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The most populous city of the world’s largest watershed (Manaus, Amazon Basin, Brazil) is experiencing an extensive urban expansion since the early 1970s, with an attendant cost in environmental degradation. The upland area of the Manaus municipality is characterized by several streams. In this work, we aim to gradually measure the anthropogenic effect on water quality: we monitored three streams flowing over three zones: a preserved (where the streams take source), a peri-urban (where rural and leisure activities occur), and an urban area. From June 2013 to May 2015, we characterized the water quality of these streams. Statistical analyses reveal peri-urban activity does not significantly impact the water quality. Indeed, when the disturbance remains space-, time- and intensity-limited, the streams have the capacity to assimilate the anthropogenic pollution. However, looking at a seasonal finer scale, peri-urban activity slightly affects the natural pattern of water quality, but these changes remain moderated when compared to the original pattern of water quality. Over urban area, the water quality presents significant higher alkalinity, mineralization, turbidity, suspended material, biochemical and chemical oxygen demands, and lower acidity and dissolved oxygen. These alterations originate with sewage deficiency, presence of landfill sites, enhanced leaching of upturned soil and domestic waste. The natural seasonal patterns of water quality are totally disturbed (inversion, intensification) in the urban area. During the wet season, enhanced rainfall in conjunction with human activity generates local seasonal processes of dilution (e.g. negative anomalies for most of the dissolved elements) and concentration (positive Mg and Fe anomalies). The latter can be linked with enhanced leaching during the rainy period (positive Mg and Fe anomalies) and nitrification activity in the urban area (positive NO3 and negative NH4 anomalies).

Author(s): Negron-Juarez, R; Ferreira, SJF; Mota, MC; Faybishenko, B; Monteiro, MTF; Candido, LA; Ribeiro, RP; de Oliveira, RC; de Araujo, AC; Warren, JM; Newman, BD; Gimenez, BO; Varadharajan, C; Agarwal, D; Borma, L; Tomasella, J; Higuchi, N; Chambers, JQ | Abstract: Soil moisture plays a key role in hydrological, biogeochemical, and energy budgets of terrestrial ecosystems. Accurate soil moisture measurements in remote ecosystems such as the Amazon are difficult and limited because of logistical constraints. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors are widely used to monitor soil moisture and require calibration to convert the TDR's dielectric permittivity measurement (Ka) to volumetric water content (θv). In this study, our objectives were to develop a field-based calibration of TDR sensors in an old-growth upland forest in the central Amazon, to evaluate the performance of the calibration, and then to apply the calibration to determine the dynamics of soil moisture content within a 14.2-m-deep vertical soil profile. Depth-specific TDR calibration using local soils in a controlled laboratory setting yielded a novel Ka–θv third-degree polynomial calibration. The sensors were later installed to their specific calibration depth in a 14.2-m pit. The widely used Ka–θv relationship (Topp model) underestimated the site-specific θv by 22–42%, indicating significant error in the model when applied to these well-structured, clay-rich tropical forest soils. The calibrated wet- and dry-season θv data showed a variety of depth and temporal variations highlighting the importance of soil textural differentiation, root uptake depths, as well as event to seasonal precipitation effects. Data such as these are greatly needed for improving our understanding of ecohydrological processes within tropical forests and for improving models of these systems in the face of changing environmental conditions.

We examined the effects of mixed planting of fast growing tree species with indigenous Amazon tree species and soil tillage practices on soil physical properties in a deforested site used for agricultural cultivation. The site was located in the Central Amazon and consisted of Ferralsols. Bulk density and soil hardness were compared in the mixed planting site and an area where only indigenous tree species were planted. Many roots of the fast growing trees penetrated into the profile and caused changes in soil physical properties, i.e., decreasing bulk density and hardness. When tillage practices prior to planting were combined with mixed planting, the changes in soil physical properties were enhanced and the growth of not only the planted fast growing trees but also indigenous species such as mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla, which is shade tolerant, was accelerated.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre C orgânico dissolvido (COD) e atributos físicos do solo em diferentes sistemas de uso da terra na Amazônia central. Quantificaram-se as concentrações de COD sob floresta primária, em três posições topográficas, e em áreas de pastagem, sucessão secundária e sistema agroflorestal (SAF) até a profundidade de 2 m. Instalaram-se extratores de solução do solo para coleta e análise do C da solução na fase orgânica durante um ciclo hidrológico. As concentrações médias de C orgânico dissolvido (COD) na solução do solo seguiram a ordem SAF ou sucessão secundária > floresta (platô) > pastagem (períodos seco e chuvoso-seco), exceto nos períodos chuvoso e seco-chuvoso, em que a pastagem iguala ou ultrapassa as concentrações de COD dos outros ambientes em determinadas profundidades. Os resultados demonstraram a capacidade do SAF e sucessão secundária em recuperar e, ou, disponibilizar o C na solução do solo, sendo formas de utilização do solo recomendadas para manter o C no ambiente terrestre. O COD apresentou variação temporal, espacial e em profundidade, decrescendo nesta última. A ação da estruturação do solo, representada pela agregação, C orgânico total (COT) e porosidade, exerce grande influência nas concentrações de COD nas camadas do solo e, aliada à matéria orgânica mais lábil do solo, determinam a manutenção do C na solução do solo. As concentrações de COD obtidas sob os diferentes ambientes estudados refletem a importância do manejo adequado do solo para a permanência do C no ecossistema do solo. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and physics properties of soil under different land use systems in central Amazonia. The DOC concentrations of primary forest soil were measured in three topographical positions, and in areas of pasture, secondary forest and an agroforestry system (AFs) down to a depth of 2 m. The soil solution was collected and analyzed for the organic C phase during a hydrological cycle. The average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations followed the sequence: AFs > secondary forest > forest (plateau) > pasture (dry and rainy-dry period), except in the rainy and dry-rainy period, DOC concentration of the pasture soil was equal to or higher than that of other environments in certain layers. Results indicated the capacity of the AFs and secondary forest to recover organic C and/or make it available in soil solution. These are the recommended land use forms to maintain carbon in the terrestrial environment. The DOC was influenced by time, space and depth and decreased with depth. The soil structure, represented by soil aggregation, total organic carbon (TOC) and porosity, exerted great influence on the DOC concentrations in the soil layers and, together with the more labile soil organic matter, determined carbon maintenance in the soil solution. The DOC concentrations measured under vegetation covers and land uses indicate the importance of adequate soil managements to maintain carbon in the soil ecosystem.

Soil water storage of Central Amazonian soil profiles in upland forest plots subjected to selective logging (in average, 8 trees or 34, 3 m³ of timber per hectare were removed) was measured in four layers, down to a depth of 70 cm. The study lasted 27-months and was divided in two phases: measurements were carried out nearly every week during the first 15 months; in the following year, five intensive periods of measurements were performed. Five damage levels were compared: (a) control (undisturbed forest plot); (b) centre of the clearing/gap; (c) edge of the gap; (d) edge of the remaining forest; and (e) remaining forest. The lowest values for water storage were found in the control (296 ± 19.1 mm), while the highest were observed (333 ± 25.8 mm) in the centre of the gap, during the dry period. In the older gaps (7.5-8.5 year old), soil water storage was similar to the remaining and the control forest, indicating a recovery of hydric soil properties to nearly the levels prior to selective logging.

Variáveis físicas do solo foram investigadas em parcelas de floresta de terra firme submetidas à extração seletiva de madeira na Amazônia central. Foram obtidas curvas de retenção de água no solo, juntamente com medidas de água disponível no solo às plantas, densidade do solo e porosidade total. Medidas de temperatura do solo foram realizadas por mais de 13 meses, considerando seis tratamentos: controle, centro da clareira, borda da clareira, borda da floresta remanescente, floresta remanescente e trilha do trator. Medidas de condutividade hidráulica de solo saturado foram feitas na floresta e em clareiras, sem distinguir os tratamentos. O solo revelou baixa capacidade de armazenar água disponível: apenas 11 a 18% da água pode estar disponível às plantas, num perfil de 1 m de profundidade. A temperatura das camadas superiores do solo foi influenciada pela extração seletiva de madeira: nas clareiras abertas, a luz chega com mais intensidade no solo, proporcionando temperaturas mais elevadas no centro e nas bordas das clareiras do que no controle e na floresta remanescente. Soil physical variables were investigated in forest plots submitted to selective logging in Central Amazonia. After logging, soil samples were collected to obtain soil water retention curves and measure: available soil water to the plants, soil density, and total porosity. Temperature measurements were carried out for 13 months, considering six treatments: control, center of the gaps, edge of the gaps, edge of the remaining forest, remaining forest and tractor tracks. Hydraulic conductivity measurements on saturated soil were conducted both on the control forest as well as on the logged plots, with no treatment distinction. The soil showed a low available water storage capacity: only 11 to 18% can be available to the plants, up to 1 meter depth. The temperature of the soil upper layers was influenced by logging, i. e., through the opening of the gaps, light reaches the soil more intensely in the center and edge of gaps, increasing temperatures in relation to the control and the remaining forest.