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The purpose of monitoring the thermal and hydric regime of the soils from the Someşan Plateau is to set up the evolution tendency of pedoclimate parameters and to establish the agrotechnical measures in order to adapt agricultural technologies to climate changes. Romania is among the areas with the lowest capacity to adapt to existing climate changes and to those which are going to come and the Someşan Plateau is among the most affected areas due to the reduced degree of afforestation and the lack of forest curtains. Monitoring and variability of climate elements was achieved during 2013-2018, through a network of 10 HOBO microstations which stored soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m height), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and rain gauges. The thermal regime of the soils from the Some an Plateau is mesic, with values of the annual average temperature of the soil 50 cm deep ranging between 8-15°C, and the differences between the average of summer temperatures and the average of winter temperatures are higher than 6°C at 50 cm depth (the difference ranging between 10.3-15.6°C). The annual values of the soil humidity ranged between 0.153-0.344 m3/m3. The annual average of the air temperature during 2013-2018 ranged between 9.21-11.03°C. The annual average of rainfall ranged between 476.3-879.4 mm/an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire for sustainable agriculture has begun to spread in the las decades. The main issues of growing strawberries in organic system are represented by the control of diseases and pests and weeds control. Their appearance and development is directly influenced by agro-climatic factors, being, in this case, necesarry to use the most effective techniques and methods to control them. Thus, for the control of weeds the soil was mulched with black plastic. The soil temperature and humidity was monitorized in fieldd and tunnel using two HOBO microstations. The sensors were placed at 10-15 cm depth. In field were registered the rainfalls and air temperature at a heigh of 1m. Durring the study (March-June 2018), the highest values of soil temperature and moisture were recorded in tunnel. From phytosanitary point of view, the fluctuations of agro-climatic factors influenced both the variety and the amount of strawberries affected by fungal diseases. The highest quantity of strawberries was affected in field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agrotechnical characterization of lands from the Somean Plateau targets the knowledge of their restrictions and limitations with the purpose to determine the needs and possibilities of increasing the production capacity, under the conditions of a durable agriculture. The purpose of the paper is the technological characterization of lands and the specification of agrotechnical measures to set up durable agricultural technologies, the determination of indices of characterization of rain aggressiveness (Fournier Index, Modified Fournier Index, Angot Pluviometric Index), of the best sowing time and the amount of active biological temperatures, as well as the degree of water ensurance of plants during the vegetation period. Monitoring and variability of climate elements was achieved during 2014-2018, through a network of 10 HOBO microstations, which store soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m hight), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and rain gauges. According to the values of the Fournier Index, 31.81% of the soils fit in low risk of rain erosivity. At the same time, the values of the Modified Fournier Index in most of the stations are between 90-120 and fit in a moderate rain risk of aggressiveness. The percentage analysis of the values of this index shows that 12.5% of the values crorespond to a low rain risk of aggressiveness, 58.33% of the values correspond to a moderate rain risk of aggressiveness and 29.16% of the values correspond to a high rain risk of aggressiveness. From the percentage analysis of averages of monthly values of the Angot Index it results that 54.9% of the values are subunit and 45.1% of the values are over unity, indicating the fact that drought intervals prevail over rain ones. The analysis of the best sowing time leads to the recommendation to maintain the reference intervals for the Somean Playeau, thus: maize, 10-25 April; potato, 10-30 March; clover, 1-10 March. An increase of the amount of active biological degrees and the need to remake the zoning of favorability conditions for certain crops, according to the new microclimate conditions of the area is registered. When it comes to the degree of water ensurance of plants during the vegetation period for the main crops, one can notice that during 2014-2018, in the case of spring row crops, the water need was ensured during an optimal interval of 57.14% from the vegetation period in the case of maize, of 53.49% in the case of potato, of 53.57% in the case of clover and of 47.67% in the case of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tranyilvanian Plain is considered as an area with a low capacity to adapt to climate changes, monitoring the climate and implementing the adaption measures being essential for the development of certain durable agricultural technologies. The monitoring and variability of climate elements were achieved during 2008 (March) - 2014, through a network of 10 HOBO stations which store soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m hight), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and are equipped with rain gauges. The purpose of the paper is to establish the tendency in the evolution of the soil thermal and hydric regime, to predict and identify the climate tendencies from the Transylvanian Plain. The thermal regime of soils in this area is mesic, the differences between the annual averages of summer temperatures and the average of winter temperatures 50 cm deep in the soil are ranging between 12.81- 20.01°C. The evolution of temperatures at the soil level during 2008-2014 indicate the clear tendencies of rising temperatures at the soil surface (0 cm). The coefficients of linear correlation among the data lines analyzed indicate a rising synchronous evolution of the annual average temperature, with values of the correlation indices of 0.52-0.81. The same linear tendency in evolution of rising of the annual average temperature is recorded also in the case of temperatures from 10 cm and 30 cm deep in the soil. The evolution of temperatures in the air during 2008-2014 shows slightly rising evolutionary tendencies. The evolution of rainfall during 2008-2014 shows a falling linear tendency of them, the highest values of the annual average is recorded in 2010 (631 mm), and the lowest quantities of rainfall were recorded in 2012 (263.9 mm). The value of the correlation coefficient associated to the falling evolution tendency of rainfall is r = -0.51. The multiannual average of rainfall from the Transylvanian Plain is 466.52 mm. From the analysis of the statistical relation between rainfall and soil moisture, the calculated correlation coefficient has a value of r = 0.92 which indicates a direct and positive causal relation between the two parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to establish the influence of the relief elements of versants in the Transylvania Plain and of climatic factors on the thermal regime of these soils and on the agricultural management measures. Through its components - precipitation, wind, temperature - the climate represents the most active external dynamic agent, causing the emergence and development of the land degradation process in this area. In order to determine the influence of the climatic factor on the agro-technical characterization of land according to slope morphology, 11 HOBO Micro Stations have been implemented from April to October 2011 in the locality Căianu, with various altitude at exposure coverage. By analyzing the data recorded during April-October 2011, we obtain a similar situation of the southern slopes as compared with the south-eastern and eastern versants - 43.8 mm less rainfall, higher temperatures by 0.37°C in the air, by 1.91°C at 10 cm, by 2.22°C at 20 cm, and by 2.43°C at 30 cm soil depth compared to northern and north-western slopes. These issues, supplemented by those connected to slope, require special agro-technical measures generated by the Transylvani an Plain topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Transylvanian Plain (TP) is a geographical region located in north-central Romania and is bordered by large rivers to the north and south, the Someş and the Mureş, respectively. The TP is 395,616 ha and ranges from 231-662 m in elevation, with some of the highest elevations occurring in the NW region. Contrary to the name, the TP consists of rolling hills with patches of forests located on the tops of hills. Soil temperatures of the TP were evaluated using a set of 20 datalogging stations positioned throughout the plain. Soil temperatures were monitored at the surface and at depths of 10, 30, and 50 cm. Soil moisture was monitored at 10 cm. The presence of the Carpathian mountains ring and the arrangement, almost concentric, of the relief from Transylvanian Depression, determines the development of a zonal sequence of soil types, a horizontal zonality as a direct influence of lithology and indirect of the relief, by changing climate and vegetation. Diversity of the pedogenetical factors - highly fragmented relief, forest and herbaceous vegetation grafted on a lithological background predominantly acid in the north - west and predominantly basic in south - est, parent rock composition and especially their combination in the contact zones, have conditioned in this hilly area of TP a tessellated soil cover. During soil pedogenesis, soil properties and features developed in response to differential lithology and macro/microrelief. Evaluated soils were found to largely be a complex mix of Cernisols, Luvisols and Antrisols. Soil temperatures of the TP are mesic, with small differences between the northern and southern extents. However, differences in seasonal warming and cooling trends across the plain were noted. These have important implications for planting recommendations. Recorded data allow us to say that towards the optimal sowing period known from the literature, during 2010, for all cultures were recorded minimum temperatures for germination with approx. 5-10 days earlier. The optimum sowing period was recorded 15 days earlier at soybeans, with 10-12 days earlier at corn and beans, 2-3 days earlier at potato, sunflower and sugar beet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil tillage systems can be able to influence soil compaction, water dynamics, soil temperature and yield crop. These processes can be expressed as changes of soil microbiological activity, soil respiration and sustainability of agriculture. This work had as objectives: to assess the effects of tillage systems on compaction, temperature, soil moisture and soil respiration as well as establishing the effect of the changes on the production of wheat, maize and soybeans. The study was conducted on an argic-stagnic Faeoziom. Minimum Tillage (MT) and No-Tillage (NT) application reduce or completely eliminate the soil mobilization, due to this, soil is compacted in the first years of application. The degree of compaction is directly related to soil type and its state of degradation. The state of soil compaction diminishes over time, tending toward a specific type of soil density. Soil moisture was higher in NT and MT at the time of sowing and in the early stages of vegetation, then the differences diminishes over time. Moisture determinations show significant differences, statistically insured. MT and NT systems reduce the thermal amplitude in the first 15 cm of soil and increase soil temperature by 0.5-2.2°C. Water dynamics and soil temperature showed no differences that could affect crop yields. The determinations confirm the effect of soil tillage system on soil respiration; the daily average is lower at NT (315-1914 mmoli m-2s-1), followed by MT (318-2395 mmoli m-2s-1) and is higher in the Conventional System (CS; 321-2480 mmol m-2s-1). Productions obtained at MT and NT don't have significant differences at wheat and are higher at soybean. The differences in crop yields are recorded at maize and can be a direct consequence of loosening, mineralization and intensive mobilization of soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]