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The current study examines the influence of different hole transport layers (HTL) and electron transport layers (ETL) on an environmentally friendly CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 based perovskite solar cell. The numerical analysis of a novel heterojunction structure of FTO/WS2/CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3/Zn3P2/Pt was done using SCAPS software. Initially, a suitable HTL (i.e. Zn3P2) and ETL (WS2) were chosen after analyzing various inorganic HTL and ETL materials. The optimized thickness values of the perovskite film and HTL layer were also measured. Different physical parameters of layers were also measured, such as defect concentration, radiative recombination, energy bandgap of the absorber layer, interface defect concentration, and series and shunt resistances. These analyses revealed that optimizing these parameters improves the electrical rendition of the Tin-Ge-based perovskite solar cell. The photovoltaic cell's energy conversion efficiency (ECE) value increased to 26.22%, current density (Jsc) to 27.182 mA/cm2, and open-circuit voltage (Voc) to 1.116 V, and fill factor (FF) to 86.40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistent distribution of shadows on the surface of the shaded PV array enhances the array’s harvested capacity. Therefore, in this paper, an Image processing inspired Chaos Map reconfiguration is proposed to mitigate the effect of shading. The proposed reconfiguration is aimed at achieving uniform row current when compared with the other conventional configurations with physical relocation of panels without changing the electrical connections. The efficacy of the proposed method is tested on Short Wide, Short Narrow, Long Wide and Long Narrow shading conditions on the basis of both software and hardware results. The proposed method enhanced output metrics under partially shaded conditions and gives most effective dispersion of shading over entire PV array. This proposed method is also compared with other existing static reconfiguration techniques for the above said shading conditions and the results show tremendous increment in output power under both hardware and software platforms. The results replicate that the proposed configuration can be generalized for any size of an SPV Array and output parameters can be enhanced by physical relocation under any sort of shading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cell (PSC) may become the foundation of the photovoltaic industry in the future as it possesses unique photovoltaic properties that are not found in other solar cells. The primary impediment to the commercialization of lead‐based PSC devices is their toxicity and stability. In this scenario, the photovoltaic parameters of a nonpolluting methyl ammonium germanium halide (CH3NH3GeI3) PSC device are investigated using numerical modelling. Herein, different hole transport layer materials (HTPLMs) and electron transport layer materials (ETPLMs) are compared for the structure of germanium perovskite photovoltaic cells, and a suitable novel design FTO/SnS2/CH3NH3GeI3/Zn3P2/Au is chosen. Evaluating factors like thickness, defect density of the CH3NH3GeI3, Zn3P2, and Zn3P2 layer, interface defect density of HTPLM/perovskite and ETPLM/perovskite, and the consequence of series and shunt resistance are all evaluated, and the optimal value is calculated. The results show that perovskite photovoltaic cells based on the Germanium structure have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.98%, open‐circuit voltage = 1.26 V, current density = 23.781 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 86.70%. Furthermore, the temperature study analysis shows that the device's PCE decreases to 23.72% at 390 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial shading is an important subject for the research community to improve the issues in the field of solar array utilization. Shading decreases the life of photovoltaic array, its output power yield, and also generates several peaks in its P–V characteristic curves. Physical relocation of panels can be used as a practical solution to prevent such problems by altering the location of panels but not its electrical circuit. In this article, a reconfiguration technique for all conventional configurations like, series-parallel, bridge-link, honey comb, and total cross tied connections are proposed to reduce current difference between the rows and to improve the irradiance equalization by dispersing the shade. This article proposes a mathematical Tom-Tom puzzle pattern for $5\times 5$ array to enhance the output parameters. The performance of all configurations is evaluated with artificially generated shading to resemble moving clouds which are incremented progressively in row-wise and diagonal manner. From the extensive analysis of results, it has been found that the proposed reconfigurations show better performance than its respective static configurations. The proposed configuration is also tested in terms of income generated and a comparison with the existing state-of-art methods to show the supremacy of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new photovoltaic cell design, FTO/SnS 2 / CsSn 0.5 Ge 0.5 I 3 /FASnI 3 /Zn 3 P 2 /Pt is proposed for achieving high-efficiency values for definitive applications. • Considering optimized physical parameters, optimum efficiency of up to 33.16%, have been obtained for the CsSn 0.5 Ge 0.5 I 3 /FASnI 3 based perovskite solar cell structure. • The efficiency of the optimized CsSn 0.5 Ge 0.5 I 3 /FASnI 3 perovskite solar cell increases by about 5.12% compared to the unoptimized model. This article provides a comprehensive analysis and exploration of a novel design approach for Perovskite Solar cells (PVKSC) that incorporates two absorber layers, with a specific focus on their potential applications in energy generation. This research employs a computational modeling approach to conduct a thorough examination of PVKSCs based on FASnI 3 /CsSn 0.5 Ge 0.5 I 3. The primary objective of this study is to examine and choose the appropriate materials for the hole transport layer material (HTLM) and the electron transport layer material (ETLM). Additionally, the research aims to identify the optimal parameters for the active thickness layer, trap concentration, energy bandgap, interface trap concentration, and acceptor concentration for PVKSC. Through the optimization of the device's parameters, notable improvements are observed. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is enhanced to 33.16 %, while the current density (J sc) experiences an increase to 31.218 mA/cm2. Additionally, the open circuit voltage rises to 1.185 V, and the fill factor demonstrates improvement, reaching 89.58 %. These advancements are achieved by employing Zn 3 P 2 as the HTLM and SnS 2 as the ETLM in the design. This research emphasizes the optimistic prospects of lead-free PVKSC and presents novel opportunities for their advancement and utilization in diverse solar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shading of photo-voltaic panels is one of most common reason for power reduction in practical scenarios. This also causes multiple maximum peaks, thereby resulting in distortion of characteristic curves. In order to overcome the effect of shading, reconfiguration of panels is essential. In this work, the Chaotic Baker Map is proposed to reconfigure the panels in Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) Array. The Chaotic Baker Map, being an image processing technique, relocates the panels in SPV Array which is analogous to relocation of pixels within an image. The proposed approach augments the output power and minimizes the power loss by dispersing the concentrated shade throughout the array. The results of the proposed approach are compared to hitherto known configurations under wide range of shading spectrum for different sizes of SPV Array to support the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The panels in the solar photo-voltaic array receive different levels of irradiation under shading conditions. This degrades the desired output power and results in multiple peaks within the voltage-power characteristics because of mismatch in row currents. Consequently, tracking of the global maximum power point seeks more complex algorithms. In order to mitigate the effects of shading, this work presents a novel reconfiguration technique that relocates the panels of conventional TCT configuration using TomTom puzzle pattern. In the proposed work, physical locations of shaded and unshaded panels are moved without altering the electrical circuitry. The proposed TomTom reconfiguration dilutes the concentrated shade, minimises the mismatch of row currents and yields maximum output power with less number of peaks in voltage-power characteristics. In addition to that, the behaviour of solar photo-voltaic array under moving shading conditions is also evaluated to highlight the potential of the proposed reconfiguration scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Partial shading adversely affects the output parameters of the Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) array because it causes shading of some panels and at the same time, other panels in the array remain unshaded. This also hinders the performance of SPV Array by causing multiple peaks in the voltage-power characteristics and abrupt changes in the row current. In this work, conventional Total Cross-Tied (TCT) panels are reconfigured based on the Arrow Sudoku (AS) puzzle pattern. This reconfiguration minimises the mismatch of current between the rows. The physical locations of shaded and unshaded panels are changed in this reconfiguration technique, without altering their electrical connections. This reconfiguration can dodge the requirement of complex maximum power point tracking algorithms. The performance of the proposed approach is investigated in terms of maximum output power, mismatch power loss and utility factor. A comprehensive analysis of the proposed reconfiguration for different continuous dynamic shading conditions like top to bottom, diagonal and left to right shading, proves its efficacy. The outperforming nature of the proposed approach with respect to the existing state-of-art approaches for all cases of the partial shading conditions provides apparent evidences in support of its utility. Highlights • Arrow Sudoku puzzle pattern for reconfiguration of panels in PV array is proposed. • Continuous dynamic shading conditions, top to bottom, diagonal and right to left are studied. • The results are assessed in terms of output power, mismatch loss and utility factor. • In both shading conditions, maximum output power is 13%, 15% and 17% superior. • Results clearly demonstrate the worth of the proposed work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free perovskite solar cells (PVSC) are emerging as a very relevant research topic in the modern environment era, where toxicity and stability are the two most significant hurdles for lead-based PVSC design. Existing lead-free perovskites suffer from the same inefficiency problems. The focus of this research is the development and analysis via SCAPS-1D simulator of Pb-free design of CsSn 0.5 Ge 0.5 I 3 /FASnI 3 based PVSC. A numerical modelling programming tool is used to examine the influence of many critical parameters on device efficacy. These parameters include the decision of the optimal hole transport layer (HTL), optimal electron transport layer (ETL), doping density, the optimized thickness of both absorber layers, defect density, and interface defect density between numerous films. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.58%, short circuit current density (J sc) of 29.239 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 1.202 V, and fill factor (FF) of 89.55% are all achieved by the optimized device architecture with MoS 2 as the HTL and IGZO as the ETL. This demonstrates that high-performance lead-free PVSC can be achieved experimentally by further optimization of the device characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An image processing based Chaotic Baker Map is proposed to mitigate shading effects. • In this proposed technique, pixel of an image is considered as a panel in an array. • The proposed work is tested on 4 × 4 & 6 × 6 dimensions with several shading scenarios. • For all shading scenarios, the output power in proposed configuration is superior. • Results clearly demonstrate the worth of the proposed work. Partial shading plays a vital role in reduction of output power from Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) array. In SPV arrays, power loss is dependent on shading patterns, shading area and level of irradiation. In this work, Chaotic Baker Map (CBM) technique is proposed, to reduce the mismatch power losses due to partial shading. This technique focuses on reducing the power loss by spreading the partial shading effect across the entire array without changing its electrical connections. The efficacy of the proposed system is analyzed and compared with conventional configurations such as, Series Parallel, Total Cross Tied, Bridge Link and Honey Comb configurations during different uniform and non-uniform shading conditions for 4 × 4 and 6 × 6 SPV Arrays. From the comparative results, it is observed that the proposed image processing based Chaotic Baker Map improves the output power and reduces the power loss under all shading conditions. As the proposed configuration doesn't involve complex algorithms, it is ideally suitable for Building Integrated PV (BIPV) systems and large size solar farms without any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]