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The 2021 October 28 solar energetic particle (SEP) event was a rare ground level enhancement (GLE) event, where secondary particles from the interactions of SEPs with the Earth’s atmosphere were detected by neutron monitors on the ground. A number of papers have examined the solar signatures, neutron monitor observations, and the characteristics of the SEP protons and electrons for this event. Here we describe the heavy ion signatures, specifically O and Fe, observed by multiple spacecraft. Parker Solar Probe, Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory-Ahead, and Advanced Composition Explorer were distributed over nearly 60° in solar longitude and 0.4 au in heliocentric distance. Despite their separations, all three spacecraft measured event-integrated O and Fe spectra, well represented by power laws, with nearly the same power-law index of approximately −1.7, which is significantly harder than most large SEP events and many GLE events. Moreover, the Fe/O abundance ratio determined from these spectra was also found to be spatially invariant over the 60° in longitude and 0.4 au in heliocentric distance. Such near uniformity is highly unusual, and only one similar occurrence was found in a previous multispacecraft. The observed Fe/O ratio of 0.39 is higher than typical for large SEP events but not unusual for GLE events.

Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) are expected to be produced near the Sun during large solar energetic particle (SEP) events. However, their detection by SEP instruments near 1 au has been limited. The clearest reported measurement has been from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) during the 2006 December 5 SEP event. Additional evidence of ENAs has been found through reanalysis of observations by the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer obtained near the equator in low Earth orbit and associated with several large X-ray flares and fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Here we describe another detection of ENAs from the STEREO Low Energy Telescope associated with the large 2022 February 15 SEP event. Given the timing and spectrum of the ENAs and the location of the source region (behind the east limb from STEREO’s viewpoint), these ENAs are most likely a result of acceleration by a CME-driven shock when the CME was at approximately 2–3 R _S . The possibility of a postflare loop origin is considered unlikely.

The anisotropy of energetic particles provides essential information to help resolve the underlying fundamental physics of their spatial distributions, injection, acceleration, and transport processes. In this work, we report an energetic ion enhancement that is characterized by very large and long-lasting anisotropies observed by STEREO A and Solar Orbiter, which are nearly aligned along the same nominal Parker spiral. This ion enhancement appears at the rising phase of a widespread solar energetic particle event that was associated with the farside coronal mass ejection on 2022 February 15. According to our analysis, the long-lasting anisotropy resulted from the continuous injection of energetic ions from a well-connected particle source located beyond the STEREO A’s orbit. Solar Orbiter also observed an interval of very large anisotropy dominated exclusively by sunward streaming ions but with the additional implication that it detected the very early phase of ion injections onto magnetic field lines that newly connected to the particle source, which is likely the first reported event of this kind. These results further illustrate how energetic particle anisotropy information, in particular from multiple observer locations, can be used to disentangle the sources and transport processes of energetic ions, even when their heliospheric context is not simple.

On 2022 February 15–16, multiple spacecraft measured one of the most intense solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed so far in Solar Cycle 25. This study provides an overview of interesting observations made by multiple spacecraft during this event. Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and BepiColombo were close to each other at 0.34–0.37 au (a radial separation of ∼0.03 au) as they were impacted by the flank of the associated coronal mass ejection (CME). At about 100° in the retrograde direction and 1.5 au away from the Sun, the radiation detector on board the Curiosity surface rover observed the largest ground-level enhancement on Mars since surface measurements began. At intermediate distances (0.7–1.0 au), the presence of stream interaction regions (SIRs) during the SEP arrival time provides additional complexities regarding the analysis of the distinct contributions of CME-driven versus SIR-driven events in observations by spacecraft such as Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A, and by near-Earth spacecraft like ACE, SOHO, and WIND. The proximity of PSP and BepiColombo also enables us to directly compare their measurements and perform cross-calibration for the energetic particle instruments on board the two spacecraft. Our analysis indicates that energetic proton measurements from BepiColombo and PSP are in reasonable agreement with each other to within a factor of ∼1.35. Finally, this study introduces the various ongoing efforts that will collectively improve our understanding of this impactful, widespread SEP event.

Solar energetic particle (SEP) events have been observed by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft since its launch in 2018. These events include sources from solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The IS⊙IS instrument suite on board PSP is measuring ions over energies from ∼ 20 keV nucleon ^−1 to 200 MeV nucleon ^−1 and electrons from ∼ 20 keV to 6 MeV. Previous studies sought to group CME characteristics based on their plasma conditions and arrived at general descriptions with large statistical errors, leaving open questions on how to properly group CMEs based solely on their plasma conditions. To help resolve these open questions, the plasma properties of CMEs have been examined in relation to SEPs. Here, we reexamine one plasma property, the solar wind proton temperature, and compare it to the proton SEP intensity in a region immediately downstream of a CME-driven shock for seven CMEs observed at radial distances within 1 au. We find a statistically strong correlation between proton SEP intensity and bulk proton temperature, indicating a clear relationship between SEPs and the conditions in the solar wind. Furthermore, we propose that an indirect coupling of SEP intensity to the level of turbulence and the amount of energy dissipation that results is mainly responsible for the observed correlation between SEP intensity and proton temperature. These results are key to understanding the interaction of SEPs with the bulk solar wind in CME-driven shocks and will improve our ability to model the interplay of shock evolution and particle acceleration.

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observations of a small dispersive event on 2022 February 27 and 28 indicate scatter-free propagation as the dominant transport mechanism between the low corona and greater than 35 solar radii. The event occurred during unique orbital conditions that prevailed along specific flux tubes that PSP encountered repeatedly between 25 and 35 R _s during outbound orbit 11. This segment of the PSP orbit exhibits almost stationary angular motion relative to the rotating solar surface, such that in the rotating frame, PSP’s motion is essentially radial. The time dispersion often observed in impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events continues in this case down to velocities including the core solar-wind ion velocities. Especially at the onset of this event, the ^3 He content is much larger than the usual SEP abundances seen in the energy range from ∼100 keV to several MeV for helium. Later in the event, iron is enhanced. The compositional signatures suggest this to be an example of an acceleration mechanism for generating the seed energetic particles required by shock (or compression) acceleration models in SEP events to account for the enrichment of various species above solar abundances in such events. A preliminary search of similar orbital conditions over the PSP mission has not revealed additional such events, although favorable conditions (isolated impulsive acceleration and well-ordered magnetic field connection with minimal magnetic field fluctuation) that would be required are infrequently realized, given the small fraction of the PSP trajectory that meets these observation conditions.

On 2022 September 5, Parker Solar Probe (Parker) observed a large solar energetic particle (SEP) event at the unprecedented distance of only 15 R _S from the Sun. The observations from the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS⊙IS) obtained over the course of this event are remarkably rich, and an overview is presented here. IS⊙IS is capable of measuring ions from 20 keV to over 100 MeV nuc ^−1 and electrons from 30 keV to 6 MeV; here, we primarily focus on the proton and helium measurements above 80 keV. Among the surprising results are evidence of inverse velocity dispersion at energies above 1 MeV during the onset of the event, a sharp decrease in the energetic particle intensities at all energies at the interplanetary shock crossing, and repeated short durations of highly anisotropic sunward flow. Many changes in the SEP intensities, anisotropy, and spectral steepness are coincident with solar wind structure boundaries identified using the Parker solar wind magnetic field and plasma data. However, there are significant changes that are not correlated with any clearly visible solar wind variation. The observations presented here serve as an introduction to a complex event with numerous opportunities for future, more in-depth studies.

High-energy neutral solar radiation in the form of γ -rays and neutrons is produced as secondary products in solar flares. The characteristics of this emission can provide key information regarding the energization of charged particles, particularly when primary particles remain trapped in the corona. The Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS⊙IS) suite on Parker Solar Probe is composed of instruments primarily intended to measure energetic charged particles. However, the High Energy Telescope (HET) in IS⊙IS was also designed with a supplementary neutral mode intended to measure γ -rays and neutrons. HET observed its first clear solar γ -ray event in connection with a hard X-ray flare, the eruption of a coronal mass ejection, and a solar energetic particle event on 2022 September 5. The X-ray spectral shape was observed to harden over the course of the event, culminating with the observation of γ -rays by HET. A coincident enhancement in the lower-energy Energetic Particle Instrument (EPI-Lo) was also observed, likely produced by incident solar γ -rays despite the EPI-Lo instrument not having any special neutral measurement capabilities. We use Monte Carlo modeling to reconstruct the incident γ -ray spectrum based on the measured spectrum to demonstrate that the combination of IS⊙IS instruments can measure hard X-rays and γ -rays from ∼60 keV–7 MeV. Despite the fact that this is a supplemental science goal of the mission, the capability of the IS⊙IS instruments to measure γ -rays is important for the study of this population due to the very limited instruments currently observing the Sun in γ -rays.

We present an event observed by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) at ∼0.2 au on 2022 March 2 in which imaging and in situ measurements coincide. During this event, PSP passed through structures on the flank of a streamer blowout coronal mass ejection (CME) including an isolated flux tube in front of the CME, a turbulent sheath, and the CME itself. Imaging observations and in situ helicity and principal variance signatures consistently show the presence of flux ropes internal to the CME. In both the sheath and the CME interval, the distributions are more isotropic, the spectra are softer, and the abundance ratios of Fe/O and He/H are lower than those in the isolated flux tube, and yet elevated relative to typical plasma and solar energetic particle abundances. These signatures in the sheath and the CME indicate that both flare populations and those from the plasma are accelerated to form the observed energetic particle enhancements. In contrast, the isolated flux tube shows large streaming, hard spectra, and large Fe/O and He/H ratios, indicating flare sources. Energetic particle fluxes are most enhanced within the CME interval from suprathermal through energetic particle energies (∼keV to >10 MeV), indicating particle acceleration, as well as confinement local to the closed magnetic structure. The flux-rope morphology of the CME helps to enable local modulation and trapping of energetic particles, in particular along helicity channels and other plasma boundaries. Thus, the CME acts to build up energetic particle populations, allowing them to be fed into subsequent higher-energy particle acceleration throughout the inner heliosphere where a compression or shock forms on the CME front.

We investigate the long-term persistence of solar energetic particle (SEP) time series by means of four different methods: Hurst rescaled range R / S analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis, centered moving average analysis, and the fluctuation of natural time under the time reversal method. For these analyses, we use data sets from the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun instrument suite on board NASA's Parker Solar Probe. Background systematic noise is modeled using cross-correlation analysis between different SEP energy channels and subtracted from the original data. The use of these four methods for deriving the time-series persistence allows us to (i) differentiate between quiet- and active-Sun periods based on the values of the corresponding self-similarity exponents alone; (ii) identify the onset of an ongoing activity well before it reaches its maximum SEP flux; (iii) reveal an interesting fine structure when activity is observed; and (iv) provide, for the first time, an estimate of the maximum SEP flux of a future storm based on the entropy change of natural time under time reversal.

We develop the kappa-tail fitting technique, which analyzes observations of power-law tails of distributions and energy flux spectra, and connects them to theoretical modeling of kappa distributions, to determine the thermodynamics of the examined space plasma. In particular, we (i) construct the associated mathematical formulation; (ii) prove its decisive lead for determining whether the observed power-law is associated with kappa distributions; and (iii) provide a validation of the technique using pseudo-observations of typical input plasma parameters. Then, we apply this technique to a case study by determining the thermodynamics of solar energetic particle (SEP) protons, for an SEP event observed on 2021 April 17, by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP)/Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun instrument suite on board PSP. The results show SEP temperatures and densities of the order of ∼1 MeV and ∼5 × 10 ^−7 cm ^−3 , respectively.

In this paper, we model the high-energy tail of observed solar energetic proton energy distributions with a kappa distribution function. We employ a technique for deriving the thermodynamic parameters of solar energetic proton populations measured by the Parker Solar Probe Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun EPI-Hi high-energy telescope, over energies from 10 to 60 MeV. With this technique, we explore, for the first time, the characteristic thermodynamic properties of the solar energetic protons associated with an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) and its driven shock. We find that: (1) the spectral index or, equivalently, the thermodynamic parameter kappa of solar energetic protons ( κ _EP ) gradually increases, starting from the pre-ICME region (upstream of the CME-driven shock), reaching a maximum in the CME ejecta ( κ _EP ≈ 3.5), followed by a gradual decrease throughout the trailing portion of the CME; (2) the solar energetic proton temperature and density ( T _EP and n _EP ) appear anticorrelated, a behavior consistent with subisothermal polytropic processes; and (3) values of T _EP and κ _EP appear to be positively correlated, indicating an increasing entropy with time. Therefore, these proton populations are characterized by a complex and evolving thermodynamic behavior, consisting of multiple subisothermal polytropic processes, and a large-scale trend of increasing temperature, kappa, and entropy. This study and its companion study by Livadiotis et al. open up a new set of procedures for investigating the thermodynamic behavior of energetic particles and their shared thermal properties.

Energetic charged particles are pervasive throughout the heliosphere with contributions from solar energetic particle events, stream and corotating interaction regions, galactic cosmic rays, anomalous cosmic rays, and suprathermal ions. The Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS⊙IS) on board the Parker Solar Probe is a suite of energetic particle detectors covering the energy range ∼20 keV–200 MeV nuc ^−1 . IS⊙IS measures energetic particles closer to the Sun than any instrument suite in history, providing a singular view of the energetic particle population in a previously unexplored region. To enable the global research community to efficiently use IS⊙IS data, we have developed an online living catalog of energetic particle enhancements observed by the IS⊙IS instruments. Event identification methodology, information on accessing the catalog, highlights of several events, and a summary of the overall trends are presented. Also included is a summary Event Catalog showing many of the key event parameters for IS⊙IS events to the time of writing.

We use Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observations to report the first direct measurements of the particle and field environments while crossing the leg of a coronal mass ejection (CME) very close to the Sun (∼14 Rs). An analysis that combines imaging from 1 au and PSP with a CME model, predicts an encounter time and duration that correspond to an unusual, complete dropout in low-energy solar energetic ions from H–Fe, observed by the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (IS⊙IS). The surrounding regions are populated with low-intensity protons and heavy ions from 10s to 100 keV, typical of some quiet times close in to the Sun. In contrast, the magnetic field and solar wind plasma show no similarly abrupt changes at the boundaries of the dropout. Together, the IS⊙IS energetic particle observations, combined with remote sensing of the CME and a dearth of other “typical” CME signatures, indicate that this CME leg is significantly different from the magnetic and plasma structure normally assumed for CMEs near the Sun and observed in interplanetary CMEs farther out in the solar wind. The dropout in low-energy energetic ions may be due to the cooling of suprathermal ions at the base of the CME leg flux tube, owing to the rapid outward expansion during the release of the CME.

We present analyses of 0.05–2 MeV ions from the 2022 February 16 energetic storm particle event observed by Parker Solar Probe's (PSP) IS⊙IS/EPI-Lo instrument at 0.35 au from the Sun. This event was characterized by an enhancement in ion fluxes from a quiet background, increasing gradually with time with a nearly flat spectrum, rising sharply near the arrival of the coronal mass ejection (CME)–driven shock, becoming nearly a power-law spectrum, then decaying exponentially afterward, with a rate that was independent of energy. From the observed fluxes, we determine diffusion coefficients, finding that far upstream of the shock the diffusion coefficients are nearly independent of energy, with a value of 10 ^20 cm ^2 s ^−1 . Near the shock, the diffusion coefficients are more than 1 order of magnitude smaller and increase nearly linearly with energy. We also determine the source of energetic particles, by comparing ratios of the intensities at the shock to estimates of the quiet-time intensity to predictions from diffusive shock acceleration theory. We conclude that the source of energetic ions is mostly the solar wind for this event. We also present potential interpretations of the near-exponential decay of the intensity behind the shock. One possibility we suggest is that the shock was overexpanding when it crossed PSP and the energetic particle intensity decreased behind the shock to fill the expanding volume. Overexpanding CMEs could well be more common closer to the Sun, and this is an example of such a case.

Since the 2006 launch of STEREO, multi-spacecraft studies have yielded several surprising results regarding the spread of solar energetic particles (SEPs) within the inner heliosphere. We have investigated the role of energy and ridigity, using ACE and STEREO 10 MeV n−1 oxygen data to identify 41 large SEP events observed by two or three spacecraft. We calculated fluence spectra from ∼0.1 to >10 MeV n−1 for H, He, O, and Fe for each event at the observing spacecraft (including SOHO and GOES). The particle fluences at 0.3, 1, and 10 MeV n−1 were examined as a function of the distance between the associated solar flare longitude and the spacecraft magnetic footpoints at the Sun to determine the longitudinal spread of particles and study how the distribution centers and widths depend on energy and charge-to-mass (Q/M) for the first time. On average, the three-spacecraft event distributions were centered at 22 ± 4° west of the flare site and were 43 ± 1° wide, though there was substantial variability, while the fit to the aggregate of the two-spacecraft event fluences yielded significantly wider distributions at 0.3 and 1 MeV n−1. The widths derived from both the three- and two-spacecraft events show an energy dependence with distributions narrowing with increasing energy, consistent with lower energy ions experiencing more field line co-rotation, or being accelerated over a larger portion of the CME-driven shock or for longer times as the shock expands. Surprisingly, no clear evidence was found for a Q/M dependence to the widths or centers suggesting that rigidity-related processes are not the dominant means of spreading particles in longitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy ion ratio abundances in solar energetic particle (SEP) events, e.g., Fe/O, often exhibit decreases over time. Using particle instruments on the Advanced Composition Explorer, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory spacecraft, we analyzed heavy ion data from 4 SEP events taking place between 2006 December and 2014 December. We constructed 36 different ionic pairs and studied their time evolution in each event. We quantified the temporal behavior of abundant SEP ratios by fitting the data to derive a decay time constant B. We also considered the ratio of ionic mass-to-charge for each pair, the S value given, e.g., for Fe/O by . We found that the temporal behavior of SEP ratios is ordered by the value of S: ratios with showed decreases over time (i.e., ) and those with showed increases (). We plotted B as a function of S and observed a clear monotonic dependence: ratios with a large S decayed at a higher rate. A prominent discontinuity at S = 2.0 (corresponding to He/H) was found in three of the four events, suggesting anomalous behavior of protons. The X/H ratios often show an initial increase followed by a decrease, and decay at a slower rate. We discuss possible causes of the observed B versus S trends within current understanding of SEP propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the link between an expanding coronal shock and the energetic particles measured near Earth during the ground level enhancement of 2012 May 17. We developed a new technique based on multipoint imaging to triangulate the three-dimensional (3D) expansion of the shock forming in the corona. It uses images from three vantage points by mapping the outermost extent of the coronal region perturbed by the pressure front. We derive for the first time the 3D velocity vector and the distribution of Mach numbers, MFM, of the entire front as a function of time. Our approach uses magnetic field reconstructions of the coronal field, full magnetohydrodynamic simulations and imaging inversion techniques. We find that the highest MFM values appear near the coronal neutral line within a few minutes of the coronal mass ejection onset; this neutral line is usually associated with the source of the heliospheric current and plasma sheet. We illustrate the variability of the shock speed, shock geometry, and Mach number along different modeled magnetic field lines. Despite the level of uncertainty in deriving the shock Mach numbers, all employed reconstruction techniques show that the release time of GeV particles occurs when the coronal shock becomes super-critical (MFM > 3). Combining in situ measurements with heliospheric imagery, we also demonstrate that magnetic connectivity between the accelerator (the coronal shock of 2012 May 17) and the near-Earth environment is established via a magnetic cloud that erupted from the same active region roughly five days earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We fit ∼0.1–500 MeV nucleon−1 H–Fe spectra in 46 large solar energetic particle (SEP) events with the double power-law Band function to obtain a normalization constant, low- and high-energy parameters γa and γb, and break energy EB, and derive the low-energy spectral slope γ1. We find that: (1) γa, γ1, and γb are species-independent and the spectra steepen with increasing energy; (2) EB decreases systematically with decreasing Q/M scaling as (Q/M)α; (3) α varies between ∼0.2–3 and is well correlated with the ∼0.16–0.23 MeV nucleon−1 Fe/O; (4) in most events, α < 1.4, γb–γa > 3, and O EB increases with γb–γa; and (5) in many extreme events (associated with faster coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and GLEs), Fe/O and 3He/4He ratios are enriched, α ≥ 1.4, γb–γa < 3, and EB decreases with γb–γa. The species-independence of γa, γ1, and γb and the Q/M dependence of EB within an event and the α values suggest that double power-law SEP spectra occur due to diffusive acceleration by near-Sun CME shocks rather than scattering in interplanetary turbulence. Using γ1, we infer that the average compression ratio for 33 near-Sun CME shocks is 2.49 ± 0.08. In most events, the Q/M dependence of EB is consistent with the equal diffusion coefficient condition and the variability in α is driven by differences in the near-shock wave intensity spectra, which are flatter than the Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum but weaker than the spectra for extreme events. In contrast, in extreme events, enhanced wave power enables faster CME shocks to accelerate impulsive suprathermal ions more efficiently than ambient coronal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have surveyed ∼0.1–100 MeV nucleon−1 O and Fe fluence spectra during 46 isolated, large gradual SEP events observed at ACE during solar cycles 23 and 24. Most SEP spectra are well represented by the four-parameter Band function with a normalization constant, low-energy spectral slope, high-energy spectral slope, and break energy. The O and Fe spectral slopes are similar and most spectra steepen above the break energy, probably due to common acceleration and transport processes affecting different ion species. SEP spectra above the break energies depend on the origin of the seed population; larger contributions of suprathermal flare material result in higher Fe/O ratios and flatter spectra at higher energies. SEP events with steeper O spectra at low energies and higher break energies are associated with slower coronal mass ejections (CMEs), while those associated with fast (>2000 km s−1) CMEs and ground level enhancements have harder or flatter spectra at low and high energies, and O break energies between ∼1 and 10 MeV nucleon−1. The latter events are enriched in 3He and higher-energy Fe, and have Fe spectra that rollover at significantly lower energies compared with O, probably because Fe ions with smaller Q/M ratios can escape from the distant shock more easily than O ions with larger Q/M ratios. We conclude that SEP spectral properties result from many complex and competing effects, namely Q/M-dependent scattering, shock properties, and the origin of the seed populations, all of which must be taken into account to develop a comprehensive picture of CME-driven shock acceleration of large gradual SEP events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employ the combined charged particle measurements from Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun on board the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Energetic Particle Detector on board the Solar Orbiter (SolO) to study the composition variation of the solar energetic particle (SEP) event occurring on 2023 May 16. During the event, SolO and PSP were located at a similar radial distance of ∼0.7 au and were separated by ∼60° in longitude. The footpoints of both PSP and SolO were west of the flare region, but the former was much closer (18° versus 80°). Such a distribution of observers is ideal for studying the longitudinal dependence of the ion composition with the minimum transport effects of particles along the radial direction. We focus on H, He, O, and Fe measured by both spacecraft in sunward and antisunward directions. Their spectra are in a double power-law shape, which is fitted best by the Band function. Notably, the event was Fe rich at PSP, where the mean Fe/O ratio at energies of 0.1–10 Mev nuc ^−1 was 0.48, higher than the average Fe/O ratio in previous large SEP events. In contrast, the mean Fe/O ratio at SolO over the same energy range was considerably lower at 0.08. The Fe/O ratio between 0.5 and 10 MeV nuc ^−1 at both spacecraft is nearly constant. Although the He/H ratio shows energy dependence, decreasing with increasing energy, the He/H ratio at PSP is still about twice as high as that at SolO. Such a strong longitudinal dependence of element abundances and the Fe-rich component in the PSP data could be attributed to the direct flare contribution. Moreover, the temporal profiles indicate that differences in the Fe/O and He/H ratios between PSP and SolO persisted throughout the entire event rather than only at the start.