg−1) in a sandy soil. In both crops and soils, the Mg and Si contents, reducing sugars and foliar glucose, as well as pH, Mg and Si of the soil, and yield components showed a positive response due to the increase of input rates. The Mg nutrition provides lower foliar starch levels, consequently, the best partition of metabolites to plant leads to better development, filling and yield of soybeans. Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Soil Science Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The aim of this study was to identify the cutting time for winter cover crops used as green manure in no-tillage systems that results in the highest dry weight yield (DWY) and nutrient accumulation. We tested Avena strigosa, Secale cereale, Vicia sativa, Raphanus sativus, and Lupinus albus, in five management times, determining the fresh weight yield (FWY), DWY, and the chemical composition of the shoot tissue. The highest FWY was obtained using R. sativus and L. albus. At 145 days after sowing; these species also had the highest DWYs, over 15 t ha−1. L. albus and S. cereale had the highest carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio (60:1). The nutrient content of most crops decreased over time. However, the accumulation of nutrients increased over time, especially for R. sativus. L. albus had the highest level and manganese (Mn) accumulation, while the zinc (Zn) and cooper (Cu) accumulation was highest in A. strigosa, and that of boron (B) was highest in S. cereale. Thus, R. sativus provided the best soil co...

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of strains of Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium tropici on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) yield, N uptake and nutritive value of ‘Mavuno’ grass inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria. We evaluated the effects of inoculation with the Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 strains of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens or co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Ab-V6, with and without nitrogen (N) application, as well as re-inoculations. The growth promoting bacteria + N promoted increases in SDW and RDW yield, tillers dry weight, relative chlorophyll index and N uptake. There were no effects of re-inoculation by Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium tropici on nutrition, nutritive value and SDW and RDW yield, demonstrating that this technique still needs further studies with ‘Mavuno’ grass in the form and the correct period to be performed. Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Departament of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The use of cultivar with nutrient-use efficiency is an important strategy in the management of plant nutritional status, particularly potassium (K), because its high demand and the progressive impoverishment caused by the use of inadequate amounts cause frequent deficiency symptoms observed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops. This study was conducted in greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with four replicates in an Typic Quartzipsamment soil aimed to assess the effect of applying two rates of K (50 and 200 mg kg−1) on growth, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) and seed yield (SY), nutritional status, yield components, and efficiency of K use in eleven cultivars of different characteristics and growth habits. The SDWY, SY, number of seeds per pod, number of pods, and estimated 100-seed weight showed significant interaction between cultivar and the K rates, with greater values at the rate 200 mg K kg−1. Similarly, the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, calcium (Ca), ma...

Modern agricultural techniques have been increasing the yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) while also causing increasing removal of sulfur (S) from the soil. Besides this, the use of concentrated fertilizers with this element and inadequate soil management, with consequent formation of organic matter with low S concentrations, has been causing frequent symptoms of deficiency in the plants. To assess the effect of S on soybean yield and to establish critical levels of sulfur sulfate (S-SO42-) available in the soil, two experiments were conducted over a 2-year period in the Parana State, Brazil, in fields containing Typic Haplorthox and Typic Eutrorthox soils, located in the Ponta Grossa and Londrina Counties, respectively. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five S rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha−1) and four replicates. The source used was elementary S with 98 percent purity. The maximum estimated yields on average for the 2 years were obtained with application of 49.9 and 63.0 kg...

Most tropical soils have high acidity and low natural fertility. The appropriate application of lime and cattle manure corrects acidity, improves physical and biological properties, increases soil fertility, and reduces the use of chemical and/or synthetic fertilizers by crops, such as soybean, the main agricultural export product of Brazil. This study aimed to assess the effects of the combination of the application of dolomite limestone (0, 5, and 10 Mg ha−1) and cattle manure (0, 40, and 80 Mg ha−1) on grain yield and the chemical properties of an Oxisol (Red Latosol) cultivated with soybean for two consecutive years. The maximum grain yield was obtained with the application of 10 Mg ha−1 of lime and 80 Mg ha−1 of cattle manure. Liming significantly increased pH index, the concentrations of calcium (Ca2+) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg2+), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and reduced potential acidity (H+ + Al3+), while the application of cattle manure increased pH level; the concentrations o...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T07:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Sao Paulo State University (UNESP - Pro-Reitoria Research, PROPe-CDC) The management of nitrogen (N) fertilization in pasture has great importance for yield and maintenance of Brazilian livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil chemical attributes, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) and roots dry weight yield (RDWY), nutritional status and nutritive value of Mulato II Urochloa grass that received organic biofertilizer rates as N source. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized blocks, were fertilized with six organic biofertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 m(3) ha(-1)) and five replicates during four harvest cycles. There was a quadratic response in the accumulated SDWY for up to a rate of 400 m(3) ha(-1) and RDWY with 330 m(3) ha(-1) of organic biofertilizer. The organic biofertilizer influenced the soil chemical attributes and foliar nutrient concentration. However, only the crude protein content presented a quadratic response, and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber levels were not affected by the influence of organic biofertilizer applied to the soil. Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Vet Med, Aracatuba, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Technol & Agr Sci, Dracena, SP, Brazil Univ Florida, Dept Forage, Ona, FL USA Embrapa Soja, Dept Soil Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Vet Med, Aracatuba, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Technol & Agr Sci, Dracena, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State University (UNESP - Pro-Reitoria Research, PROPe-CDC): 0215/010/14

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is very common in annual crops grown on Brazilian Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate Zn-use efficiency of 20 upland rice genotypes. The Zn levels used were 0 mg kg−1 (natural level of the soil) and 20 mg kg−1 of soil applied with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Zinc × genotype interactions were significant for grain yield, panicle number, panicle length, root dry weight, and specific root length, indicating different responses of genotypes with the variation of Zn levels and that selection for Zn-use efficiency is necessary at low as well as at high Zn rates. Based on Zn-use efficiency index, 11 genotypes were classified as efficient and nine were classified as moderately efficient. The most Zn-efficient genotypes were BRA 01596, BRA 042156, BRA 052053, BRA Primavera, and BRA 01506. The most inefficient genotypes in Zn-use efficiency were BRA 042094, BRA 052045, BRA 052034, and BRA 052023. Grain yield and most of the yield attributing characteristics have significant Zn ...

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg−1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced b...

Soybean is one of the most important legume crops in the world. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of liming and gypsum application on yield and yield components of soybean and changes in soil chemical properties of an Oxisol. Lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg−1 soil. Gypsum rates applied were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg−1 soil. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased grain yield in a quadratic fashion. Maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 1.57 g lime per kg soil, whereas the gypsum requirement for maximum grain yield was 1.43 g per kg of soil. Lime significantly improved soil pH, exchangeable soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents, base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). However, lime application significantly decreased total acidity [hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al)], zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) contents of the soil. The decrease in these soil properties was associated with incre...

During the past several decades, extensive areas of the humid tropical Amazon have been cleared for the introduction of pasture or subsistence farming and later abandoned after a few years of use. An option for recovering these areas is the planting of rubber trees because it is a native tree that could restore conditions similar to those existing before the clearing. In addition, the high economic value of natural rubber is a source of income for small producers. In soil management under the Amazon conditions, low phosphorus (P) has been the most limiting factor. Under natural conditions, P is provided to the plants almost exclusively by organic matter mineralization. The aim of this study was to evaluate a chronosequence of reforestation with rubber trees planted at different times in cleared areas, with primary forest as a reference. The amounts of litter and P content in the plant, in the litter, and in soil, as well as biological indicators (acid and alkaline phosphatase and P microbial biomass) associated with the P cycle in a Xanthic Ferralsol (Oxisol), in the Central Amazon were assessed. Rubber tree growth resulted in changes in total organic carbon, with an increase of 104.6% in the 45-year-old rubber trees compared with the 6-year-old rubber tree plantation. This was also observed for acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, which were close to those of the primary forest. The formation of litter and the P content of the microbial biomass in soil were higher in rubber areas. The P immobilized into microbial biomass was the main reserve to meet the plantʼs nutritional demand for phosphorus. The content of P available in the soil, regardless of the extractants (Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and Bray 1) and the age of vegetation cover were below the levels indicated as appropriate.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 EMBRAPA(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria) Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is the leading food crop worldwide, and selection of soybean genotypes for different levels of soil acidity may raise crop yield without the need to increase in planted area. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to determine the effects of two lime rates on soil chemical properties, grain yield (GY), yield components, nutritional status and physiological components of 15 soybean genotypes adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BMX Potencia RR, BRS 295RR, BRS 359RR, FPS Solar IPRO and TMG 716 IRR were the least responsive to soil acidity reduction, and BMX Turbo RR and BRS 360RR were the most responsive. Number of pods per pot, shoot dry weight yield, GY, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll increased significantly with increase in lime rate. Cultivar FPS Solar IPRO showed the highest foliar P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in soybean, which was not observed in the grain, indicating the presence of genetic factors and the dilution effect on nutrient uptake. EMBRAPA, Dept Soil Sci & Mineral Plant Nutr, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Londrina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soils & Environm Resources, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soils & Environm Resources, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Dry bean is an important legume for human consumption in South America. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate uptake and use efficiency of macro- and micronutrients by six dry bean genotypes at two P levels (25 and 200 mg kg−1 soil). Shoot dry weight and grain yield varied significantly among genotypes and significantly increased with increasing phosphorus (P) levels. Grain harvest index (GHI) and 100-grain weight also differ significantly among genotypes and significantly increased with the increasing P levels. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified as efficient and inefficient. The most efficient genotype was CNFP 10104, and inefficient genotypes were CNFP 10103 and CNFP 10120. Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod increased significantly with the addition of 200 mg P kg−1 of soil compared to the low level of P (25 mg P kg−1). Similarly, nitrogen (N), P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concen...

Most studies in the literature regarding the uptake of micronutrients [zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and boron (B) accumulation] by sunflower are old. For this reason, this work is aimed to establish curves of sunflower micronutrient accumulation in tropical edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiment was conducted in field on Rhodic Eutrudox, located at the experimental farm of Embrapa Soja in Londrina-PR, using the commercial hybrid BRS 191. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates. The experimental units consisted of 14 lines with a spacing of 0.70 meter between lines and 25.0 meters in length, with final density of 42,858 plants per hectare. Plants samples were collected every 14 days after emergence. After each collection, plants were divided into petiole, leaf, stem, capitulum and achenes. They were dried until reaching constant weight. Then, dry matter was weighed and the concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and B were determined in the vegetal tissue. Micronutrient uptake occurred faster in the phase initiated 42 days after emergence (DAE). Iron was the most absorbed micronutrient, accumulating higher amounts in the achenes as well as in relation to the total absorbed. Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Cu concentrations were 38.06, 19.68, 9.20, 8,62 and 4.27 mg plant-1, respectively. Index terms: Helianthus annuus, nutrient uptake rate, micronutrients, mineral nutrition. RESUMO: Curva de absorção de micronutrientes na cultura do girassol. Devido ao fato de a maioria dos trabalhos encontrados na literatura a respeito do acúmulo dos micronutrientes [zinco (Zn), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cobre (Cu) e boro (B)] no girassol serem antigos, objetiva-se, com este trabalho estabelecer curvas de acúmulo de micronutrientes em um híbrido de girassol na condição edafoclimática dos trópicos. O experimento foi instalado no campo sobre Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa, localizado na fazenda experimental da Embrapa Soja, em Londrina-PR, utilizando o híbrido comercial BRS 191. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de 14 linhas, com espaçamento de 0,70 m entre linhas e 25 m de comprimento, com densidade final de 42.858 plantas ha-1. As amostras das plantas foram coletadas em intervalos de 14 dias após a emergência. Após cada coleta, dividiram-se as plantas em pecíolo, folha, caule, capítulo e aquênios, sendo que as mesmas foram secas até peso constante, quando foram tomados os pesos da matéria seca e determinados os teores de Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu e B no tecido vegetal. A absorção de micronutrientes ocorreu em maior velocidade a partir dos 42 dias após a emergência (DAE). O Fe foi o micronutriente mais absorvido, acumulando maior quantidade tanto nos aquênios como em relação ao total absorvido. O acúmulo total de Fe, Mn, Zn, B e Cu foram 38,06, 19,68, 9,20, 8,62 e 4,27 mg planta-1, respectivamente. Termos para indexação: Helianthus annuus, marcha de absorção, micronutrientes, nutrição mineral.

Alfalfa is an important forage crop with high nutritive value, although highly susceptible to soil acidity. Liming is one of the most efficient and prevailing practices to correct soil acidity and improve alfalfa yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate response to liming of alfalfa grown in a greenhouse on a Typic Quartzipsamment soil. The treatments consisted of four lime rates (0, 3.8, 6.6 and 10.3 Mg ha-1) and two cuts. Alfalfa dry matter increased quadratically with increasing lime rates. In general, dry matter yield was maximized by a lime rate of 8.0 Mg ha-1. Except for the control, the dry matter nutrient contents in the treatments were adequate. The positive linear correlation between root and nodule dry matter with lime rates indicated improvement of these plant traits with decreasing soil acidity. The soil acidity indices pH, base saturation, Ca2+ concentration, Mg2+ concentration, and H + Al were relevant factors in the assessment of alfalfa yield. The magnitude of influence of these soil acidity indices on yield as determined by the coefficient of determination (R²) varied and decreased in the order: base saturation, H + Al, pH, Ca and Mg concentrations. Optimum values of selected soil chemical properties were defined for maximum shoot dry matter; these values can serve as a guideline for alfalfa liming to improve the yield of this forage on acid soils. A alfafa é uma importante forrageira com alto valor nutritivo, porém é altamente suscetível à acidez do solo. A calagem é uma das mais eficientes práticas para corrigir esse problema e melhorar a produtividade da alfafa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta à calagem da alfafa cultivada em Neossolo Quartzarênico em casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de calcário (0; 3,8; 6,6 e 10,3 Mg ha-1) e duas épocas de corte. A produção de matéria seca foi significativamente aumentada com a adição de calcário, com o máximo rendimento estimado obtido com a adição de 8,0 Mg ha-1. Exceto na testemunha, o teor de nutrientes na matéria seca foi adequado. A matéria seca de raízes e de nódulos foi significativamente aumentada com a aplicação de calcário. Os índices de acidez do solo, como pH, saturação por bases, concentração de Ca2+ e de Mg2+ e H + Al, foram importantes na avaliação do rendimento da alfafa. Magnitudes de influência da acidez do solo desses índices no rendimento variaram, conforme determinado pelo coeficiente de determinação (R²) obedeceram a seguinte ordem decrescente: saturação por bases, H + Al, pH, concentração de Ca2+ e de Mg2+ . Os valores considerados ótimos das propriedades químicas do solo selecionados para obtenção da máxima produção estimada podem servir como referência e melhorar o rendimento de culturas forrageiras em solos ácidos.

Amazonas State is the largest state in Brazil and mainly covered by tropical forest. Because of the importance of the tropical forest in maintaining soil health and a clean environment, conservation of the Amazon forest is a national priority. However, sustainable agriculture development is necessary in the state for the welfare of the local population. Maintaining soil fertility at an adequate level is an important component of sustainable farming. Very little information is available about soil fertility of Amazonas State. The objective of the present study was to evaluate chemical soil properties of Amazonas State of Brazil. Results include chemical properties of 3,340 samples, covering 62 municipalities of the state collected at 0–20 cm deep during 30 years (1975–2005). Chemical properties [phosphorus (P), potassium (K) extracted with Mehlich 1, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al) extracted with potassium chloride (KCl) 1.0 mol L−1, potential acidity (H + Al) extracted with calcium acetate, an...

Apesar da importância econômica do guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana H.B.K. var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) em algumas regiões do Brasil, existem poucas informações sobre sua caracterização fenológica. Assim, realizou-se um estudo cujo objetivo foi de quantificar a produção de fitomassa e sua distribuição, em uma população de guaranazeiros, originadas de propagação sexuada. Foram avaliadas cinco plantas adultas, que lançaram mais de 100 ramos por planta ano-1, dos quais apenas 50 % produziram frutos. As plantas lançaram entre 445 e 1294 inflorescências por ano, porém, de 67 % a 98 % produziram apenas um fruto. A produção de matéria seca total foi estimada em 15,8 kg por planta ao ano, o que corresponde 6350 kg ha ano-1. Nas plantas, o maior acúmulo de matéria seca apresentou a seguinte ordem: folhas>ramos>sementes>ráquis>casca dos frutos+arilo> pecíolos. The commerce of guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana H.B.K. var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) is economically important in some regions of Brazil. However, few studies are found about its phenological characteristics. The aim of this paper was to study the production and distribution of organic matter in adult plants of guarana. Five individuals, which had more than 100 branches per plant/year, were evaluated. One found out that only 50% of the branches had fruits. The guarana plants had between 445 and 1294 inflorescences but of these, 67% to 98% had only one fruit. The total organic matter was evaluated in 15.8 kg per plant year-1 which means around 6350 kg ha year-1. The organic matter storage in guarana plant had the following sequence: leaves>branches>seeds>rachis> fruit peel+aril> petiole.

Manganese (Mn) deficiency in upland rice grown after common bean or soybean, which received adequate rate of liming on highly weathered Oxisols, is observed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate Mn‐use efficiency of 10 promising upland rice genotypes. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 0 mg Mn kg−1 (natural soil Mn level) and 20 mg Mn kg−1 of soil applied as manganese sulfate. Grain yield, panicle number, and grain harvest index (GHI) were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by genotype. However, shoot dry weight was significantly affected by Mn as well as genotype treatments. Manganese uptake in the shoot as well as in the grain was also affected by genotype treatment. On the basis of Mn‐use efficiency (mg grain weight/mg Mn accumulated in shoot and grain), genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). Genotypes Carisma, CNA8540, and IR42 were classified as ER,...

Conduziu-se este trabalho, em condições de viveiro e de campo para avaliar o efeito do boro sobre o crescimento em altura e diâmetro e a sobrevivência de mudas de eucalipto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 2: cinco doses de boro (0, 0,325, 1,3, 5,2 e 20,8 mg L-1) na forma de octaborato e duas espécies de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis w. Hill ex Maiden e Eucalyptus saligna Sm), com cinco repetições. Pelos resultados, verifica-se que as mudas cultivadas com 5,2 e 20,8 mg L-1 de B apresentam redução significativa no crescimento em altura e no diâmetro do caule. Nas condições de campo, a aplicação de até 20,8 mg L-1 não afeta a sobrevivência das mudas das duas espécies de eucalipto. Observou que, nas condições de viveiro, o E. saligna é mais sensível à fitotoxidez de boro do que o E. grandis. The objective this work carried out under nursery and field conditions was determine the development and survival by eucalypts seedlings under boron rates. The randomized blocks experimental design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme was used: five rates of boron (0, 0.325, 1.3, 5.2 and 20.8 mg L-1) and two species (Eucalyptus grandis w. Hill ex Maiden and Eucalyptus saligna Sm), with five replicates. The results showed that in two conditions, the eucalypts seedlings grown with 5.2 and 20.8 mg L-1 of boron had significative reduction in diameter and height. The application at 20.8 mg L-1 of boron did not affect the two eucalypts species survival in the field. The Eucalyptus saligna was more sensible than Eucalyptus grandis to boron rates under nursery conditions.

Dois experimentos conduzidos em solução nutritiva tiveram como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de doses de boro e de manganês no crescimento e na composição mineral de folhas de mudas de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.). No experimento com boro, foram testadas sete doses (0, 0,125, 0,25, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 3,0 mg L-1). Pelos resultados, verificou-se que a necrose marginal e as manchas circulares púrpuras e esparsas no limbo foliar foram os principais sintomas de toxidez apresentados, sendo esses associados com a dose máxima e com um teor foliar de 146 mg kg-1. Análises de tecidos foliares sem e com necroses mostraram teores de 92 e 720 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Somente a produção de matéria seca de raízes e o teor foliar de fósforo e enxofre foram afetados significativamente pelas doses de B. Para o manganês, foram usadas sete doses (0, 0,5, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 mg L-1). A produção de matéria seca total e os teores foliares de Ca, Mg e Fe foram afetados pelas doses de Mn. Os sintomas foliares de toxidez evidenciaram-se em salpicos adensados de minúsculas pontuações escuras nas folhas velhas; folhas novas de dimensões menores, cloróticas e com reticulado verde das nervuras; formação de pontuações circulares castanhas espalhadas ou fundidas ao longo ou entre as nervuras.

The present contribution discusses the soil P status of central Amazonian upland soils, the effects of tree crops on soil P availability and the factors controlling soil P cycling in land use systems with tree crops. Soil fertility management has to target the prevalent P deficiency by adequate P fertilization, especially in southern and northern municipalities of central Amazonia where the largest areas with severe P deficiency are found. P fixation to clay minerals is not a major obstacle for P management in the highly weathered upland soils of the central Amazon due to their low Al- and Fe-oxide contents. Low total soil P amounts are mainly responsible for low P availability. Tree crops are found to be especially suitable for land use under low-P-input conditions. Their large P return to soil by litterfall and pruning improves soil P availability. Additionally, litter quality affects P release and soil P availability. Both aspects, quantity and quality effects, are strongly dependent on tree species. Phosphorus sorption does not seem to be reduced by different litter types confirming earlier results that P fixation is not a major problem in central Amazonian upland soils. In conclusion, biological approaches are more important than physical approaches to improve soil P availability in central Amazonian Oxisols. With large P cycling through soil microbial biomass and between plant and soil, a higher availability of added P can be maintained and P applications only need to replenish P exports by harvest. Low P additions will improve productivity also for long-term uptake by trees. This is of high importance in regions with poor infrastructure and the lack of financial resources.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de seis extratores de B e o efeito de doses sobre os teores de B e produção de matéria seca da soja cultivada em condições de casa de vegetação com LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico coletados em Mauá da Serra e Londrina (PR) e NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO Órtico de Alto Garças (MT). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constituído por seis doses de B (0, 0,25, 0,5, 1, 2 e 4 kg ha-1), com três repetições. O B disponível foi determinado por seis soluções extratoras: Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, água quente, HCl 0,05 mol L-1, Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0,01 mol L-1 e KCl 1,0 mol L-1. Nas condições estudadas, os resultados mostraram que o B extraído por água quente acarretou as melhores correlações com a produção de matéria seca e conteúdo de B na planta, enquanto o extrator KCl 1,0 mol L-1 foi o mais eficiente na determinação do teor de B no tecido vegetal. Altas concentrações de B diminuíram a eficiência do extrator água quente em determinar o B disponível do solo. As maiores correlações foram obtidas entre os extratores Mehlich 1 e Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0,01 mol L-1, KCl 1,0 mol L-1 e HCl 0,05 mol L-1, KCl 1,0 mol L-1 e Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0,01 mol L-1 e água quente e Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0,01 mol L-1. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of six extractants and the effect of boron concentration and dry matter yield, cultivated in greenhouse conditions with two Rhodic Hapludox in Mauá da Serra and Londrina, in the State of Paraná, and one Ustoxix Quatzipsamment in Alto Garças, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six boron rates (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1), and three replicates. The available boron was determined with six extractant solutions: Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, hot water, HCl 0.05 mol L-1, Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0.01 mol L-1 and KCl 1.0 mol L-1. The results showed that the B extracted by hot water had the best correlation with the dry matter yield and B content in the plant, whereas the KCl 1.0 mol L-1 was the most efficient in the determination of B level in dry matter. High concentrations of B diminished the efficiency of the hot water extractant in determining the B available in soil. The highest correlations were obtained between the extractant Mehlich 1 and Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0.01 mol L-1, KCl 1.0 mol L-1 and HCl 0.05 mol L-1, KCl 1.0 mol L-1 and Ca(H2PO4 )2.H2O 0.01 mol L-1, and hot water and Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 0.01 mol L-1.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:46:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832008000300024.pdf: 1672826 bytes, checksum: 1125d2a650e5b38dd9c97aa39efcc3f3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832008000300024.pdf: 1672826 bytes, checksum: 1125d2a650e5b38dd9c97aa39efcc3f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-06832008000300024.pdf: 1672826 bytes, checksum: 1125d2a650e5b38dd9c97aa39efcc3f3 (MD5) S0100-06832008000300024.pdf.txt: 24507 bytes, checksum: 4991866886bab2eff8ca23d25f52b470 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:09:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-06832008000300024.pdf: 1672826 bytes, checksum: 1125d2a650e5b38dd9c97aa39efcc3f3 (MD5) S0100-06832008000300024.pdf.txt: 24507 bytes, checksum: 4991866886bab2eff8ca23d25f52b470 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-06832008000300024.pdf: 1672826 bytes, checksum: 1125d2a650e5b38dd9c97aa39efcc3f3 (MD5) S0100-06832008000300024.pdf.txt: 24507 bytes, checksum: 4991866886bab2eff8ca23d25f52b470 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) constitui a base alimentar da população brasileira. Muitos fatores determinam a baixa produtividade do feijoeiro, desde problemas políticos até fatores técnicos, dentre eles a adubação e nutrição. O objetivo foi avaliar os atributos químicos do solo e produção do feijoeiro (cv. Pérola) de acordo com a aplicação de calagem e Mn. O experimento foi realizado em vasos com Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico típico fase cerrado, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, envolvendo duas doses de uma mistura de CaCO3 e MgCO3, na relação molar 3:1 (de calcário, calculadas) para elevar a saturação por base para 50 % e para 70 % e seis doses de Mn (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg dm-3). Na análise dos resultados, verificou-se decréscimo no teor foliar de Mn de acordo com o aumento da saturação por base, não sendo observado o mesmo efeito no solo após o cultivo. O teor de Mn no solo para produção máxima de grãos mostrou-se semelhante para saturação por base de 50 e 70 %; no entanto, a dose do micronutriente aplicada para essa produção foi de 28 mg dm-3 e 57 mg dm-3, respectivamente. Common bean is one of the most important staples in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the common bean cv. Pérola yield and changes in soil chemical attributes as influenced by liming and manganese rates. The experiment was carried out in pots containing dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol (Oxisol). Treatments consisted of a 2 x 6 factorial combination of two limestone (CO3 and MgCO3 in a 3:1 molar ratio) rates, calculated to increase base saturation to 50 and 70 %, respectively, and six Mn rates (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg kg-1), using MnSO4.H2O as source. There were three repetitions. Results showed that a higher base saturation reduced leaf Mn concentration, but soil Mn concentration after harvest was not altered. The soil Mn concentration sufficient to reach the maximum grain yield was similar for both 50 and 70 % base saturation, but the doses to reach such critical soil concentration were 28 and 57 mg dm-3, respectively. Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus Experimental de Dracena Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Pecuária Sudeste Universidade de São Paulo Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus Experimental de Dracena

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do ensacamento de cachos sobre a produção e qualidade dos frutos de quatro cultivares de bananeira [Thap Maeo (AAB), FHIA 18 (AAAB), Nanicão 2001 (AAA) e Prata Zulu (AAB)]. Empregou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo os fatores: quatro cultivares e dois modos de condução (cachos ensacados e cachos não ensacados), com quatro repetições. O ensacamento foi efetuado com sacos de polietileno impregnados com inseticida organofosforado. As variáveis avaliadas foram: peso do cacho, comprimento do cacho, número de pencas, peso da segunda penca, número de frutos por penca, comprimento do fruto, espessura da casca e diâmetro da polpa. Nas condições edafoclimáticas locais, a proteção dos cachos com saco de polietileno diminuiu a produção e o diâmetro da polpa da cultivar Prata Zulu. Na cultivar Nanicão 2001, a prática do ensacamento de cachos propiciou maior comprimento dos frutos. O número de pencas, peso da segunda penca, espessura da casca, número de frutos por penca e comprimento do cacho não foram afetados pela prática do ensacamento, havendo diferenças somente entre as cultivares. O intervalo entre a inflorescência e a colheita apresentou correlação significativa somente com a produção dos cachos ensacados. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of bunch protection on yield, ripening period and fruit quality of four banana cultivars [Thap Maeo (AAB), FHIA 18 (AAAB), Nanicão 2001 (AAA) and Prata Zulu (AAB)]. A randomized experimental design was employed in a 4x2 factorial comprising the four cultivars and two procedures (bagged and not bagged bunches), with four replicates. Bunches were conditioned in bags impregnated with organophosphorated insecticide. Variables analyzed were bunch weight, number of bands per bunch, bunch size, band weight, number of fruits per band, fruit length, pulp diameter, and fruit rind thickness. In local edaphoclimatic conditions, results showed that bag enclosure reduce bunch yield and pulp diameter on Prata Zulu cultivar. Protection of bunches on Nanicão 2001 increased fruit length. Number of bands per bunch, band weight, fruit thickness, number of fruits per band, and bunch size were not influenced by bag enclosure, and differences were detected only among cultivars. Time elapsed between emergence of inflorescence and fruit harvest showed significative correlation with bagged bunch yield only.

A utilização de sementes na propagação do guaranazeiro propicia alta variabilidade na produtividade e suscetibilidade a doenças, por isto, no Amazonas, recomenda-se a propagação do guaranazeiro por meio do enraizamento de estacas herbáceas de materiais selecionados. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o enraizamento, em tubetes, de estacas herbáceas de doze clones de guaranazeiro submetidas a três diferentes substratos. Os clones avaliados foram o BRS 300, BRS 871, BRS 372, BRS 648, BRS 189, BRS 505, BRS 610, BRS 612, BRS 850, BRS 882, BRS 608, BRS 611. Os substratos testados foram uma mistura com base em volume de 50 % de solo + 50 % de esterco de galinha (v/v); 50 % de esterco de galinha + 50 % de carvão moído passado em peneira de 10 mm (v/v) e substrato comercial para hortaliças (Plantmax®). O substrato comercial e o esterco de galinha + carvão proporcionaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento das estacas. O clone BRS Amazonas obteve o maior percentual de enraizamento (88,2 %), enquanto o clone BRS 372, o menor (15 %). The propagation of the guarana plants using seeds is nowadays not recommended because the high variability in the productivity and susceptibility to diseases. The cuttings propagation of a select guarana plant clones is recommended for Amazonas State. The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival rate of cuttings of twelve clones of guaraná in three substrates with three replicates. The evaluated clones were: BRS 300, BRS 871, BRS 372, BRS 648, BRS 189, BRS 505, BRS 610, BRS 612, BRS 850, BRS 882, BRS 608, BRS 611. The growing media tested were 50% of soil + 50% of chicken manure (v/v); 50% chicken manure + 50% sieved powdered charcoal (v/v) and a comercial growing media for vegetables (Plantmax®). The comercial growing media and the misture of chicken manure + sieved powdered charcoal substrate produced the higher cuttings survival rate. The clone BRS Amazonas showed the highest percentage of survival (88.2%) and clone BRS 372 the lowest (15%).

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se estudar sob condições de casa-de-vegetação, o efeito da interação doses boro e estresse hídrico na produção de matéria seca total, produção de aquênios e conteúdo de óleo em girassol cultivado em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico de textura média. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Foram estudadas quatro doses de B: 0, 0,25, 0,5 e 2,0 mg kg-1, aplicado na forma de ácido bórico e quatro fases de controle de umidade: sem estresse hídrico durante o ciclo, com estresse hídrico durante o ciclo, estresse hídrico a partir do florescimento e estresse hídrico a partir do enchimento de aquênios. Os resultados mostraram que, independentemente da fase de aplicação ou não de estresse hídrico, a dose 0,5 mg dm-3 de B acarretou na maior produção de matéria seca total, produção de aquênios e rendimento de óleo por capítulo. A aplicação de estresse hídrico a partir do início do florescimento ou no enchimento de aqûenios acarreta em menor produção de matéria seca total, de aquênios e de óleo. The objective of this work was to study under greenhouse conditions, the effect of the interaction between boron rates and phases of water stress on total dry matter production, achene production, oil content and development of sunflower tillage in dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol of medium texture. The experimental design consisted of casual blocks, using factorial scheme 4x4, with four replicates. The treatments studied were: Four boron rates: 0, 0,25, 0,5 e 2,0 mg kg-1, applied through the boric acid form, and four period of soil water content: without water stress for the whole cycle, with water stress during the whole cycle, with stress after beginning of flowering and with water stress after beginning of grain filling. The results showed that independently of the presence or not of water stress, the 0,5 mg dm-3 of B was the best rate which presented the highest total dry matter production, achenes production and oil production. The absent water in soil after beginning of flowering and beginning of achenes filling resulted in small production of total dry matter, of achenes and of oil.

Realizou-se com este trabalho com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da relação Ca e Mg na fertilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro distrófico, fase cerrado, cultivado com alfafa (Medicago sativa L.). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco relações Ca:Mg: 1:0; 1:1; 2:1; 3:1 e 4:1 (3,9 t ha-1) e mais um tratamento adicional com a mesma relação 3:1, porém, com o dobro da quantidade aplicada (7,8 t ha-1). As quatro coletas de solo realizadas durante a condução do experimento consistiram nas subparcelas. Os resultados mostraram que com o aumento da relação K/(Ca+Mg) ocorre diminuição do teor de Ca e Mg na matéria seca da parte aérea e da quantidade Ca e Mg trocável, que as saturações de K, Ca e Mg estão diretamente relacionadas com a produção de matéria seca total e o aumento da relação K/(Ca+Mg) diminui o índice de pH e aumenta a acidez potencial do solo. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of the calcium and magnesium ratio in the fertility of a dystrophic Dark Red Latosol (Oxisol), phase savanna, cultivated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The used experimental design was a randomized split-plot with four replicates. The treatments consisted of five Ca:Mg ratios 1:0; 1:1; 2:1; 3:1 and 4:1 at a recommended dosage of 3.9 t ha-1 and an additional treatment with the same ratio of 3:1, however with the double of the applied amount (7.8 t ha-1). Four soil samples were collected during the experiment consisting in the subtreatments. The results showed that with an increase of the relationship K/(Ca+Mg) a reduction of the Ca and Mg content of the aerial dry matter and of the exchangeable Ca and Mg content happens. The saturations of K, Ca and Mg are directly related with the total dry matter production and the increase of the relationship K/(Ca+Mg) reduces the pH index and increases the potential acidity of the soil.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:45:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832005000100008.pdf: 56166 bytes, checksum: aa851e23f333e86106720c74a89e5b6d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:45:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832005000100008.pdf: 56166 bytes, checksum: aa851e23f333e86106720c74a89e5b6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-06832005000100008.pdf: 56166 bytes, checksum: aa851e23f333e86106720c74a89e5b6d (MD5) S0100-06832005000100008.pdf.txt: 36571 bytes, checksum: c3d587370c1ec8e9912f402f75d9fd6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:09:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-06832005000100008.pdf: 56166 bytes, checksum: aa851e23f333e86106720c74a89e5b6d (MD5) S0100-06832005000100008.pdf.txt: 36571 bytes, checksum: c3d587370c1ec8e9912f402f75d9fd6f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-06832005000100008.pdf: 56166 bytes, checksum: aa851e23f333e86106720c74a89e5b6d (MD5) S0100-06832005000100008.pdf.txt: 36571 bytes, checksum: c3d587370c1ec8e9912f402f75d9fd6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-01 A adubação verde é uma das formas de aporte de matéria orgânica ao solo. O sistema de cultivo consorciado de culturas pode ser uma alternativa para aumentar a reciclagem de nutrientes e melhorar a produtividade. Para avaliar o sistema consorciado de adubos verdes com o milho, foram estudadas as características químicas do solo, a produção de matéria seca, a composição mineral de adubos verdes e o rendimento de grãos de milho, num experimento realizado em campo, entre 1995 e 1997, em solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O milho foi semeado no espaçamento de 90 cm nas entrelinhas, perfazendo, aproximadamente, 50.000 plantas por hectare. Os tratamentos constaram de quatro espécies de adubos verdes: mucuna anã [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr], guandu anão (Cajanus cajan L.), crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.) e um tratamento-testemunha, sem cultivo consorciado. Essas espécies foram semeadas sem adubação, no meio da entrelinha, em duas épocas: simultânea ao milho e 30 dias após. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. O feijão-de-porco apresentou maior produção de fitomassa e acúmulo de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. No primeiro ano de cultivo, o rendimento de grãos de milho não foi influenciado pelo cultivo consorciado com adubos verdes; no entanto, no segundo, a produção foi beneficiada pelo consórcio com feijão-de-porco. Green manure is one way of supplying organic matter to soil. The mixed cultivation of crops may be an alternative to increase nutrient cycling and to improve productivity. To evaluate intercrops of green manure and corn, soil chemical characteristics, green manure dry matter production and its mineral composition and corn yield were determined in a field experiment carried out between 1995 and 1997 on an Aleudalf Soil in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Corn was sown in rows spaced 90 cm apart to obtain approximately 50,000 plants per hectare. The treatments consisted of four green manure species: dwarf mucuna [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr], dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.), plus a control without green manure. Green manure species were sown without fertilizer application in a single row in-between the rows simultaneously with corn or 30 days after corn sowing. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in split plots and four replicates. Jack bean produced most phytomass and accumulated the highest amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. In the first year of cultivation, the corn yields were not affected by the intercropped cultivation with green manure, but in the second year the yield was highest when corn was intercropped with jack bean. Universidade Estadual Paulista Unidade Diferenciada de Dracena Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Departamento de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Amazônia Ocidental Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Departamento de Produção Vegetal Pesquisador da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Cerrados Universidade Estadual Paulista Unidade Diferenciada de Dracena

Objetivando avaliar os efeitos de diferentes combinações de NPK, com e sem calagem, sobre as características físicas e químicas do látex e as condições de explotação da seringueira (Hevea sp.), clone RRIM 600, foi conduzido um experimento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas contendo oito tratamentos: sem adubação e sem calagem (T1), sem adubação e com calagem (T2), N1P1K0 + calagem (T3), N2P2K0 + calagem (T4), N1P1K1 + calagem (T5), N2P2K1 + calagem (T6), N1P1K2 + calagem (T7) e N2P2K2 + calagem (T8). Nas duas subparcelas, foram utilizados os seguintes sistemas de explotação: (S1) ½S d/4 6 d/7 ET 2,5% LaPa 1/1 10/y e (S2) ½S d/6 6 d/7 ET 5,0% LaPa 1/1 10/y com quatro repetições. As doses utilizadas corresponderam a 0, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N, 0, 17,5 e 35,0 kg ha-1 ano-1 de P2O5 e 0, 33,2 e 66,4 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que o incremento no perímetro do tronco não foi influenciado pelo efeito da interação entre 'adubação+calagem' vs. 'sistemas de explotação'. O aumento da espessura da casca foi afetado pelos tratamentos 'N0P0K0+calagem' e 'calagem+adubação', quando comparado com o tratamento 'N0P0K0 sem calagem'. Plantas submetidas ao tratamento N1P1K0 + calagem e ao sistema ½S d/6 6 d/7 ET 5% 10/y apresentam maiores concentrações de sacarose no látex. The objective of this study was to evaluated physiological latex characteristics and the tapping systems of the clone RRIM 600 of rubber tree (Hevea sp.) an experiment was conducted with continuous supply NPK fertilizers with or without lime. The experiment was conducted in a randomized split-plot design with eight treatments: without fertilizer and without lime (T1), without fertilizer and with lime (T2), N1P1K0 + lime (T3), N2P2K0 + lime (T4), N1P1K1 + lime (T5), N2P2K1 + lime (T6), N1P1K2 + lime (T7) e N2P2K2 + lime (T8). In the two sub-treatments the following tapping systems were used: (S1) ½S d/4 6 d/7 ET 2.5% LaPa 1/1 10/y e (S2) ½S d/6 6 d/7 ET 5.0% LaPa 1/1 10/y with four replicates. The rates used were 0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 y-1; 0, 17.5 e 35.0 kg ha-1 y-1 de P2O5 e 0, 33.2 e 66.4 kg ha-1 y-1 de K2O. The interaction of fertilizer with or without lime versus tapping system did not affect trunk girth increment. The bark thickness was significantly increased with liming, and N1P1K0 and tapping system ½S d/6 6 d/7 ET 5% 10/y increased latex saccharose concentration.

A utilização da adubação verde para estabelecer a diversidade e o equilíbrio do sistema de produção é um dos paradigmas da agricultura moderna. Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e o estado nutricional da cultura de milho sob cultivo intercalar com adubos verdes, foi realizado, entre 1995 e 1997, um experimento em campo, em Piracicaba (SP), em um Litossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O milho foi semeado no espaçamento de 0,90m nas entrelinhas, perfazendo aproximadamente 50.000plantas por hectare. Os tratamentos constaram de uma testemunha, sem cultivo intercalar, e quatro espécies de adubos verdes: mucuna anã (Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr), guandu anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.), semeados sem adubação, no meio da entrelinha, distante 45cm da linha do milho, em duas épocas: simultânea à semeadura do milho e 30dias após. O solo, no primeiro ano, foi preparado sob sistema convencional e, no segundo, cultivaram-se as culturas sob semeadura direta. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. O estado nutricional e a produção de grãos do milho apresentaram melhores resultados no cultivo consorciado com feijão-de-porco. Os efeitos positivos desta espécie na produtividade de grãos de milho foram mais acentuados no segundo ano de adoção do cultivo consorciado, quando o sistema de manejo do solo foi semeadura direta. A semeadura dos adubos verdes simultânea ao milho foi o manejo mais recomendável, por não prejudicar o desenvolvimento do milho e reduzir a operação pós-plantio.

Durante 110 dias, realizou-se um experimento em solução nutritiva, para avaliar os efeitos do alumínio nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 mg L-1, em pH 4,0, sobre o crescimento de mudas de goiabeira, absorção e acumulação de macronutrientes e de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e Al. Os sintomas visuais de fitotoxidez, associados às doses 20 e 25 mg L-1 de Al, foram caracterizados pela menor altura das plantas, ausência de ramificação, menor diâmetro do caule e raízes mais escuras; as folhas apresentaram dimensões menores e pecíolos avermelhados. Em doses relativamente baixas, o alumínio promoveu resposta positiva de crescimento, porém, em doses altas, os teores de macronutrientes e de Fe, Mn e Zn nas folhas de diagnose (3º e 4º pares a partir do ápice), bem como o conteúdo mineral nas diversas partes da planta, foram influenciados pelas doses de alumínio. A fitotoxidez afetou, mais acentuadamente, os teores de P, Ca, Mg, Mn e Zn. Cerca de 95% do Al absorvido concentrou-se nas raízes. Young guava plants were grown in a nutrient solution in the presence of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg L-1 aluminum, with pH being kept at 4.0. After 110 days, the plants were harvested and their content of macronutrients, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Al were determined. Visual toxicity symptoms, developed under 20 and 25 mg L-1 aluminum, were as follows: reduction in height, absence of branching, decrease in diameter of stem dark roots and smaller leaves presenting reddish petiole. Dry matter was also reduced. The macronutrient, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in the leaves sampled (third and fourth pairs from the top) were affected by Al rates. The same did occur with the content of elements in the various parts of the plant. Aluminum toxicity affected particularly the content of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn with approximately 95% of the Al taken up confined to the root system. Lower rates of aluminum promoted growth.